Composition Of Liquid Products Research Articles

Process analysis of physicochemical properties and chemical composition of organic liquid products obtained by thermochemical conversion of palm oil

In this work, the influence of catalyst content on the physicochemical properties (acid value, saponification value, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, and flash point), yield and chemical composition (hydrocarbons and oxygenates) of organic liquid products (OLP) obtained by thermal-catalytic cracking of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) has been systematically investigated in technical scale. The pilot experiments were carry out in a stirred tank slurry reactor of 143L, operating in batch mode at 450°C and 1.0atm, using 5, 10, 15, and 20% (wt.) Na2CO3 as catalyst. The catalyst has been characterized by XRF and SEM techniques. The organic liquid products have been physicochemical characterized for acid and saponification values, specific gravity, refractive index, kinematics viscosity, copper strip corrosion, and flash point. The chemical composition of organic liquid products was determined by GC–MS. The experimental results indicate that initial cracking temperature, as well as specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, acid value, and saponification value of OLP show a tendency to decrease with increasing catalyst content. Hydrocarbons and oxygenates were the major chemical compounds present in OLP, with chemical composition strongly dependent on the catalyst content. The major hydrocarbons present in the organic liquid products have carbon chain length ranging from C12 to C15 and its summation shows a tendency to increase with increasing catalyst content, while the summation of oxygenate compounds shows a tendency to decrease. In addition, the distribution of hydrocarbons classes (normal paraffins, olefins, and naphthenics) present in OLP shows a maximum concentration for normal paraffins and naphthenics and a minimum concentration for olefins using 10% (wt.) Na2CO3 as catalyst.

Hydrogen production from supercritical water gasification of chicken manure

The gasification characteristics of chicken manure in supercritical water (SCW) were investigated in a fluidized-bed reactor. Effects of reaction parameters such as reaction temperatures, manure concentrations and catalytic effect of activated carbon on the gasification were studied. The results showed that the temperature play a key role in the formation of gaseous products. Chicken manure was almost completely gasified at 620°C without addition of catalyst and the carbon gasification efficiency can reach up to 99.2%. The liquid and solid products were characterized by COD, SPE-GC/MS, SEM, EDX and FTIR. The main compositions of liquid products were phenol and substituted phenols, N-heterocyclics, benzene and substituted benzenes, carbocyclics. The types of organic compounds in liquid products decreased quickly with the increase of temperature. The FTIR spectra of solid products showed a lower content of carbohydrates and higher content of aromatic structures compared to the initial chicken manure. N-heterocyclic compounds had been detected in both solid and liquid products. Activated carbon as a catalyst could improve the hydrogen yield significantly and promote carbon gasification efficiency at a lower temperature. The maximum hydrogen production of 25.2 mol/kg was achieved at 600°C with activated carbon loading of 6 wt%. Besides, activated carbon showed a good removal ability of inorganic species, specifically the metal cations in chicken manure.

Thermal catalytic cracking of crude palm oil at pilot scale: Effect of the percentage of Na2CO3 on the quality of biofuels

In this study, the influence of catalyst content on the physical–chemical properties, yield, and chemical composition of organic liquid products (OLP) obtained by thermal catalytic cracking of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) was studied at a pilot scale. The experiments were carried out in a reactor of 143L, running in batch mode at 450°C and 1 atm, using 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (w/w) Na2CO3 as the catalyst. Physical–chemical characterization of OLP was conducted for acid value, saponification value, specific gravity, refractive index, kinematic viscosity, copper strip corrosion, and flash point. The chemical composition of OLP was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). As the catalyst content increased, the kinematic viscosity of OLP decreased from 6.59 to 3.63mm2s−1 and the acid value from 51.56 to 1.26mg KOH/g. The GC–MS analysis showed that OLP comprise hydrocarbons (normal paraffin, olefin, and naphthenic) and oxygenated compounds (carboxylic acids, alcohols, ketones, and esters), with a high dependency on the catalyst level. As the catalyst content increased, the concentration of hydrocarbons increased, whereas the concentration of oxygenates decreased. The optimal sodium carbonate catalyst level was found to be 15% (w/w). This gave the highest rate of conversion into biofuel, of which around 60% was OLP, and produced biofuels with the lowest acid values. The physical–chemical properties were within the limits fixed by ANP No. 65 (Diesel S10 specification) due to their high hydrocarbon content (92.84%) and low oxygenate content (7.16%). The hydrocarbons produced had characteristics similar to those of petroleum diesel, offering the potential to replace petroleum fuels without requiring deacidification or deoxygenation pretreatment.

Hydro-liquefaction of microcrystalline cellulose, xylan and industrial lignin in different supercritical solvents

The influences of solvent on hydro-liquefaction of cellulose, xylan, and lignin were investigated using micro-autoclave. The maximum conversion and bio-oil yield obtained from cellulose and xylan liquefaction were achieved in methanol, whereas similar liquefaction characteristics of lignin were observed in methanol and ethanol. The molecular simulation of interactions between solvents and subcomponents indicated that methanol and ethanol were highly miscible with raw materials. GC–MS and FT-ICR MS characterization revealed that the chemical compositions of liquid products highly depended on the utilized feedstocks. Esters, ketones, and aldehydes were mainly produced from cellulose and xylan conversion, whereas aromatic compounds were primarily derived from lignin conversion. EA results showed that methanol favored the hydrogenation and deoxygenation, resulting in the heating value increased. It could be concluded that the oil quality was highly improved in supercritical methanol.

Investigating the process of heavy crude oil steam cracking over disperse catalysts. I: Selection of optimal steam cracking conditions without catalyst

The process of heavy crude oil steam cracking using semi-flow (with respect to water) and steadystate regimes at 425°C without catalyst is investigated. It is established that in the case of a semi-flow regime, water acts predominantly as a physical agent facilitating the distillation of hydrocarbon fractions and thus preventing their transformation into petroleum coke. A reduction in coke yield is observed for a steady-state regime in comparison to a semi-flow regime; the introduction of water results in enhanced conversion of the high-boiling fraction and an increased yield of light fractions in the composition of liquid products. Based on the obtained data, it is concluded that water plays a positive role during the conversion of heavy crude oil, and that the steam cracking process is promising for production of lighter synthetic and/or semi-synthetic oils.

Effect of Ferrospheres as Additives on the Composition of Cracking Liquid Products of Mordovo-Karmal Native Bitumen

Thermocracking products of high-sulfur Mordovo-Karmal asphalt/bitumen containing 3.7 wt. % sulfur and 6.7 wt. % ibp-200 °C fraction are analyzed. Additional 8.1% ibp-360°C fraction can be obtained by cracking the bitumen at 450 °C for 120 min with maximum gas and coke yield totaling more than 20 wt. %. The effect of fly ash microspheres on the direction of transformations of bitumen components is studied. Bitumen cracking in the presence of 10% microspheres raises the yield of the IBP-360°C fraction by 10% with a total by-products (gas and coke) yield of only 4 wt. %. Structural-group composition analysis of resins and asphaltenes of bitumen cracking products indicates significant degradation of resin and asphaltene molecules in the presence of microspheres. The average molecular mass of asphaltenes decreases by 703 amu, the number of blocks in a molecule decreases from 4 to 3, and the number of naphthene rings decreases threefold, which leads to an increase in aromaticity factor, while the quantity of aliphatic fragments and the length of substituents diminish. The average asphaltene molecule becomes more compact and aromatic structural fragments dominate.

Effect of unsaturation degree on microwave-assisted pyrolysis of fatty acid salts

This work is aimed to study the effect of unsaturation degree on microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of fatty acid salts. Sodium stearate, sodium oleate, and sodium linoleate were selected as model compounds. MAP of sodium oleate obtained the highest yield of liquid product. GC–MS analysis of liquid product revealed that MAP of unsaturated fatty acid salt could produce alkadienes, cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, alkynes and aromatics, which could not appear in liquid product obtained from MAP of saturated fatty acid salt, and unsaturation degree had a great influence on liquid product composition. Analysis of the gas product indicated that MAP of sodium oleate produced more CO2 and CO, while the MAP of sodium linoleate produced more gaseous hydrocarbons and H2. Analysis of the solid char showed that MAP of unsaturated fatty acid salts favors the cyclization and aromatization of pyrolysis vapours. The properties of liquid product were measured and analyzed, which confirmed that MAP of fatty acid salts is a feasible technology to produce high-quality renewable hydrocarbon fuels.

Thermocatalytic cracking of the natural bitumens of Kazakhstan

The heat treatment of the natural bitumens of Kazakhstan was carried out in the presence of a catalyst of power-generating ash microspheres and di-tert-butyl peroxide. Changes in the substantial and fractional compositions of cracking products depending on process conditions were established. Characteristic differences in the composition of liquid cracking products in the presence of the catalyst and the additive from the cracking products of the initial bitumen were found.

Composition of the liquid products of the supercritical fluid extraction of oil shale from the Chim-Loptyugskoe deposit

Data on the liquid product composition of the thermal degradation of the organic matter of an oil shale sample from the Chim-Loptyugskoe deposit in benzene under supercritical conditions in temperature ranges to 200, 200–300, and 300–400°C were acquired with the use of a set of analytical methods. It was found that the concentration of tar–asphaltene substances in the pyrolyzates decreased with temperature; in the structure of these substances, the fraction of aromatic fragments increased and the fraction of aliphatic fragments decreased. The fraction of polar compounds in the composition of oil components decreased.

Catalytic Cracking of LDPE Dissolved in Benzene Using Nickel-Impregnated Zeolites

Among the various processes and reactor designs in polymer cracking, catalytic cracking of polymer dissolved in solvent offers interesting features. In the present research, catalytic cracking of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) dissolved in benzene in a fixed-bed reactor was studied. The catalysts used included three zeolites in original form and nickel (Ni)-impregnated forms. The LDPE conversions achieved were high (>98%) despite the short retention times. The catalytic cracking of LDPE produced liquid in the gasoline range, gases ranged from C1 to C4, and hydrogen gas. The increase in catalyst acidity improved gas yield at the expense of the liquid yield. Although high catalyst acidity had less influence toward liquid product composition, it led to higher degree of cracking of the gaseous products. The dissolution of LDPE in benzene led to high cracking rate despite short retention time and produced liquid products that can be used as fuels.

Influence of the Process Conditions on Yield, Composition, and Properties of the Products Derived from the Thermolysis of Scrap Tire and Used Engine Oil Blends

The thermolysis of waste blends, consisting of shredded scrap tires and used motor oil, was carried out in a semicontinuous distillation reactor. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of mixture composition, feedstock chopping degree, and pressure on the yield, composition, and properties of thermolysis products, i.e., oil, char, and gas. The distribution of the thermolysis products derived from Tire/Oil (T/O) mixtures was 44.8–60.2% (w/w) of liquid, 22.1–31.6% (w/w) of char, and 17.6–24.6% (w/w) of gas. The highest yield, 60.2% (w/w), of desired product (oil) was obtained from the finer feedstock (Type 1), which was mixed with engine oil in the ratio of 2:2 and thermolyzed at elevated pressure (40 bar). The results of the chemical composition of liquid thermolysis products revealed three dominant classes of hydrocarbons: arenes (21.84–34.48%, w/w), alkenes (21.06–34.54%, w/w), and alkanes (18.36–38.66%, w/w). The liquid products derived from Tire/Oil mixtures can be used as liquid fue...

Functional properties and nutritional composition of liquid egg products treated in a coiled tube UV-C reactor

Abstract Pasteurization of eggs has adverse effects on nutrient composition and functionality of egg proteins. UV processing is an alternative technology with potentially fewer adverse effects as it is less intrusive. Egg white, whole egg and egg yolk vitamins (A, B2, B5, C and E), minerals (P, Cl, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn) and main secondary metabolites (lutein and zeaxanthin) were examined after exposure to UV in a coiled tube UV-C reactor at doses known to achieve microbiologically stable egg fractions. The studied nutrients were fairly stable to a treatment with UV-C light with the exception of retinol, vitamin C and carotenoids, which showed loses up to 80%, 66% and 61%, respectively. Moreover, the functional properties of ultraviolet-treated eggs were investigated. Results showed a positive impact on the foam ability and foam stability, and an increase on the emulsifying activity index above 20% versus pasteurized samples. Processing with UV can maintain most of the egg nutritive properties, and retain or even improve the technological properties of foaming and emulsification in eggs. Industrial relevance: This novel UV-C system can be applied successfully to the Food Industry. UV-C does not impair nutritional damage to egg-treated products, and even improve egg functional properties.

The effect of different zeolite based catalysts on the pyrolysis of poly butadiene rubber

In this semi batch pyrolysis study, the effect of different zeolite catalysts containing used FCC, HZSM-5 and mordenite on the degradation of virgin poly butadiene (PBR) were considered. The liquid, gas and coke yield as well as composition of liquid product as a function of different catalysts effect in the stirred reactor were compared. Main products obtained were light hydrocarbons within the gasoline range. The formation of aromatic products depended appreciably on the catalyst type and catalyst/polymer ratio. The results showed that C6 was main component of pyrolysis product with up to 32%. The results also showed that crosslink mechanism played an important role in the rubber pyrolysis. A huge number of double bonds in the PBR chains could prepare the proper media for crosslink mechanism in slow pyrolysis while flash pyrolysis followed the chain scission mechanism in the most times of degradation.Crosslink nets could increase the activation energy and the resistance against the chain scission degradation by difficult chain mobility and heat transfer.

Developing a simulation model for a mixed alcohol synthesis reactor and validation of experimental data in IPSEpro

The production of higher alcohols over a sulfidized molybdenum catalyst (MoS2) using a biomass-derived synthesis gas has been studied at Güssing for several years. The mixed alcohol (MA) pilot plant uses synthesis gas provided by the biomass-based combined heat and power plant (CHP) Güssing. Parameter variations were carried out wherein temperature, space velocity and gas composition were varied to evaluate the impact on CO conversion, product distribution and yield. The influence of side reactions to hydrocarbons was also a research objective. A sufficient amount of experimental data was obtained during these experiments. Evidence for the influence of various reaction parameters was found, but the mass balance could not be closed. A mathematical model of the MA synthesis reactor was developed using the stationary equation-orientated flow sheet simulation software IPSEpro. This publication gives an overview of modeling the MA reactor and condenser unit and testing the model with example calculations. Validated experimental results from 2012 parameter variation are shown and a comparison between experimental and validated quantities is carried out. A comparison with literature data shows that the observed tendencies are in good correlation to literature. The developed reactor model was enabling the possibility for carrying out a validation of the experimental data. IPSEpro uses the method of least-squares to obtain the approximate solution of the overall determined system. The established model was very close to the actual MA pilot plant. The model is very accurate about MA liquid product compositions and all measured flows.

New energy value chain through pyrolysis of hospital plastic waste

In this paper, the evolution in thermochemical behaviours of hospital plastic wastes and changes in chemical composition and characteristics of pyrolysis liquid products have been investigated by using different fixed bed reactor scales. The main objective is to identify the critical technical parameters enabling thermochemical process adaptation in function of raw materials chemical structure, with the aim of maximising the yield of condensable fraction and optimising its energetic properties related to internal combustion engines.It is a step-by-step procedure using three reactor capacity levels, which allows various aspects approach of thermochemical process development from the evaluation of global reaction kinetic parameters to the measurement of physicochemical properties of the final pyrolysis products. In order to reduce the gas and solid fractions with corresponding increasing of condensable products, the transposition of thermal and kinetic information provided by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to larger reactors is used to control of process parameters. In this experimental work the mass of samples increases from 0.05 g in the thermogravimetric analyser to 600 g in the bench scale reactor.Gas-chromatography techniques have been used to identify the chemical composition of gases (GC/TCD) and liquids (GC/FID-MS).It was established that changing the reactor scale does not result in significant differences in pyrolysis product distribution, neither in gas composition. On the other hand, the aspect and the quality of condensable fraction display a high variability. Also, the energy contained in the final valuable pyrolysis product was compared with the energy demand during the thermochemical transformation in order to evaluate the energy efficiency of the process.

Influence of reaction conditions on the composition of liquid products from two-stage catalytic hydrothermal processing of lignin

The influence of reaction conditions on the composition of liquid products during two-stage hydrothermal conversion of alkali lignin has been investigated in a batch reactor. Reactions were carried out in the presence of formic acid (FA) and Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. The two different sets of reaction conditions involved alternative reaction times of 1h and 5h at 265°C and 350°C, respectively. These provided different contributions to reaction severity, which affected the compositions of liquid products. Yields of liquid products reached up to 40wt% (on lignin feed basis) in the presence of FA under the less severe reaction condition. With 5h reaction time at 350°C, alkylphenols, alkylguaiacols and hydrocarbons were the dominant liquid products. However, with 5h reaction time at 265°C, phenol and methanol became dominant. The two-stage hydrothermal process led to improved lignin conversion, with the potential to manipulate the liquid product range.

Composite pelletized catalyst for higher one-pass conversion and productivity in Fischer–Tropsch process

Composite pelletized catalysts for higher one-pass conversion and productivity in the Fischer–Tropsch process are reported. The introduction of aluminum metal powder as a thermal conductor leads to the formation of a new family of composite pelletized catalysts, very different from reference systems. In particular, these catalysts retain high activity and C5+ selectivity at increasing gas-hour space velocities of up to 5,000 h−1. The productivity of these composite catalysts increases almost fourfold for fivefold GHSV increase. Composite catalysts with different types of active cobalt (conventional, introduced by impregnation, or skeletal) show similar values of one-pass conversion and productivity but give different fractional and group composition of liquid hydrocarbon products. Testing of these highly productive catalysts in reactors with different aspect ratios showed that high productivity and one-pass conversion can be achieved in industrial-size units, where feasible liquid yield of up to 140 barrels per million standard cubic feet (MMSCF) of natural gas can be reached.

Effect of polyethylene terephthalate on the catalytic pyrolysis of polystyrene: Investigation of the liquid products

Safe and environmentally benign treatment and disposal of waste plastics are growing challenges of our society. In this paper, the influence and reactivity of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on the pyrolysis of polystyrene (PS) is reported. The experiments were performed in a quartz glass reactor to determine the effects of temperature (250–500 °C), reaction time (20–90 min), and feed to catalyst ratio (1:0–1:0.3) using 20% Al-Al₂O₃ catalyst. PS pyrolyzed at a lower temperature than thermogravimetric (TG) pyrolysis in the presence of catalysts. Significant interactions between the polymers were noted based on the composition of liquid product. Increasing the composition of PET reduced the liquid products formed. Many useful compounds such as benzene, styrene, α-methylstyrene, indene, biphenyl, naphthalene, naphthalene derivatives and terphenyls etc. and some oxygenated compounds such as 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl, acetophenone, 2-buten-1-one, 1-phenyl and 1,2-propanediol, 3-benzyloxy-1,2-diacetyl etc. were identified. Single ring aromatic hydrocarbons (C6–C9 fraction) particularly that of styrene monomer, were dominant products.

Low Sulfur Fuel Distillates Obtaining from Vacuum Gasoil

Novokuibyshevsk refinery vacuum gasoil (VG) with a high sulfur content (2.02 % wt.) thermocracking results are represented in abstract. Its density is 909.8 kg/m3. Material balance and fractional composition of liquid products cracking and reduction of sulfur containing in every component of it was established. Based on experimentally measured parameters we calculated gas, liquid, coke yields depending on process conditions. The amount of hydrocarbons and resins-asphaltens components increased in the vacuum gasoil cracking products, but these products have lower molecular weight in comparison to initial object. Cracking liquid products composition, which were gained after vacuum gasoil benzoyl peroxide (BP) oxidation pretreatment, specific differences from VG thermolysis products with BP used as radical forming addition were established.

Hydrogenolysis of lignin in ZnCl2 and KCl as an inorganic molten salt medium

Abstract Lignin can be converted into monomeric products with the aid of molten salt media. Molten zinc chloride (ZnCl2)/potassium chloride (KCl) mixtures are suitable for this purpose. The application of an eutectic mixture with low melting points leads to similar main products as are obtained by pyrolysis. The hydrogenolysis of an organosolv lignin in molten salts of ZnCl2/KCl was investigated as a function of reaction temperature, residence time, and lignin concentration, and the composition of liquid products and monophenols was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The yields can be optimized by the proper selection of the reaction temperature. A longer residence time and higher lignin concentrations lead to increased formation of solid residues and gaseous products. The liquid products mainly consist of substituted phenols derived from lignins. Polymeric products are the result of condensation reactions (i.e., the formation of new C-C linkages in the course of secondary reactions).