Liquid Portion Research Articles

Uses of plasma in medicine

Plasma is the liquid portion of whole blood, It is composed largely of water and proteins, and it provides a medium for red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets to circulate through the body. The plasma contains an important amount of antibiotics capable of strengthening the patient's immunity in the face of the threat of the virus. When plasma is injected into the scalp, it renews cells and stimulates the production of collagen and protein, two substances that make up the second middle layer of the skin, which give the skin freshness and vitality. One of the most important benefits of plasma for the face is that it uses platelets to inject the face and it plays several roles inside the skin once it is injected under it. Plasma can be used as a local injection as well to treat tissue ruptures such as knee ligament tears. platelet-rich plasma (PRP) can improve wound-healing processes in orthopedic surgery, dermatology, ophthalmology, gynecology and plastic surger.

Morphology and dynamics of the liquid jet in high-speed gas-assisted atomization retrieved through synchrotron-based high-speed X-ray imaging

The breakup of a liquid jet by a surrounding high-speed gas jet with different liquid Reynolds numbers and gas Weber numbers was studied using high speed phase-contrast X-ray imaging technique. Focusing on the liquid core, the portion of liquid that is connected to the nozzle, four distinct morphologies were observed and can be associated with changes in the large-scale configurations of the two-phase flow are reported in a phase diagram. Gas-to-liquid kinetic energy balance arguments capture several transitions between the liquid core regimes. The temporal evolution of the center of mass of the liquid core is extracted to quantify its motion, whose statistics can be utilized as a signature to distinguish different regimes. At low to moderate gas Weber numbers, the dynamics are strongly influenced by flapping, while long-time dynamics develop at high Weber numbers, that give way to quasi-periodic motions when swirl is impeded to the gas jet.

Enhancing the antibacterial and surface hardness of glass ionomer cement modified with Salvadora persica and Chlorhexidine: An in vitro study.

This laboratory study evaluated the effect of Salvadora persica (S. persica) root extracts and Chlorhexidine Digluconate (CHX) on the antibacterial and surface hardness properties of glass ionomer cement (GIC). The in vitro experimental study was conducted at the Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan, from October 2022 to March 2023. There were a total four experimental groups. The first group consisted of ethanol extract (GIC-SPEE) and second group consisted of hexane extract as (GIC-SPHE) both prepared from Salvadora persica root respectively, and mixed with liquid of GIC separately. The third group comprised chlorhexidine (GIC-CHX) that was also mixing into liquid portion of GIC and the last group was Control i.e. (cGIC). The GIC samples were prepared by using stainless steel metallic moulds with dimension (5mm x 2mm), following the manufacturer guidelines. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was done by disc diffusion test (DDT), and surface hardness test was done by Vickers hardness tester. Statistical analysis was performed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (p<0.05). The antibacterial activity against S. mutans reported that the maximum zone of inhibition was obtained at 3 wt% by the GIC-SPEE, when compared with other experimental groups. For surface hardness, the highest mean and standard deviation and significant findings was reported by the group GIC-SPEE. Considering the outcome of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that the addition of 3 wt% GIC-SPEE increased the surface hardness and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Selective stabilization of chromium and sustainable treatment of stainless steel slags

Selective stabilization of chromium and sustainable treatment of industrial stainless steel electric arc furnace slags was investigated. The crystallization and phase distribution of stainless steel slags after equilibration at 1500 °C with varying basicity between 1.8 and 1.0 using quartz sand were studied. Results showed chromium in the slag can be fully stabilized into the Cr-spinel phase, which accumulate at the crucible bottom under the influence of gravity at a basicity of 1.2. The top liquid portion corresponding to about 72 % of the total slag can be quenched to an amorphous phase after a slag discharge treatment with the bottom residual solid portion in the form of a Cr-spinel enriched slag. The leaching experiments of the two separated slags were implemented according to the standard HJ/T 301–2007, and the Cr leaching concentrations were 0.059 mg/L and 0.136 mg/L, respectively. This was within the national comprehensive utilization standard of Cr-bearing solid wastes. Furthermore, the feasibility analysis of operation and potential application to the stainless steel industry was also addressed to provide the fundamentals for industrial scale utilization of stainless steel slags.

A comparative analysis of various nanocomposites for the remediation of heavy metals from biomass liquid digestate using multi-criteria decision methods

In the past, biomass-based waste sources have demonstrated their potential for remediating heavy metals in contaminated soils and water. Nanoparticles have been extensively studied for their ability to absorb and recover heavy metals from the liquid portion of biomass digestate, contributing to a circular economy in biomass plants. By combining nanocomposites with the liquid fraction of biomass digestate, the efficiency and effectiveness of heavy metal remediation using the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique can be enhanced. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare different biomass-based nanocomposites for heavy metal remediation using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods. The AHP method prioritizes and ranks alternatives based on criteria such as heavy metal removal efficiency, production cost, and potential environmental impacts. The investigation reveals that porosity value is the most important criterion (48 %) compared to other parameters, while surface area has the lowest importance (6 %). The TOPSIS method uses distance measures to rank alternatives based on their proximity to the ideal solution. Among the tested nanocomposites, zinc oxide demonstrates optimum performance with removal rates of 92 % for copper, 95 % for lead, and 88 % for nickel. Additionally, an economic analysis of the system reveals a return on investment of approximately 5.9 %. In conclusion, this study presents a sustainable, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient solution for mitigating heavy metal pollution.

Research on the mechanism of characteristic change in water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion during porous media seepage

Compared with oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions have a more complex composition and structure of the dispersed phase, and the viscosity change rule under shear is more complicated due to the presence of reversed-phase emulsifiers in the dispersed phase. The effects of different factors on the rheology of multiple emulsions were investigated by rheometer, and the viscosity values of multiple emulsions and oil-in-water emulsions were compared at the same time. Finally, the flow pressure change characteristics of multiple emulsions and oil-in-water emulsions were compared using core flow tests. The secondary emulsification of multiple emulsions occurred during the Seepage process, thus maintaining the complexity of the internal phase structure and the characteristics of multiple interfaces, proving the emulsification effect of multiple emulsions on the original aqueous phase in the core during the Seepage process, and found that the emulsification of multiple emulsions in the Seepage process made the produced liquid portion of multiple emulsions show the bicontinuous characteristics by confocal microscopy.

Solid-liquid distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in primary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant

Distributions of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and fecal viral biomarkers between solid and liquid phases of wastewater are largely unknown. Herein, distributions of SARS-CoV-2, Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV), and F-RNA bacteriophage group II (FRNAPH-II) were determined by viral RNA RT-qPCR. Comparison of viral recovery using three conventional fractionation methods included membrane filtration, a combination of mid-speed centrifugation and membrane filtration, and high-speed centrifugation. SARS-CoV-2 partitioned to the solids fraction in greater abundance compared to liquid fractions in a combination of mid-speed centrifugation and membrane filtration and high-speed centrifugation, but not in membrane filtration method in a particular assay, while fecal biomarkers (PMMoV and FRNAPH-II) exhibited the reciprocal relationship. The wastewater fractionation method had minimal effects on the solids-liquids distribution for all viral and phage markers tested; however, viral RNA load was significantly greater in solid–liquid fractions viral RNA loads compared with the than whole-wastewater PEG precipitation. A RNeasy PowerWater Kit with PCR inhibitor removal resulted in greater viral RNA loads and lesser PCR inhibition compared to a QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit without PCR inhibitor removal. These results support the development of improved methods and interpretation of WBE of SARS-CoV-2.•Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 to liquid and solid portions was addressed.•Addressing PCR inhibition is important in wastewater-based epidemiology.•Fraction methods have minimal effect.

Setting Properties along Bone Cement Preparation and its Effect on Material Properties

Bone cement is a material used in many orthopedic surgeries. Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) is one of the acrylic-based bone cement materials. PMMA will be mixed with an activator (N, N-Dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT)), initiator (Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO)), radiopacifier / filler (BaSO4), and Methyl Methacrylate monomer. Once the materials were mixed, the activator react with the initiator to form radicals and activate the bulk polymerization reaction between the MMA monomer and PMMA molecules. The bulk polymerization reaction occurs exothermically and increases the bulk temperature. Barium sulfate (BaSO4) is an inorganic compound that can be acted as both radiopacifier and filler in bone cement. The specific objective of this study was to describe the effect of BaSO4 in bone cement composite formation. The solid material; PMMA, BPO, and BaSO4 were mixed firstly. The liquid portions; N, N-Dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT), and MMA were mixed and then poured into the solids one in a stainless-steel bowl. The bulk temperature was recorded after a one-minute mixing process. The samples were characterized by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The highest setting temperature and setting time were 107.3°C and 10.6 min which was obtained in BaSO4 content variables of 7% and 11%, respectively. The average molecular weight of the samples was 561.5-1,332.0 kDa. From the DSC result, the glass temperature of the samples was 119.17-119.87°C.

Ossification of Cranial Epidural Hematomas: A Systematic Review of Management Strategies and Presentation of an Illustrative Case.

The presence of a calcified or ossified chronic cranial epidural hematoma (EDH) is rare and has been described in only a few case reports in the literature. Consequently, clear treatment strategies remain elusive and may entail conservative and surgical approaches. In this study, we performed a systematic review of reported cases to evaluate the clinical course and treatment options for these patients. A comprehensive systematic search of two databases was performed, and information on patient characteristics, symptomatology, and treatment was extracted from eligible articles. A total of 56 cases were included in our analyses. Forty patients were male, 16 were female, with an average age of 21.38 years at the time of diagnosis. Assumed etiology was previous trauma in 35 cases, previous cranial surgery in 17 patients, and birth trauma and epidural bleeding after the utilization of the Mayfield clamp in 1 case each. The origin remained unclear in two cases. The time between trauma or surgery and diagnostics ranged between one and a half weeks and 50 years, with a median of 4 years (SD 9.8 years). The symptoms were very heterogeneous, ranging from acute neurological deterioration to chronic symptoms. In 15 cases, patients were asymptomatic, and cranial imaging was performed as part of a new trauma or a screening for other disease. Forty-one patients received surgical treatment by craniotomy and hematoma evacuation, and 13 patients were treated conservatively. In two cases, the liquid hematoma portion was aspirated through a burr hole. The localization of calcified or ossified EDH was mainly supratentorial. Young male patients most commonly present with calcified or ossified EDH after trauma, according to the epidemiological trend of acute EDH. Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic to severe neurological deficits and signs of increased intracranial pressure. There is no standardized treatment; decisions must be made on an individual basis.

Bleeding and its Management

Blood is a connective tissue in fluid form. It carries oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body and CO2 from all parts of body to lungs. Blood contains blood cells (RBC, WBC, PLATELETS) and liquid portion known as plasma.

Total and Free Hydrogen Cyanide Content and Profile of Bioactive Amines in Commercial Tucupi, a Traditionally Derived Cassava Product Widely Consumed in Northern Brazil.

Tucupi is a broth derived from cassava roots which is produced after the spontaneous fermentation of manipueira (the liquid portion obtained by pressing cassava roots), followed by cooking. This product is widely consumed along with traditional dishes in the Brazilian Amazonia and is already used in different places worldwide. In this study, tucupi obtained from the markets of Belém (Pará, Brazil) and produced using agroindustrial (11 samples) and non-agroindustrial (11 samples) units were investigated to determine their physicochemical characteristics, total and free HCN contents, and free bioactive amine profiles. Most of the samples showed significant variations (p ≤ 0.05) in pH (2.82-4.67), total acidity (0.14-1.36 g lactic acid/100 mL), reducing sugars (up to 2.33 g/100 mL), and total sugars (up to 4.35 g/100 mL). Regarding the amines, four biogenic amines (0.5-4.2 mg/L tyramine, 1.0-23.1 mg/L putrescine, 0.5-66.8 mg/L histamine, and 0.6-2.9 mg/L tryptamine) and one polyamine (0.4-1.7 mg/L spermidine) were identified in the tucupi samples. Even in the tucupi produced using the agroindustrial units, which had quality seals provided by the local regulatory agency, high levels of biogenic amines (4.4-78.2 mg/L) were observed, as well as high dosages of total (8.87-114.66 mg/L) and free (0.80-38.38 mg/L) HCN. These facts highlight the need for better knowledge regarding the product manufacturing process to establish standardization and high-quality conditions for tucupi processing since high contents of biogenic amines and HCN are commonly associated with adverse health effects.

Understanding why constant energy or constant temperature may affect nucleation behavior in MD simulations: A study of gas hydrate nucleation.

Molecular dynamics simulations have been widely used in exploring the nucleation behavior of many systems, including gas hydrates. Gas hydrates are ice-like solids in which gas molecules are trapped in water cages. During hydrate formation, a considerable amount of heat is released, and previous work has reported that the choice of temperature control scheme may affect the behavior of hydrate formation. The origins of this effect have remained an open question. To address this question, extensive NVE simulations and thermostatted (NPT and NVT) simulations with different temperature coupling strengths have been performed and compared for systems where a water nanodroplet is immersed in a H2S liquid. Detailed analysis of the hydrate structures and their mechanisms of formation has been carried out. Slower nucleation rates in NVE simulations in comparison to NPT simulations have been observed in agreement with previous studies. Probability distributions for various temperature measures along with their spatial distributions have been examined. Interestingly, a comparison of these temperature distributions reveals a small yet noticeable difference in the widths of the distributions for water. The somewhat reduced fluctuations in the temperature for the water species in the NVE simulations appear to be responsible for reducing the hydrate nucleation rate. We further conjecture that the NVE-impeded nucleation rate may be the result of the finite size of the surroundings (here the liquid H2S portion of the system). Additionally, a local spatial temperature gradient arising from the heat released during hydrate formation could not be detected.

Kaplanmış ve Kaplanmamış Kağıtların Baskı Kalitesine Etkisini Belirleyen Parametrelerin Analizi

Both paper and ink are the two main raw materials in the manufacture of printed materials. The visual quality of the printed product is very important. Printing an image on paper with ink in high resolution is dependent on the quality of the interfacial relationship between paper and ink. Newsprint, book paper, and pure cellulose-based high-grade paper pulp where the mechanical wood pulp is intensively utilized have porous structures. Coldset offset printing is used for printing on these papers. The coldset offset printing is a printing process where drying occurs late by evaporation of the liquid portion of the ink and absorption into the paper. The ink can sometimes take several days to dry completely (solidify). During this drying process, the ink penetrates the cellulose capillaries in the paper in the vertical direction and behaves the same in the horizontal direction. The dot diameter, which mechanically grows due to the printing pressure (dot gain), grows even larger by spontaneous micro-steps during the drying process. It tends to cross to the back surface of the paper in a vertical direction. For this reason, the paper-ink interfacial behavior is a critical parameter that should be maintained under control as much as possible. The rough surface, porous structure and humidity of the paper, the viscosity and amount of ink printed on the paper surface, the printing pressure at the NIP point, and the physical conditions of the printing room are influential in this interfacial relationship. &#x0D; In this study, the factors that affect the image quality in printing on uncoated and coated papers were investigated by test printing. The CMYK test scale, which was specially prepared for the examination of print quality, was printed with Coldset Offset Printing on smooth papers coated with woodfree coated paper and woodfree uncoated paper, which are the best examples of uncoated papers and are widely used especially in book production. After printing, the surface of the papers was measured with a spectrophotometer and the dot growth and trapping values were determined. Surface and interfacial images of the prints were taken with a stereoscopic microscope and visual examinations were undertaken.

Improved virus concentration methods for wash waters from decontamination of permeable and non-permeable surfaces

Surface decontamination is a method of using wash water to decontaminated surfaces preventing transmission of biological contaminants that can pose potential health risks to responders and the public. However, the risks associated with handling used wash water are largely unknown due to the lack of effective methodology to screen for pathogenic microorganisms present in these samples, especially viral pathogens. This study adapted the dead-end hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (D-HFUF) system to wash waters, including a separate procedure for recovering particle attached viruses. Simulated wash water was created using dechlorinated tap water containing a mild surfactant (0.05 % Tween 80). To determine virus recovery efficiencies, measured amounts of somatic and F+ coliphage were spiked into 2-liter volumes of wash water under the following scenarios: (1) wash water was amended with a measured amount of sterile river sediment with no sediment separation prior to filter concentration; or (2) sediment added to wash water was allowed to settle prior to filter concentrating clarified liquid portions, while precipitated sediment was subjected to viral extraction techniques to recover particle attached virus; and (3) the optimized method was deployed on non-porous and porous surfaces to simulate a decontamination clean-up event. Separation of sediment prior to D-HFUF significantly increased recovery of coliphages, (P = <0.0001) versus filtration of sediment and liquids simultaneously. A tryptic soy broth (TSB) elution solution was significantly more effective (P = ≤0.010) for recovery of both somatic and F+ coliphage, (108 ± 9 % and 92 ± 9 %, respectively), compared to elution buffers containing various surfactants (sodium hexametaphosphate, Tween 80) for recovering particle attached virus. Simulating a biocontaminate clean-up event (using the optimized sediment separation and elution protocol) resulted in coliphage recoveries of 75–96 % (permeable surface) and 71–92 % (non-permeable surface). This procedure can be used to effectively detect viruses in used wash waters aiding in reducing risks to human health during site decontamination.

Osseointegration effects of whey protein (histological and histomorphological observations): An experimental study on rabbits

Background: Whey protein is the green-yellow colored, liquid portion of the milk, and it is also called the cheese serum, it is obtained after the separation of curd, during the coagulation of the milk. It contains a considerable amount of α-helix pattern with an evenly distributed hydrophobic and hydrophilic as well as basic and acidic amino acids along with their polypeptide chain. The major whey protein constituents include β-lactoglobulin (β-LG),α-lactalbumin (α-LA), immunoglobulins (IG), bovine serum albumin (BSA), bovine lactoperoxidase (LP), bovine lactoferrin (BLF) and minor amounts of a glycol macro peptide (GMP). Osseointegration can be defined as a process that is immune driven which leads to the formation of the new bone surrounding the surface of the implant rather than a pure response of the bone. Titanium can activate a balance recognized to be tolerogenic with a peri-implant tissue leading to a "foreign body equilibrium (FBE)" response. Materials and methods: Twelve adult male white New Zealand healthy rabbits were used in this study, the animals were divided into two groups according to the time of scarification as follows; 2 and 6 weeks after the implantation (6 rabbits will be sacrificed for each group). Results: Statistical analysis showed that there is a highly significant difference in all parameters between the experimental group and control group at 2 weeks and 6 weeks periods. Histological results at 2 weeks period showed thread formation in whey protein and control group, distribution of osteocyte cells and osteoblast was higher in whey protein, and the bone trabecular area was also larger in whey protein groups but at 6 weeks showed mature bone in whey protein groups while in control group still woven bone. Conclusions: Whey protein is an effective in osseointegration because it enhances bone formation.

On the Liquid Portion Composition Deviation in the RheoMetal Process

Semisolid processing can provide an avenue to reduced rejection rates during casting and increased capability of thin-walled castings leading to improved resource efficiency and reduced climate impact. In the RheoMetalTM process, the slurry is formed far from equilibrium. A consequence to the deviation from equilibrium is that conventional guidelines for process stability may not give the correct appreciation of the process window, nor on the correct solid fractions generated. The solid fraction provides the slurry properties and its dependence on temperature should in theory provide the stable process window. This is discussed using data from literature and an alternative approach to identify the process stability window is given.

Formation of an organic film on an electrode via a suspension of redox-active droplets in acidic aqueous solution

Previous electrochemical studies of redox emulsions have been mainly performed in the context of electro-organic synthesis. More recently, this research has been oriented towards applications of emulsions in flow batteries. Such biphasic systems seem to provide a suitable environment for reactions at the liquid–liquid interface. Taking an emulsion consisting of microdroplets of decamethylferrocene solution in a hydrophobic ionic liquid/toluene mixture in acidic aqueous solution as an example, we have demonstrated that an electrochemical redox reaction involving the hydrophobic redox probe occurs at the glassy carbon electrode|organic liquid film interface. This reaction is followed by ion exchange between liquid phases. This effect is explained by the instability of the emulsion. A portion of the organic liquid stays on the electrode surface after transfer to a purely aqueous electrolyte and remains electroactive.

Experimental and numerical assessments on solid particle erosion in upward vertical-horizontal and horizontal-vertical downward elbows for multiphase and gas-sand flows

Solid particle erosion is unavoidable in the pipeline fitting components in different engineering applications, such as in the oil and gas industry. Elbows have been used as an efficient fitting component to change the flow direction in pipeline systems. They are commonly fitted in series. Thus, it is valuable to examine the effect of distance between two elbows in series on solid particle erosion of elbows. In the presented work, flow visualizations, paint removal tests, and erosion measurements were conducted on two test configurations of standard 50.8 mm elbows in vertical-horizontal flow. The distance between the two elbows to the pipe diameter ratio (L/D) are 1 and 5 to investigate the distance effect on erosion on the elbows. The multiphase flow regime is churn/annular flow with superficial gas and liquid velocity of 16 m/s and 0.5 m/s, respectively, and 300 μm sand size. The results of the flow visualizations showed a thin liquid film covering the inside wall of the elbows. Liquid patches or portions were flowing and covering the outer wall of the first and second elbows for the L/D = 1 test configuration. The paint removal experiment results showed that the paint started to remove at around 45° in the first elbow and about 60° in the second elbow of both test configurations with the 1D and 5D distance between the two elbows. The erosion measurement results showed a good agreement concerning the location of the maximum erosion compared to the paint removal tests. In addition, the erosion measurement results showed that the maximum erosion magnitude in the first elbow with the L/D = 1 and L/D = 5 test configurations is higher than the second elbow by a factor of 1.35 and 3.14, respectively. In addition, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach was used to study the effect of distance between two standard 76.2 mm elbows in series with 31 m/s gas velocity and 300 and 75 μm sand sizes. The CFD results showed agreements with the available experimental data. The CFD results showed that the maximum erosion ratio in the second elbow is lower than the first elbow in the gas-solid flow condition.

Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Effluent in New Zealand, Time to Revisit the Idea?

The anaerobic digestion of New Zealand low-input dairy farms has previously been evaluated for energy production, but farming systems have recently become more intensive with increased feed supplementation and feed replacement; therefore, we are studying how these changes affect the overall energy production for water heating. A combination of literature review, surveys, chemical analyses, biomethane potential analysis, and modeling were used for this study. On a case study farm with a solid separator, it was found that 558 MJ/day and 176–861 MJ/day could be produced with the solid and liquid portions of effluent, respectively. There is enough biogas to satisfy the dairy farm’s water heating requirements with a tankless water heater.

Problematyka i realizacja przepływów cieczy w zautomatyzowanych stanowiskach mikrodozowania

The aim of the project described in the article was to develop assumptions for the automatic management of liquid microdosing processes with a volume of 0.5 μl in biomedical engineering. The structure of typical, catalog dispensers selected for testing, which does not guarantee the achievement of the volume of the mentioned portion of liquid, is presented. A set of the most important dependencies, phenomena and coefficients characterizing liquid microflows and their record, used in the calculator of the processor controller for the automated microdosing process, was given. The construction of a micro-dosing process measuring station, allowing for experimental verification of the quality of micro-dosing of liquids with the use of typical dispensers, developed dependencies and a processor controller of this process, was described by tested dispenser heads and the results of automated microportioning, meeting all the given assumptions of this process.