Liquid-phase Technique Research Articles

Enhancing filler ratio and thermal conductivity of polyphenylene sulfide composites using molybdenum sulfide and carbon nanotubes: A layer-by-layer hot-pressing approach

In this study, we aimed to address challenges in thermal management and structural applications by developing composite materials with enhanced thermal conductivity and insulation properties. Our approach involved combining two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), leveraging their respective properties to create synergistic effects. MoS2, renowned for its remarkable electrical and mechanical attributes, was synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction and subsequently exfoliated using liquid-phase exfoliation techniques. Meanwhile, CNTs were surface-treated to prevent aggregation and ensure optimal dispersion within the composite matrix. These treated CNTs were then entangled with MoS2 nanosheets to form layered structures, facilitating the creation of efficient heat transfer pathways. The resulting MoS2-CNT composites were fabricated using a hot-pressing method, with polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) layers integrated for structural integrity. Through experimental investigation and characterization, our composites exhibited substantial improvements in thermal conductivity, achieving an impressive 5.77 W/mK. Additionally, the incorporation of PPS layers endowed the composites with insulation properties, further enhancing their suitability for diverse applications. Notably, the composite demonstrated a tensile strength of 67 MPa, indicating its potential for structural applications. This research underscores the promising potential of MoS2-CNT composites in addressing critical challenges in thermal management and structural engineering across various industries, including automotive and electronics. By offering a comprehensive solution that combines enhanced thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and insulation properties, our composite material opens avenues for innovation in the development of advanced materials for next-generation technologies.

Advanced Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Functional Applications of Precision Polymers.

In the realm of biological macromolecules, entities such as nucleic acids and proteins are distinguished by their homochirality, consistently defined chain lengths, and integral sequence-dependent functionalities. Historically, these refined attributes have eluded traditional synthetic polymers, which often exhibit wide variabilities in chain lengths, limited batch-to-batch reproducibility, and stochastic monomer arrangements. Bridging this divide represents a pivotal challenge within the domain of polymer science - a challenge that the burgeoning discipline of precision polymer chemistry is poised to address. Recent advancements have yielded precision polymers that boast prescribed monomer sequences and narrow molecular weight distributions, heralding a new era for developing model systems to decipher structure-property correlations within functional polymers, analogous to those within biological matrices. This review discusses the innovative liquid-phase and solid-phase synthesis techniques for creating precision polymers and the advanced characterization tools essential for dissecting their structure and properties. We highlight potential applications in self-assembly, catalysis, data storage, imaging, and therapy, and provide insights into the future challenges and directions of precision polymers.

Dual-wavelength erbium-doped mode-locked fiber laser based on CoPS3 saturable absorber

An erbium-doped mode-locked fiber laser based on CoPS3 saturable absorber was successfully constructed and ultrashort pulsed light was obtained. The CoPS3 nanosheets solution was prepared using the liquid-phase exfoliation technique, and then drop-coated onto a tapered fiber as a saturable absorber. The fiber laser based on CoPS3 saturable absorber could output conventional solitons at the central wavelengths of 1557.46 nm or 1532.12 nm, respectively, as well as simultaneously output conventional solitons at dual wavelengths of 1531.56 nm and 1557.32 nm, with the ability to switch between the three operational states. The achieved minimum pulse width was 1.59 ps. In addition to conventional solitons, the laser demonstrated the capability to generate bound-state solitons. This study highlights the effectiveness of CoPS3 as a reliable optical modulator for fiber lasers and illustrates its potential for applications in ultrafast optics.

FeOOH Nanosheets Coupled with ZnCdS Nanoparticles for Highly Improved Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes and Tetracycline in Water.

Developing a low-cost and highly efficient semiconductor photocatalyst for the decomposition of organic pollutants and antibiotics is highly desirable. Herein, FeOOH nanosheets were prepared using a liquid-phase stirring technique and combined with ZnCdS (ZCS) nanoparticles to construct FeOOH/ZCS nanocomposite photocatalysts. The photocatalytic efficiency of the FeOOH/ZCS nanocomposite was evaluated for the decomposition of various pollutants, including rhodamine B, methylene Blue, and tetracycline. The FeOOH/ZCS nanocomposite exhibited significantly higher photocatalytic performance for the decomposition of various organics. Moreover, the optimized FeOOH/ZCS retained more than 90% of its initial photocatalytic activity even after five successful runs. Radical quenching test and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis revealed that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) play a dominant role for the decomposition of organics. The FeOOH/ZCS Z-scheme heterojunction significantly facilitates higher charge transfer efficiency and the generation of reactive radicals, resulting in excellent photocatalytic degradation performance. This work offers a new approach to synthesis FeOOH-based photocatalyst for the elimination of organics and antibiotics in water.

Thickness dependent nanoscale magnetism in two-dimensional manganese telluride (MnTe)

Magnetism from two-dimensional (2D) materials has received significant attention and admiration due to their unique electronic and magnetic properties owing to quantum confinement, such as spin-orbit coupling, magnetic anisotropy, and emergent magnetic orders, leading to behaviors and properties not observed in bulk materials. One of the crucial gaps that need to be addressed is deciphering the ordering of magnetic behavior with the thickness of manganese dichalcogenides, manganese telluride (MnTe). The present work explores the pivotal role of thickness in modulating the magnetic properties of 2D MnTe, obtained using liquid-phase exfoliation techniques. Intriguing magnetic and electronic properties have been observed in MnTe thinner than 5 nm. Our experimental findings and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the transition from anti-ferromagnetic characteristics to ferromagnetic behavior for one to two layers and then back to anti-ferromagnetic behavior for thicknesses larger than 5 nm. These results demonstrate the existence of thickness-dependent transitions in magnetic ordering and anisotropy for the 2D materials. The experimental results, in conjunction with theoretical modeling, unravel useful insights into the implications of magnetic 2D MnTe for emerging technologies driven by nanoscale magnetism, such as spintronics and quantum computing. The outcomes from the present work open new possibilities for developing memory devices with enhanced functionality and efficiency.

Welding bulk metallic glasses: Processes, key challenges, and future directions

Considerable scientific effort has been devoted to comprehending welding processes and establishing correlations between structure and properties in crystalline metals and alloys’ welded joints. However, welding of bulk-metallic glasses (BMGs) presents unique challenges. The weldability of these glasses is complex due to their lack of long-range order and high propensity to crystallization. BMGs are joined through either supercooled-liquid-phase or liquid-phase welding techniques. To maintain the integrity of the glassy structure, it is imperative to meticulously control the welding temperature and duration during supercooled-liquid-phase welding to prevent crystallization or ensure a sufficiently rapid cooling rate in liquid-phase welding to suppress solidification. In most cases, the presence of crystalline phases adversely affects the mechanical and physical properties of the joints. This review article describes and critically analyzes the key aspects influencing BMG welding and the correlations between the welding conditions and BMG joint properties. The fundamental knowledge to understand the welding of BMGs is presented, and the many welding methods used are discussed. The review also offers recommendations for various opportunities and new directions for advancing the field of BMG welding.

Liquid Phase Exfoliation of 2D Materials and Its Electrochemical Applications in the Data-Driven Future.

The electrochemical properties of 2D materials, particularly transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hinge on their structural and chemical characteristics. To be practically viable, achieving large-scale, high-yield production is crucial, ensuring both quality and electrochemical suitability for applications in energy storage, electrocatalysis, and potential-based ionic sieving membranes. A prerequisite for success is a deep understanding of the synthesis process, forming a critical link between materials synthesis and electrochemical performance. This review extensively examines the liquid-phase exfoliation technique, providing insights into potential advancements and strategies to optimize the TMDs nanosheet yield while preserving their electrochemical attributes. The primary goal is to compile techniques for enhancing TMDs nanosheet yield through direct liquid-phase exfoliation, considering parameters like solvents, surfactants, centrifugation, and sonication dynamics. Beyond addressing the exfoliation yield, the review emphasizes the potential impact of these parameters on the structural and chemical properties of TMD nanosheets, highlighting their pivotal role in electrochemical applications. Acknowledging evolving research methodologies, the review explores integrating machine learning and data science as tools for understanding relationships and key characteristics. Envisioned to advance 2D material research, including the optimization of graphene, MXenes, and TMDs synthesis for electrochemical applications, this compilation charts a course toward data-driven techniques. By bridging experimental and machine learning approaches, it promises to reshape the landscape of knowledge in electrochemistry, offering a transformative resource for the academic community.

Growth Processing and Strategies: A Way to Improve the Gas Sensing Performance of Nickel Oxide-Based Devices

The review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of nickel oxide (NiO) as an emerging material in environmental monitoring by surveying recent developments primarily within the last three years and reports the growth processing and strategies employed to enhance NiO sensing performance. It covers synthesis methods for pristine NiO, including vapor-phase, liquid-phase, and solution-processing techniques, highlighting advantages and limitations. The growth mechanisms of NiO nanostructures are explored, with a focus on the most recent research studies. Additionally, different strategies to improve the gas sensing performance of NiO are discussed (i.e., surface functionalization by metallic nanoparticles, heterostructure formation, carbon-based nanomaterials, and conducting polymers). The influence of these strategies on selectivity, sensitivity, response time, and stability of NiO-based sensors is thoroughly examined. Finally, the challenges and future directions that may lead to the successful development of highly efficient NiO-based gas sensors for environmental monitoring are introduced in this review.

High-strength FeSiCr soft magnetic composite fabricated via liquid-phase sintering for high-frequency applications

Soft magnetic composites (SMCs) are essential materials for electronic devices due to their high saturation magnetization. However, traditional SMCs fabricated by cold-pressing method possess low strength and insufficiently reliable insulation, which restricts their further application. In this study, liquid-phase sintering technique is introduced and optimized to fabricate FeSiCr/MoO3 SMCs. During sintering, ammonium molybdate (AMT) decomposes to form liquid-phase MoO3, which helps to achieve insulation and promote the formation of a transition layer on the surface of FeSiCr. The most optimum sample (the 400 MPa/800 °C /6 wt% sample) is obtained with crushing strength of 329.8 MPa, real part permeability of 29.7 (1 MHz), cut-off frequency of 116 MHz, high saturation magnetization of 177.3 emu/g and power loss of 1224.4 kW/m3 (10 MHz, 5 mT). This study indicates that liquid-phase sintering may be a reliable means for developing novel SMCs.

Preliminary Study on Total Component Analysis and In Vitro Antitumor Activity of Eucalyptus Leaf Residues.

Eucalyptus globulus is widely introduced and cultivated in Yunnan province. Its foliage is mainly used to extract eucalyptus oil, but the by-product eucalyptus residue has not been fully utilized. Based on the above reasons, in this study, we sought to explore the comprehensive utilization potential of eucalyptus resources. The total composition of eucalyptus residue was analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS), and the active components and nutrient components of eucalyptus leaf residue were determined by chemical methods and liquid phase techniques. Meanwhile, the antitumor activity of triterpenoids in eucalyptus leaves was evaluated by tetramethylazazole blue colorimetric assay (MTT). The results of qualitative analysis indicated that 55 compounds were identified from eucalyptus residue, including 28 phloroglucinols, 17 terpenoids, 3 flavonoids, 5 fatty acids, 1 amino acid and 2 polyphenols. Among them, the pentacyclic triterpenoids, in eucalyptus residue, were mainly oleanane type and urthane type. The results of quantitative determination indicated that the content of triterpenoid compounds was 2.84% in eucalyptus residue, which could be enhanced to 82% by silicone separation. The antitumor activity results showed that triterpenoid compounds have moderate inhibitory effects on human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231, gastric adenocarcinoma cell SGC-7901 and cervical cancer cell Hela. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 50.67, 43.12 and 42.65 μg/mL, respectively. In this study, the triterpenoids from eucalyptus leaf residues were analyzed to reveal that the triterpenoids from eucalyptus leaf have antitumor effects and have potential to be developed as antitumor drugs.

A performance comparison of photo-fenton decolorization of methylene blue by using bentonite/iron composites prepared by liquid phase and solid phase ion exchange method

Nowadays, there is a wide range of pollutants present, which requires the treatment of wastewater. The photo-Fenton method has been recognized as valuable in this area. In this study, iron/bentonite composites were created using both liquid phase and solid phase iron exchange techniques, and they were utilized as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue through photo-Fenton process. Various factors affecting the photocatalytic decolorization were investigated, including the initial concentration of the dye, weight of the catalyst, pH of the solution, and concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The decolorization efficiency of the iron/bentonite composites prepared using the solid phase and liquid phase ion exchange approaches was found to be 99% and 95%, respectively. Based on the data, it can be concluded that the performance of both catalysts was almost equally influenced by the initial dye concentration, catalyst weight, solution pH, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. Moreover, the solid phase ion exchange method demonstrated greater reusability compared to the liquid phase ion exchange method. Consequently, it can be stated that the solid phase ion exchange approach is a suitable and straightforward alternative to the conventional liquid phase ion exchange method for producing a photo-Fenton catalyst.

Alkaline water electrolysis performance of mixed cation metal phosphorous trichalcogenides

A variety of mixed-cation metal phosphorus trichalcogenides (MnNiP2S6, FeCoP2S6, FeNiP2S6, CoNiP2S6, FeCoNiP2S6, and the high-entropy CrMnFeNiCoZnP2S6) are synthesized using chemical vapor transport and tested for water splitting under alkaline conditions. Among the materials synthesized, FeCoP2S6 demonstrates the most promising performance, acting as a catalyst with an overpotential of 409 mV and 325 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. To further enhance its catalytic activity, a combination of liquid-phase exfoliation techniques assisted by microwave and sonication is employed to FeCoP2S6 (exf-FeCoP2S6), thereby increasing the surface area and exposing more active sites. Promising results are obtained for the OER, with exf-FeCoP2S6 displaying an overpotential of 271 mV, a value very closely matching the best performances reported in the literature under alkaline conditions. Long-term stability tests show a stable profile over time, corroborated by the XPS analysis and computer modeling, which confirms minimal degradation of the catalyst.

Phytic Acid-Promoted Exfoliation of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets for the Fabrication of Photothermal Antibacterial Coatings.

Medical device-associated infections (MDAI) caused by planktonic pathogens are of serious concern worldwide due to the emergence of drug resistance resulting from continuous overuse or misuse of antibiotics. Therefore, the design of non-antibiotics-based treatment for MDAI is of crucial importance. Black phosphorus (BP), a novel 2D material, has recently received much attention owing to its remarkable physical, chemical, mechanical, and functional features. However, the intricacy of the fabrication process has severely hampered the development of BP in prospective applications. In this study, a simple and eco-friendly liquid-phase exfoliation method of phytic acid (PA)-promoted exfoliation of BP nanosheets (PA@BP NSs) is developed for their potential application in antibacterial photothermal therapy. To impart the antimicrobial effects, the polydimethylsiloxane surfaces are functionalized with quaternized polymer (polyquaternium-2 or PQ) and PA@BP NSs, leading to the formation of PA-BP-PQ composite coatings. In addition to the contact-killing antibacterial effect of the cationic PQ, the PA-BP-PQ coating exhibits remarkable near-infrared irradiation-triggered bactericidal effects with low cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. This study proposes a simple liquid-phase exfoliation technique for the fabrication of BP NSs and a one-step approach for the construction of PA-BP-PQ composite coatings for bi-modal (contact-killing and photothermal) antimicrobial therapy.

High ionic conductivity lithium superionic halogen-rich argyrodite synthesized by liquid-phase technique

In this work, we synthesized a Li6-xPS5-xCl1.0Br0.5 solid electrolytes by solution technique process to facilitate mass production. First, the precursor was dissolved in acetonitrile for 8 h, and then solvent was removed by vacuum evaporator. The product was then obtained after sintering at 480 °C for 15 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement and Raman spectral analysis were conducted to determine the structural characteristic of the solid electrolytes. The ionic conductivity of the resulting Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.0Br0.5 was highest at 7.0 mS cm−1 at 25 °C. The critical current density was also higher than that of Li6PS5Cl. When Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.0Br0.5 was used in ASSLBs (All-solid-state lithium batteries) with LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 as cathode material and Li-In alloy as an anode material, the initial discharge capacity was 183.6 mAh g-1 at a rate of 0.1 C and the capacity retention was 78% after 50 cycles.

Effect of adsorbate geometry and hydrogen bonding on the enhanced adsorption of VOCs by an interfacial Fe3O4–rGO heterostructure

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced from a wide range of industrial and household chemicals are toxic to human health. Hence, effective VOC removal strategies such as adsorption are essential. Developing a carbon-based adsorbent for the selective adsorption of VOCs without affecting its inherent adsorption capacity is challenging. In this study, we prepared three Fe3O4-doped reduced graphene oxide (Fe-rGO) materials via a liquid-phase reduction technique under acidic, neutral, and basic coagulation conditions. The Fe-rGO adsorbents exhibited a hydrolysis-induced GO network with a wrinkled layer morphology. Acidic conditions yielded an rGO surface with a large number of O-functional groups (epoxy and carboxylic groups), which act as anchoring sites for the growth of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The synergistic effect of Fe3O4 domains and O active sites led to the effective and selective adsorption of amphiphilic VOCs including C4-C7 alkanes, ketones, and aromatic compounds (10.8–63.2 mg g−1). Experimental analyses and density functional theory calculations revealed three crucial factors that determine the improved amphiphilic VOC adsorption of the Fe-rGO materials: geometry of the adsorbate, hydrogen bonding at the rGO surface, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles controlling the charge density. Our facile and effective rGO surface manipulation strategy involving the fabrication of a metal oxide–carbon heterostructure provides a selective adsorption platform for amphiphilic VOCs.

The Effectiveness of Cyrene as a Solvent in Exfoliating 2D TMDs Nanosheets.

The pursuit of environmentally friendly solvents has become an essential research topic in sustainable chemistry and nanomaterial science. With the need to substitute toxic solvents in nanofabrication processes becoming more pressing, the search for alternative solvents has taken on a crucial role in this field. Additionally, the use of toxic, non-economical organic solvents, such as N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone and dimethylformamide, is not suitable for all biomedical applications, even though these solvents are often considered as the best exfoliating agents for nanomaterial fabrication. In this context, the success of producing two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs), such as MoS2 and WS2, with excellent captivating properties is due to the ease of synthesis based on environment-friendly, benign methods with fewer toxic chemicals involved. Herein, we report for the first time on the use of cyrene as an exfoliating agent to fabricate monolayer and few-layered 2D TMDs with a versatile, less time-consuming liquid-phase exfoliation technique. This bio-derived, aprotic, green and eco-friendly solvent produced a stable, surfactant-free, concentrated 2D TMD dispersion with very interesting features, as characterized by UV-visible and Raman spectroscopies. The surface charge and morphology of the fabricated nanoflakes were analyzed using ς-potential and scanning electron microscopy. The study demonstrates that cyrene is a promising green solvent for the exfoliation of 2D TMD nanosheets with potential advantages over traditional organic solvents. The ability to produce smaller-sized-especially in the case of WS2 as compared to MoS2-and mono/few-layered nanostructures with higher negative surface charge values makes cyrene a promising candidate for various biomedical and electronic applications. Overall, the study contributes to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly methods for the production of 2D nanomaterials for various applications.

Comparative Study of Physicochemical Properties of Finely Dispersed Powders and Ceramics in the Systems CeO2–Sm2O3 and CeO2–Nd2O3 as Electrolyte Materials for Medium Temperature Fuel Cells

Finely dispersed (CeO2)1−x(Sm2O3)x (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.20) and (CeO2)1−x(Nd2O3)x (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) powders were synthesized via liquid-phase techniques based on the co-precipitation of hydroxides and were used to obtain ceramic materials comprising fluorite-like solid solutions with CSR in the range 69–88 nm (upon annealing at 1300 °C) and open porosity in the range 0.6–6.2%. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized materials were comparatively characterized. In general, the prepared materials were found to possess a mixed type of electrical conductivity, but in the medium-temperature range, the ionic component was predominant (ion transfer numbers ti = 0.93–0.73 at 300–700 °C). The highest ionic conductivity was observed for CeO2-based samples containing 20 mol.% Sm2O3 (σ700°C = 3.3 × 10−2 S/cm) and 15 mol.% Nd2O3 (σ700°C = 0.48 × 10−2 S/cm) was in the temperature range 500–700 °C. The physicochemical properties (density, open porosity, type and mechanism of electrical conductivity) of the obtained ceramic materials make them promising as solid oxide electrolytes for medium temperature fuel cells.

Effect of Synthetic Approaches and Sintering Additives upon Physicochemical and Electrophysical Properties of Solid Solutions in the System (CeO2)1−x(Nd2O3)x for Fuel Cell Electrolytes

Finely dispersed (CeO2)1−x(Nd2O3)x (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) powders are synthesized via liquid-phase techniques based on the co-precipitation of hydroxides and co-crystallization of nitrates. The prepared powders are used to obtain ceramic materials comprising fluorite-like solid solutions with the coherent scattering region (CSR) of about 88 nm (upon annealing at 1300 °C) and open porosity in the range of 1–15%. The effect of the synthesis procedure and sintering additives (SiO2, ZnO) on physicochemical and electrophysical properties of the resulting ceramics is studied. The prepared materials are found to possess a predominantly ionic type of electric conductivity with ion transfer numbers ti = 0.96–0.71 in the temperature range of 300–700 °C. The conductivity in solid solutions follows a vacancy mechanism with σ700 °C = 0.48 × 10−2 S/cm. Physicochemical properties (density, open porosity, type and mechanism of electrical conductivity) of the obtained ceramic materials make them promising as solid oxide electrolytes for medium temperature fuel cells.

Sulfurized nano zero-valent iron prepared via different methods: Effect of stability and types of surface corrosion products on removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

Sulfurization improves the stability and activity of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI). The sulfurized nZVI (S-nZVI) were prepared with ball milling, vacuum chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and liquid-phase reduction techniques and the corresponding products were the mixture of FeS2 and nZVI (nZVI/FeS2), well-defined core-shell structure (FeSx@Fe) or seriously oxidized (S-nZVI(aq)), respectively. All these materials were applied to eliminate 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) from water. The removal of TCP was irrelevant with the structure of S-nZVI. Both nZVI/FeS2 and FeSx@Fe showed remarkable performance for the degradation of TCP. S-nZVI(aq) possessed poor mineralization efficiency to TCP due to its bad crystallinity degree and severe leaching of Fe ions, which retarded the affinity of TCP. Desorption and quenching experiments suggested that TCP removal by nZVI and S-nZVI was based on surface adsorption and subsequent direct reduction by Fe0, oxidation by in-situ produced ROS and polymerization on the surface of these materials. In the reaction process, the corrosion products of these materials transformed into crystalline Fe3O4 and α/β-FeOOH, which enhanced the stability of nZVI and S-nZVI materials and was conductive to the electron transferring from Fe0 to TCP and strong affinity of TCP onto Fe or FeSx phases. All these were contributed to high performance of nZVI and sulfurized nZVI in removal and minerazilation of TCP in continuous recycle test.

Molybdenum disulfide, exfoliation methods and applications to photocatalysis: a review.

This review provides a deep analysis of the mechanical and optoelectronic characteristics of MoS2. It offers a comprehensive assessment of diverse exfoliation methods, encompassing chemical, liquid-phase, mechanical, and microwave-driven techniques. The review also explores MoS2's versatile applications across various domains and meticulously examines its significance as a photocatalyst. Notably, it highlights key factors influencing the photocatalytic process. Indeed, the enhanced visible light responsiveness of materials like MoS2 holds immense potential across a wide range of applications. MoS2's remarkable photocatalytic response to visible light, coupled with its notable stability, opens up numerous possibilities in various fields. This unique combination makes MoS2 a promising candidate for applications that require efficient and stable photocatalytic processes, such as environmental remediation, water purification, and energy generation. Its attributes contribute significantly to addressing contemporary challenges and advancing sustainable technologies.