Liquid Oxidation Research Articles

Identifikasi Mikroplastik Polyethylene (PE) Menggunakan Digesting Wet Peroxide Oxidation (WPO)

The extraction method using Wet Peroxide Oxidation (WPO) is a digestion method for separating microplastic particles and other organic/inorganic precipitation, with a liquid oxidation process using peroxide and iron salts as catalysts. Polyethylene (PE) is a type of plastic that pollutes the environment due to its high level of use in the packaging sector. The aim of this research is to determine the optimum conditions for the Wet Peroxide Oxidation (WPO) extraction method and obtain an effective method for identifying microplastics. Variations in oven temperature are 70⁰C, 80⁰C, 90⁰C, 100⁰C, and 110⁰C; variations in Fe(II) concentrsation 0.025 M, 0.05 M, 0.075 M, 0.1 M, and 0.125 M; heating temperature variations 30⁰C, 45⁰C, 60⁰C, 75⁰C, and 90⁰C. The research results showed that the optimum oven conditions occurred at a temperature of 90⁰C producing a microplastic mass of 0.5943 grams, the optimum Fe(II) concentration of 0.1M produced a mass of 1.2966 grams, the optimum heating temperature occurred at 60⁰C producing a mass of 0.7128 grams. For samples, characterization using FTIR showed that no new groups were formed after being treated under optimal conditions. Meanwhile, for XRF, no impurity elements were identified after the sample was treated with optimum conditions.

Investigating the effects of ionic liquid and multi-walled carbon nanotubes oxide for oxidized hydrogen-substituted graphyne and graphene oxide for improving the adsorption and electrochemistry behaviors

Investigating the effects of ionic liquid and multi-walled carbon nanotubes oxide for oxidized hydrogen-substituted graphyne and graphene oxide for improving the adsorption and electrochemistry behaviors

Mechanically Rupturing Liquid Metal Oxide Induces Electrochemical Energy

AbstractLiquid metals, such as Gallium‐based alloys, have unique mechanical and electrical properties because they behave like liquid at room temperature. These properties make liquid metals favorable for soft electronics and stretchable conductors. In addition, these metals spontaneously form a thin oxide layer on their surface. Applications made possible by this delicate oxide skin include shape reconfigurable electronics, 3D‐printed structures, and unconventional actuators. This paper introduces a new approach where liquid metal oxide serves as an electrochemical energy source. By mechanically rupturing their surface oxide, liquid metals form a galvanic cell and convert their chemical energy to electrical energy. When dispersing liquid metals into an ionically‐conductive liquid to form emulsions, this composite material can provide ∼500 mV of open‐circuit voltage and up to ∼4 μW of power. Protected by the naturally occurring oxide skin, the passivating oxide layer of the liquid metal shields it from self‐discharge over time. The device is also stable in harsh environments, such as high temperature or aquatic conditions. Future applications of this device are demonstrated by designing a strain‐activated stretchable battery and a pressure‐sensitive self‐powered keypad. These findings may unlock new pathways to design stretchable batteries and harness their inherent energy for self‐powered robust devices.

Prediction of the fuel regression-rate in a HDPE single port hybrid rocket fed by liquid nitrous oxide

This paper presents a computational thermo-fluid-dynamic model of the hybrid rocket internal ballistics, which was developed with the specific aim of predicting the axial position and severity of the increased fuel-consumption spots observed in static engine firings. Numerical simulations of the internal flow field have been carried out on the configuration of the engine previously fired. The novelty of this work consists in providing a simplified methodology to calculate the regression rate measured burning liquid nitrous oxide with high-density polyethylene, which involves a series of additional complexities with respect to the case of pure gaseous oxygen (i.e., a non-decomposing oxidizer). Indeed, the typical non-premixed flame developed in the chamber is preceded by a decomposition reaction of the nitrous oxide, whose simulation implies further numerical cost. For the validation of the model, data retrieved from two firing tests are compared with the numerical results revealing good agreement of both the average regression rate and fuel consumption axial profile. A dedicated study was performed to assess the reliability of the assumptions underlying the model. Results are also compared with those obtained with either pure oxygen or 85 wt.% hydrogen peroxide. Finally, a different prechamber arrangement was suggested to address the issue deriving from excessive fuel regression.

A novel ternary mixed‐matrix membrane comprising Pebax‐1657, [HMIM][NTf2] IL, and Al2O3 nanoparticles for efficient CO2 separation

AbstractAn innovative technique to efficiently remove CO2 involves introducing a third component with a positive affinity with CO2 into a binary mixed‐matrix membrane (MMM) and eliminating interfacial defects in its structure. In this research, novel ternary MMMs (TMMMs) were synthesized by embedding 1–Hexyl–3–methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([HMIM][NTf2]) ionic liquid (IL) and aluminum oxide (γ–Al2O3) nanoparticles into poly (ether‐block‐amide) (Pebax‐1657) matrix for enhancing CO2 removal from light gases. FESEM, DSC, ATR‐FTIR, and XRD analyses were used to evaluate the fabricated MMMs structurally. The permeation tests of gases (CH4, N2, and CO2) through prepared membranes were conducted at 25°C and 4, 6, 8, and 10 bar pressures. In accordance with the permeation outcomes, the ternary MMMs exhibited enhanced CO2 separation performances compared to the unloaded polymeric membrane. Also, the optimized MMM comprising 10 wt.% of the IL and 6 wt.% of the nanoparticles obtained a CO2 permeability of 173.90 Barrer, as well as CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities of 77.98 and 24.29 at 10 bar and 25°C, which are higher by about 51%, 23%, and 22%, respectively than those of the pristine polymeric membrane. Based on these results, the prepared membrane appears to be a promising choice for separating CO2 from light gases.

Wetting of Solid Refractory Metals by Liquid Oxides and Calculation of Their Interfacial Characteristics

Wetting of Solid Refractory Metals by Liquid Oxides and Calculation of Their Interfacial Characteristics

Machine learning-assisted methods for prediction and optimization of oxidative desulfurization of gas condensate via a novel oxidation system

The aim of this study is to predict the efficiency of oxidative desulfurization method (in a gas–liquid oxidation system) for gas condensate using artificial intelligence (AI) systems such as Fuzzy Inference System, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Genetic Algorithm (GA)-Fuzzy, and GA-ANFIS. The method utilizes mixtures of H2SO4, HNO3, and NO2 as oxidant agents in various amounts. The optimal parameters of the proposed models were determined using GA, and statistical parameters such as mean absolute error, average relative deviation, and correlation coefficient were used to compare the models. The correlation coefficients for Fuzzy, ANFIS, GA-Fuzzy, and GA-ANFIS models were found to be 0.5899, 0.7831, 0.9693, and 0.9687, respectively. The results indicated that ANFIS-GA and Fuzzy-GA models can effectively predict the desulfurization efficiency of the novel technique. Furthermore, the use of GA improved the performance of the Fuzzy and ANFIS models and enhanced their prediction accuracy. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of AI systems in predicting the efficiency of novel chemical methods for industrial applications.

Multi‐ion diffusion model and application to solid dissolution in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 melts

AbstractA general multi‐ion diffusion model for liquid slag is developed for silicate melts by combining the tracer diffusivities of ions and chemical potentials from the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams thermodynamic database. For the demonstration of the model, the tracer diffusivities of Ca, Al, Si, and O ions in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 melts were optimized as functions of temperature and composition using available isotope experimental data. The present model successfully simulates liquid‐junction diffusion in the CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 system and the dissolution of solid SiO2 and Al2O3 particles in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 melts. Furthermore, the model can be readily expanded to multicomponent systems, making it potentially applicable to refractory dissolution in liquid slag and various other diffusion‐controlled high temperature processes involving liquid oxide melts.

N/O/P ternary-doped coal-based hierarchical porous carbon networks for high lithium-ion storage performance

Constructing porous structure and surface modification are effective ways to enhance the Li-ion storage performance of commercial graphite anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus ternary-doped coal-based hierarchical porous carbon networks (N/O/P-CCNs) were prepared through liquid oxidation combined with self-assembly method. The N/O/P-CCNs have a three-dimensional porous carbon network structure formed by cross-linking carbon nanosheets with an appropriate specific surface area (321 m2 g−1) and distribution of micro-, meso- and macropore, while the surfaces of carbon nanosheets are doped with nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus. Due to unique hierarchical porous structure and the synergistic effect of ternary doping, the N/O/P-CCNs anode exhibits excellent Li-ion storage properties with initial reversible capacity of 1079 mAh g−1, which is much higher than that of coal-based graphite anode (382 mAh g−1). Besides, the N/O/P-CCNs anode also has superior rate capability (336 and 275 mAh g−1 at 1.0 and 2.0 A g−1) and cycle stability with a high capacity retention (near 100 % after 100 cycles). The excellent electrochemical performance is not only related to the hierarchical pore structure that can provide efficient channels for lithium-ion transport, but also to the ternary-doping of nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus that can provide more active sites for lithium-ion storage and enhance conductivity. This work provides a novel and effective design strategy for developing high-performance anode materials for LIBs.

Efficient oxidation of benzyl alcohol on copper phyllosilicate catalysts

Two copper phyllosilicates were prepared via co-precipitation accompanied by hydrothermal treatment at pH constant. The obtained materials were physically characterized by XRD, H2-TPR, TEM, BET and XPS techniques. The results indicated that Cu(II) ions were successfully intercalated into the phyllosilicate framework at a low Cu/Si molar ratio. The obtained solid possesses a layered structure, a high surface area, and a more reducibility. The synthesized materials were tested for the liquid oxidation of benzyl alcohol at mild conditions. It was found that the intra-lattice Cu2+ ions are more active than the extra-ones in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The oxidation proceeds through the radical mechanism, and the overall conversion of benzyl alcohol obtained approximately 45–50% with a major product of benzaldehyde.

Numerical deconvolution approaches for dielectric characteristics of complex composite materials based on liquid crystals and oxide nanopowders

Dielectric spectroscopy is a well-known method to characterize different liquid or solid (nano) materials such as liquid crystals, polymers, composites, ceramics etc. More the material structure is complex, more the molecular dynamics are put in evidence with difficulty. In many such cases, the analysis of the spectra with the classic Havriliak-Negami (H–N) functions is hard to apply or even fails. Therefore, we propose a simple numerical approach (with two different procedures) for the deconvolution of complex spectra in dielectric spectroscopy (DS). The final goal is to obtain the frequency of maximum loss (fmax) depending on the temperatures, Arrhenius diagram, and the activation energy/energies. The developed procedures have as their starting point the “logarithmic derivative of the permittivity”. To our knowledge, these procedures have not yet been presented in the literature. The proposed first numerical processing allows a better separation of the different relaxation processes, a decrease in the contribution of the electrical conductivity and a better localization of the frequencies where the dielectric loss has maximum values. The second of the procedures is applied in certain particular situations, and the other procedure is more general. Where the former can be applied, it is equivalent to using the classical H–N functions in terms of obtaining the fmax, but it is simpler to apply. The first procedure uses an “artificial” and simpler H–N function, in which the fewer fitting parameters have no physical meaning, but allow a good localization of the frequency of maximum dielectric loss. The proposed procedure was applied on experimental data of dielectric spectroscopy obtained on pristine materials (nematic mixture E7 and ZnO) and composites E7-ZnO, obtained by a “green technology”. The complicated spectra of the dielectric permittivity presented by these samples represent the suitable test to highlight the advantages but also the limitations of our approach. Comparing the values of the activation energy obtained for the two procedures is the criterion for verifying their correctness. The volume of processed experimental data is large, for this reason we present only the results obtained based on numerical approaches. The differences between the results obtained with the two procedures are small. The procedures can be considered as alternatives to the application of fitting with H–N functions. One procedure replaces H–N by eliminating the use of functions with complex variables and the method of least squares and has the advantage that it can apply non-specialized software like Origin. The other allows a better analysis of spectra being an improved-modified H–N approach. Proposed procedures are sufficiently effective to be used in the dielectric spectroscopy data analysis of a wide variety of liquid crystals, composites, ceramics, nanomaterials, etc.

Enhanced proton conductivity of SPEEK membranes by constructing hydrogen bond network through doping ionic liquid and graphene oxide

AbstractSo as to improve proton conductivity at medium temperatures while reducing the loss of ionic liquids (ILs), this article fabricated a series of hybrid membranes with sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) as their base material, 1‐allyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIM][Cl]) as their primary proton conductor, and graphene oxide (GO) as their filler. The characterization results showed that the –SO3H groups of SPEEK formed acid–base pairs with the imidazole ring of [AMIM][Cl] at the interface where electrostatic attraction inhibited the main‐chain migration of the SPEEK. At the same time, the large hydrogen bond network formed between [AMIM][Cl], GO and SPEEK provided more jump sites for proton transfer. Proton conduction of the prepared membranes was enhanced by way of low potential energy barriers. At 120°C, SPEEK/IL/GO‐2% exhibited a proton conductivity of 21.35 mS/cm, and the IL loss rate was 20.17%. The characterization results demonstrated that the prepared SPEEK/IL/GO composite membranes had excellent physicochemical properties, dimensional stability, high proton conductivity, and low IL loss, which were expected to be used in practical conditions at medium temperature.Highlights Large hydrogen bonding network provides additional proton hopping sites. Physical cross‐linking limits the leaching of ionic liquid. SPEEK/IL/GO‐2% membrane achieves a conductivity of 21.35 mS/cm at 120°C.

Catalytic synthesis of 3D graphene nanostructures from biomass-based activated carbon with excellent lithium storage performance

3D multilayer graphene anode materials have shown great potential for energy storage devices due to their extraordinary structural stability combined with unique electrochemical characteristics. Herein, a facile strategy is proposed to synthesize 3D multilayer graphene nanostructures (M-GNS, M refers to graphitization catalyst) via microwave catalytic graphitization incorporated with liquid oxidation and thermal reduction using biomass-based activated carbon. The role of various graphitization catalysts on the characteristics and lithium storage performance of GNS were systematically investigated. Transmission electron microscopy results show that the use of Co led to the formation of multilayer graphene nanostructures with lower thickness compared to Ni and Fe. Various characterization techniques showed that the degree of graphitization in Co-graphitized activated carbon was lower, and the sample was dominated by smaller graphitic structures. When used as lithium-ion battery anode material, Co-GNS delivered superior rate capability (357 mAhg−1 at 5 Ag−1 after 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of ~94 %), and ultrahigh charge capacity (1695 mAhg−1 at 0.1 Ag−1), mainly owing to its thinner multilayer nanostructure.

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol with ionic liquid/graphene oxide enabled highly tough, conductive and freezing-resistance hydrogels for multimodal wearable sensors

With ever-growing demand for eco-friendly materials for wearable electronics, biopolymer-based hydrogels have drawn significant attention. As one of the most abundant and biodegradable biopolymers, starch-based hydrogels have a great potential for wearable electronics. However, mechanical fragility, low conductivity and subzero freeze restrict their applications. Here, a multifunctional hydrogel was facilely fabricated by integrating ionic liquid and graphene oxide into potato starch/polyvinyl alcohol skeleton via a green physical-crosslinking method. The abundant hydrogen-bond and electrostatic interactions endowed the hydrogel with excellent stretchability (657.5 %), strength (0.64 MPa), high conductivity (1.98 S·m−1) and good anti-freezing property (< −20 °C). Multiple characterizations and theoretical simulation (DFT) were combined to understand and confirm the interactions among different components. Taking advantage of these properties, multimodal wearable sensors were constructed for sensing tension (gauge factor: 6.04), compression (gauge factor: 3.27) and temperature (sensitivity: 0.71 %/°C), which are applied for monitoring human motion, daily-life pressure and body temperature. The sensor had a good anti-fatigue property with stable signals during 2000 cycles. Moreover, the sensor can effectively recognize handwriting and perform human-computer interaction. This work provides a promising route to develop sustainable and multifunctional biopolymer hydrogels for wearable sensors with versatile applications in human health, exercise monitors and soft robots.

Synthesis and characterizations of zinc peroxide by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) and zinc oxide nanoparticles by simple and low-temperature heating treatment

Zinc peroxide (ZnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have interesting properties. Thus, they have the potential to be applied as optoelectronic devices. Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) method is one of the top-down synthesis methods which have several advantages, such as its low cost, no need for a vacuum environment, and relatively fast synthesizing nanoparticle materials. Nd-YAG laser with a second harmonic generator was used as the laser beam source for the experiment. The mixture of zinc powder, deionized water, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxidizing agent was treated by the PLAL method. Heating treatment was applied to the samples. X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectrophotometry, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) were applied as the sample characterization methods. X-Ray diffraction characterizations confirmed ZnO2 nanocrystal and ZnO nanocrystal, which were synthesized from ZnO2 through an annealing process. From UV-vis spectrophotometry, the values of 4.57 eV and 3.33 eV were obtained as the bandgap energy for ZnO2 and ZnO, respectively. FTIR spectra shows absorption peaks for ZnO2 and ZnO.

Nonionic surfactant-templated mesoporous silica as supports for nickel active catalysts in liquid phase organic compounds oxidation

Three surfactants were selected from a series of EOx/POy/EOx triblock copolymers and ethoxylated octylphenol as nonionic templating agents for the synthesis of silica mesoporous materials at room temperature and by hydrothermal treatment. The surfactants were ethylene oxide-propylene oxide-ethylene oxide tri-block copolymers (Pluronic F68) and a polydisperse ethoxylated octylphenol (Triton X-100). The obtained materials were compared with SBA-15 mesoporous silica synthesized with Pluronic P123 surfactant and were used as support to obtain Ni and NiTi-silica catalysts (2.5% NiO, 5% TiO2). The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption-desorption, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Catalytic and photocatalytic activity of Ni and NiTi-silica samples were tested, with and without H2O2, for phenol and Brilliant Blue FCF dye oxidative degradation in the liquid phase. The obtained results showed a significant effect of surfactant on silica structure, morphology and texture, and catalytic and photocatalytic properties.

Modeling the spreading and remediation efficiency of slow-release oxidants in a fractured and contaminated low-permeability stratum

Traditional remediation technologies cannot well remediate the low permeability contaminated stratums due to the limitation in the transport capacity of solute. The technology that integrates the fracturing and/or slow-released oxidants can be a new alternative, and its remediation efficiency remains unknown. In this study, an explicit dissolution-diffusion solution for the oxidants in control release beads (CRBs) was developed to describe the time-varying release of oxidants. Together with advection, diffusion, dispersion and the reactions with oxidants and natural oxidants, a two-dimensional axisymmetric model of solute transport in a fracture-soil matrix system was established to compare the removal efficiencies of CRB oxidants and liquid oxidants and to identify the main factors that can significantly affect the remediation of fractured low-permeability matrix. The results show that CRB oxidants can achieve a more effective remediation than liquid oxidants under the same condition due to the more uniform distribution of oxidants in the fracture and hence a higher utilization rate. Increasing the dose of the embedded oxidants can benefit the remediation to some extent, while at small doses the release time over 20 d has little impact. For extremely low-permeability contaminated stratums, the remediation effect can be significantly improved if the average permeability of the fractured soil can be enhanced to more than 10−7 m/s. Increasing the injection pressure at a single fracture during the treatment can enlarge the influence distance of the slow-released oxidants above the fracture (e.g., 0.3–0.9 m in this study) rather than below the fracture (e.g., 0.3 m in this study). In general, this work is expected to provide some meaningful guidance for the design of fracturing and remediating low permeability contaminated stratums.

Experiment and thermodynamic modelling of phase equilibria in PbO−“CuO0.5” and PbO−“CuO0.5”−“FeO1.5” slag systems with metal

The phase equilibria of the PbO−“CuO0.5” and PbO−“CuO0.5”−“FeO1.5” slag systems in equilibrium with solid metallic copper and/or liquid metallic lead−copper alloy were studied as part of the investigation of the 19-element PbO−ZnO−Cu2O−FeO−Fe2O3−CaO−SiO2−Al2O3−MgO−S−(As, Sn, Sb, Bi, Ag, Au, Ni, Cr, Co as minor elements) multicomponent slag/matte/metal/speiss system, supporting the operation and development of the existing and emerging pyrometallurgical processes. In the experimental portion of this study, samples underwent high temperature equilibration followed by quenching, after which the compositions in the liquid slag, solid oxide and metallic phases were directly measured by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Phase equilibria data on the massicot (PbO), spinel ((Fe, Cu)Fe2O4), cuprite (Cu2O), lead ferrite (Pb2+xFe2O5+x), magnetoplumbite (Pb1+xFe12−xO19−x), copper plumbite (Cu2PbO2), and delafossite (CuFeO2) primary phase fields were obtained between 688 and 1000 °C. A key finding of the experimental study of the PbO−“CuO0.5” subsystem was that the copper plumbite (Cu2PbO2) phase melted incongruently, contradicting previous studies that suggested it apparently decomposed below the binary eutectic temperature to form massicot (PbO) and cuprite (Cu2O). Based on the results of past and present experimental studies, a self-consistent set of thermodynamic model parameters describing all phases in the system was derived using the FactSage software package.

Constructing lamellar low temperature anion exchange membranes based on polymerized ionic liquid and graphene oxide nanosheets

Polymerized ionic liquid (PIL) of poly(1-vinyl-3-methylimidazolium) chloride (poly(vmim)Cl) and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were respectively deposited on the surface of Kevlar aramid nanofibers (KANFs) substrates to construct anion exchange membranes (AEMs). The multilayered microstructure resulted in orderly distributed components, which thus improved the mechanical properties and dimension stability of the lamellar low-temperature AEMs. The imidazolium cations in PIL and the polar oxygen functional groups in GO nanosheets constituted the interconnected hydroxide ion conduction channels in the prepared Kevlar/(PIL/GO)60 membrane. Relative to the ionic liquid (IL) monomer of 1-vinyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, the PIL with polymerized molecular chains could be embedded in GO nanosheets with the formation of a stable microstructure. The Kevlar/(PIL/GO)60 membrane exhibited the enhanced alkaline stability relative to the Kevlar/(IL/GO)60 membrane. Furthermore, the hydroxide conduction behavior in the AEMs at subzero temperatures has been researched in consideration of the long-term exposure in colder conditions of the vehicles equipped with fuel cells. As a result, the Kevlar/(PIL/GO)60 membrane exhibited a hydroxide conductivity of 0.94 mS/cm at −25 °C, 5.25 mS/cm at 30 °C, and 64.7 mS/cm at 80 °C. Meanwhile, good alkaline stability was revealed from the ten-cycle hydroxide conductivities and long-time hydroxide conductivities. In addition, the PIL enhanced the mechanical strength of the Kevlar/(PIL/GO)60 membrane, with the tensile stress at break increasing by 31.3% compared with that of the Kevlar/(IL/GO)60 membrane.

Application of Co-Mn-Al sheet-like metal oxide catalysts in the liquid phase conversion of toluene to benzaldehyde

The main problems of liquid-phase oxidation of methylarenes to benzaldehydes are that the catalytic reaction rate is slow, benzaldehydes are easily over-oxidized to form benzoic acids, and a large amount of solvent is required. These problems make it difficult to realize the liquid phase catalytic oxidation of methylarenes to benzaldehydes in industrial production. Here, we report the catalytic oxidation of toluene to form benzaldehyde, by using N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as the radical catalyst, sheet-like Co-Mn-Al oxides (CMA-n) as the redox catalyst, and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol (HFIP) as the solvent. CMA-n/NHPI was found to be highly active in catalyzing the oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde. The use of HFIP as the solvent prevents the over-oxidation of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid. In addition, the reaction proceeded at a high concentration of toluene. The conversion rate of toluene reached 5826 μmol g−1 h−1, and the generation rate of benzaldehyde reached 4049 μmol g−1 h−1.