Liquid In Bottle Research Articles

Dual-mode sensor for intelligent solution monitoring: Enhancing sensitivity and recognition accuracy through capacitive and triboelectric sensing

Monitoring solution parameters is of utmost importance in various industries and daily applications. However, the challenge lies in using a single sensor to effectively monitor different parameters in the solution. In this study, a dual-mode sensor is proposed, capable of monitoring multiple solution parameters combined with deep learning method. The fabrication process of the dual-mode sensor is simple, involving a substrate, interdigital electrodes, and a dielectric layer. The sensitivity of the dual-mode sensor is improved by increasing the dielectric constant of the dielectric layer and optimizing the design of the interdigital electrodes. Under the capacitive sensing mode, the sensor effectively identifies solution type by detecting capacitance changes due to the conductivity of the mixed solution. Under the triboelectric sensing mode, the sensor exhibits high sensitivity to solution concentration through the coupling of the capacitive enhancement effect and the triboelectric effect. An electric switch is incorporated into the design to control the signal acquisition of the dual-mode sensor. By combining the deep learning method with the dual-mode sensor, high recognition accuracies have been achieved for both solution type and concentration, with average accuracies exceeding 95%. Furthermore, the dual-mode sensor is not limited to monitoring liquid droplets; it can also be used for monitoring the types of liquids in bottles. In addition, an intelligent system is developed to visualize the intelligent monitoring process. This work not only contributes to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of planar capacitive sensors (PCS) and free-standing triboelectric nanogenerators (FS-TENG), but also presents a promising method for intelligent solution monitoring.

Rancang Bangun Automatic Liquid Filling Machine Berbasis Internet of Things Menggunakan NodeMCU dan Telegram

Technology and industry are inseparable. Technology has made human work easier and more efficient and minimized the occurrence of errors. Recently, small household industries (home industry), specifically liquid product industries such as milk, syrup, fruit juice, and others, still use manual filling. This process requires a relatively long charging time. Automatic mechanical systems for filling liquids into bottles are a kind of technological advancement in the industrial world. The system helps the process of filling liquids into bottles precisely and quickly. It is necessary to design small-scale Internet of Things-based tools for the home industry by utilizing NodeMCU as a control system, and InfraRed and Ultrasonic as sensors. Arduino IDE as programming sketch software and Telegram as a data monitoring application. Based on this background, this study aims to create an automatic system for filling liquids into bottles based on the Internet of Things by monitoring data via telegrams. The results of the tool testing show that the installed infrared sensor can detect the filling of liquid in bottles consistently with a period of 5 seconds for each bottle. The Telegram application that is integrated with the tool can provide notifications of the amount of liquid in the main container automatically at the end of the filling process. Likewise when the amount of liquid is in critical condition. Overall, each component of this tool has worked well.

A feasibility study on improving the non-invasive detection accuracy of bottled Shuanghuanglian oral liquid using near infrared spectroscopy

The ultimate goal of the study is to present a strategy to improve the accuracy of near-infrared spectroscopy detection of Shuanghuanglian oral liquid in glass bottles without damaging the primary packaging. we adopted the multi-position spectral modeling (MPSM) method to correct the spectral variation caused by the difference of bottle and measuring position, so as to improve the measurement accuracy and find the best site combination for measuring Shuanghuanglian oral liquid. Baicalin, total flavonoids and soluble solid contents were considered as the quality indicators of the oral liquid, and partial least squares (PLS) models were employed for the single-position and multi-position spectra, respectively. The root mean square error of the validation set (RMSEP) of the optimum multi-position models are 0.7412 mg/mL for baicalin, 1.1259 mg/mL for total flavonoids and 0.9491% for soluble solids contents. Compared with the traditional single-position spectral modeling method (SPSM method), MPSM method improved the prediction accuracy of baicalin, total flavonoids and soluble solid contents by 26.84%, 31.97% and 58.14% respectively. The results showed that the MPSM method can improve the measurement accuracy of bottled oral liquid and is an effective method to eliminate the uncertainty of measurement conditions.

Recruitment, retention, and adherence in a clinical trial: The Pediatric Heart Network's Marfan Trial experience.

The Pediatric Heart Network Marfan Trial was a randomized trial comparing atenolol versus losartan on aortic root dilation in 608 children and young adults with Marfan syndrome. Barriers to enrollment included a limited pool of eligible participants, restrictive entry criteria, and a diverse age range that required pediatric and adult expertise. Retention was complicated by a 3-year commitment to a complex study and medication regimen. The Network partnered with the Marfan Foundation, bridging the community with the research. The aims of this study are to report protocol and medication adherence and associated predictive factors, and to describe recruitment and retention strategies. Recruitment, retention, and adherence to protocol activities related to the primary outcome were measured. Retention was measured by percentage of enrolled participants with 3-year outcome data. Protocol adherence was calculated by completion rates of study visits, ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter monitoring), and quarterly calls. Medication adherence was assessed by the number of tablets or the amount of liquid in bottles returned. Centers were ranked according to adherence (high, medium, and low tertiles). Recruitment, retention, and adherence questionnaires were completed by sites. Descriptive statistics summarized recruitment, retention, and adherence, as well as questionnaire results. Regression modeling assessed predictors of adherence. Completion rates for visits, Holter monitors, and quarterly calls were 99%, 94%, and 96%, respectively. Primary outcome data at 3 years were obtained for 88% of participants. The mean percentage of medication taken was estimated at 89%. Site and age were associated with all measures of adherence. Young adult and African American participants had lower levels of adherence. Higher adherence sites employed more strategies; had more staffing resources, less key staff turnover, and more collaboration with referring providers; utilized the Foundation's resources; and used a greater number of strategies to recruit, retain, and promote protocol and medication adherence. Overall adherence was excellent for this trial conducted within a National Institutes of Health-funded clinical trial network. Strategies specifically targeted to young adults and African Americans may have been beneficial. Many strategies employed by higher adherence sites are ones that any site could easily use, such as greeting families at non-study hospital visits, asking for family feedback, providing calendars for tracking schedules, and recommending apps for medication reminders. Additional key learnings include adherence differences by age, race, and site, the value of collaborative learning, and the importance of partnerships with patient advocacy groups. These lessons could shape recruitment, retention, and adherence to improve the quality of future complex trials involving rare conditions.

Nicotine Content from Cigarettes Submerged in Soda.

Cigarettes and other tobacco products may be extinguished by submersion in liquids in beverage cans or bottles. Cases of nicotine poisoning in children have been reported following ingestion of such liquids. The aim of this study is to analyze the variability of nicotine concentrations with respect to number of cigarettes immersed and the duration of immersion in a soda can METHODS: One unsmoked cigarette was immersed in a cola containing soda can. Three separate samples of the mixture were obtained at different intervals of time post immersion up to 1week. At the same time, a set of four cola cans were immersed with an increasing number of unsmoked cigarettes and samples obtained. All the samples were then analyzed for nicotine concentrations using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mean concentration of nicotine measured over the course of 6hours from one full cigarette in 55ml of a cola beverage was 0.48mg/ml. Nicotine concentrations steadily increased in the first 6hours following submersion, after which, the levels plateaued (r = 0.530, n = 18, p = 0.024). There was a strong positive correlation between nicotine concentrations and the number of cigarettes (r = 0.967, n = 12, p = 3e-7). The mean concentration of nicotine measured over the course of 6hours from one immersed cigarette can be potentially toxic especially to children. Nicotine concentrations are positively correlated with the number of cigarettes and time of immersion.

Classification of liquid in bottle by vibration using a robot hand equipped with a 6-axis force sensor

Classification of liquid in bottle by vibration using a robot hand equipped with a 6-axis force sensor

Thymoquinone content in marketed black seed oil in Malaysia.

ABSTRACTThymoquinone (TQ) is the major active compound in black seed oil (BSO). Many pharmacological effects of TQ, such as anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, immune stimulator, and anticancer, have been reported. TQ can be considered as a biomarker for BSO, but its content in the commercial products is rarely reported. TQ content varies based on the oil source and extraction method. This study aimed to quantify the TQ content in the commercial BSO products in Malaysia and to evaluate whether the products can be used as a source of TQ for therapeutic benefits. TQ was quantified using an established high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. TQ human equivalent dose (HED) was calculated based on reported animal studies from literature, and theoretical BSO amount containing the TQ dose was calculated based on the HPLC analysis. TQ content in the commercial BSO products ranged from 0.07% wt/wt to 1.88% wt/wt. The product with the highest TQ concentration is approximately 27-fold higher than the product with the lowest TQ concentration. Consequently, theoretical BSO amounts needed for specific diseases varied and some products cannot provide practical amount of TQ. This study recommends the regulation of TQ content in BSO and suggests that the BSO might be fortified with extra TQ to be effectively used in some diseases.

Near infrared inspection technology of bottled explosive liquid in airports

Near infrared inspection technology of bottled explosive liquid has been developed to be used in airports for anti-terrorism. Near infrared absorbance of 700 nm–1000 nm is used to inspect liquids in a bottle. Influence of bottle’s color can be avoided if the second derivative of absorbance at wavelength of more than 800 nm is used to inspect colored bottles. Suspension liquid such as milk can be inspected by reflected light. As various bottled liquids are carried into the airport by passengers, hundreds of bottled liquid such as beverages (soft and hard drinks), cosmetics, perfumes, medicines, shampoos, and so on were collected and their near infrared absorbance spectra were obtained to make a database of discrimination. Correlation coefficient is used to discriminate these liquids. And safe liquid or explosives was identified instantly. An ultrasonic pulse method was also applied to inspection of liquid in a metal can. Kumahira Co. Ltd developed a commercialized product. It was certified by the most reliable evaluation organization European Civil Aviation Conference. In 2019, more than 300 devices have been installed in Japanese airports for anti-terrorism, and some of them have been installed in Japanese Customs to inspect smuggling drugs. The liquid inspection technology can be applied not only in airports but also in many kinds of public places for the safety of public. Near infrared technology has large potential to be applied in more and more fields.

Smart Control and Monitoring of Bottle Filling System Based on SCADA

The presented system is a smart control and monitoring system for filling bottles using SCADA. The fast advancement in technology is making whole industrial procedures automated. By the automation in the system it becomes easy to fill various bottles within less time period as manual process is very much time consuming and can be inaccurate upto a level. But after the development of an automated system, the system becomes more accurate and takes lesser time for bottle filling. Filling of various type of liquid in bottles is done by mostly in companies such as water, food companies, paramedical, and chemical industries. Manual process for filling the bottles results in the wastage of the liquid products. Thus an automated bottle filling system is required for improving the speed of operation, cost of production and to system reliability. In this paper automation is introduced in the system by using a software ‘WonderwareInTouch SCADA’ in the ‘Raspberry Pi 3 module’.

An Alternative Method for Screening Liquid in Bottles at Airports Using Low Energy X-ray Transmission Technique

An Alternative Method for Screening Liquid in Bottles at Airports Using Low Energy X-ray Transmission Technique

Effect of tannins-rich extract from Acacia mearnsii or monensin as feed additives on ruminal fermentation efficiency in cattle

Methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, is considered to be a significant loss of productive potential in ruminants. The objective was to evaluate the effect of monensin and Acacia mearnsii tannins on ruminal fermentation efficiency in cattle. Six rumen-cannulated cows were distributed three diets, each of which differed in the additive used, in a replicated 3×3 Latin square experimental design. Treatments were the Control, Monensin (300mg per animal and day or about 18mg/kg of dry matter - DM) and a tannin-rich extract from Acacia mearnsii (100g per animal and day or about 0.6% of DM). Each experimental period consisted of 21 days; the first 15 days were used for diet adaptation and the last 5 days for data collection. On experimental day 21, ruminal pH was analyzed by a continuous measurement probe. In order to quantify short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), methane (CH4), NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen) production, protozoa and the ruminal dynamics, rumen contents were sampled prior to and 3, 6, 9 and 12h after morning feeding. The fermentation technique consisted of incubation of liquid and solid rumen contents in bottles in a water bath (39°C) for 30min. Subsequent measurement of methane production was made using gas chromatography and used for the final estimation of Relative Energy Loss (REL). There was no effect (P>0.05) of additives on pH, ruminal DM disappearance rate, the concentrations of NH3-N, the production of acetic or butyric acids or the total ruminal SCFA. Monensin treatment was responsible for reducing CH4 production by 10.7%, whereas tannin inclusion reduced it by 8.0%, when compared to the control treatment. The REL was decreased (P<0.05) by 20.3% and 23.8% with tannin and monensin administration, respectively. Additionally, monensin increased propionic acid production by 39.5% when compared to the control treatment (P<0.05); therefore, the short-term use monensin or tannin in diets with the same proportion of roughage and concentrate has shown to be a viable option when formulating cattle diets aimed at improving energy efficiency.

Testing of Josephson Spectrometer with Waveguide Coupling

One of the challenges in public security is the quick and reliable identification of threat liquids in bottles, when vapour analysis is not possible. Recently, we demonstrated that it is possible to rapidly identify liquids by EM measurements of their dielectric functions in the sub-THz range with a high-Tc Josephson spectrometer. Following this approach, we have developed a Josephson spectrometer with a new radiation coupling system, based on dielectric waveguides. In this paper, we present the results of spectroscopic measurements on liquid samples of various purities including 30% H2O2/H2O, performed using our Josephson spectrometer with waveguide coupling. Also, the signal and noise characteristics of a classical Josephson detector used in our liquid identifier were numerically simulated and the power dynamic range was estimated for a wide spread of junction parameters.

A Novel Vision Based Inspector with Light

This paper presents an novel vision based inspector with light to inspect the liquid in bottle. The inspector is designed to capture sequence images of the rotating liquid in the bottle. And the impurities in liquid are inspected by dynamic analysis. The difference method for fusion images is put forward to detect the motion regions in sequence images. In order to detect motion regions precisely, this paper employs a novel segmentation algorithm base on unsupervised learning. This algorithm combines the fuzzy C-means method with fuzzy support vector machines, and can subdivide the image into the impurities and background efficiently. The experiments demonstrate the inspection precision of the liquid inspection system is about 96.4%.

Hilbert spectroscopy based on the ac Josephson effect for liquid identification

Fast and reliable identification of liquids is of great importance in developing new security measures at public places. A concept of liquid identification is presented, based on our Hilbert spectroscopy and high-Tc Josephson junctions, that can operate at the frequency range of main dispersions of liquids under concern, i.e. at the intermediate range from microwaves to terahertz frequencies. Several demonstration setups, consisting of synthesized polychromatic radiation sources and compact Hilbert spectrometers integrated in Stirling coolers, have been developed and characterized. Reflection polychromatic spectra of various bottled liquids have been measured at the spectral range of 15 – 400 GHz with total scanning time down to 0.5 second and the possibility of reliable identification of liquids has been demonstrated.

Compliance with their medication in Ménière's patients taking isosorbide liquid and the degree of dizziness handicaps comparison between bottled and packed products

In treating patients with Ménière's disease, isosorbide, one of the osmotic diuretics, is an essential drug to reduce endolymphatic hydrops. However, isosorbide liquid tastes bad, and tends to reduce patient compliance for taking this drug. To solve this problem, isosorbide jelly has been developed. Although the taste has still problems, isosorbide jelly has the advantage that it can be conveniently carried in a handy pack. In this study, we compared the compliance in 16 Ménière's patients between taking isosorbide liquid in bottles and individual handy packs. Patients were also asked to comment on the differences in taste between isosorbide liquid and isosorbide jelly. It was hypothesized that the patient compliance for the packed products would be better than bottled ones so that dizziness handicaps would be reduced in patients who were prescribed the packed products. The results showed patient compliance for the packed products was significantly better than that for bottled ones and that the dizziness score was significantly lower in patients in whom the packed product was prescribed. Four of 5 patients had the impression that isosorbide liquid tasted better than isosorbide jelly. We concluded that isosorbide liquid tasted better than isosorbide jelly and that the packed products were superior to bottled ones in terms of patient compliance in taking the drug. At this stage, isosorbide liquid in packs is the most recommended osmotic diuretic in terms of ensuring patient compliance with their medication when treating Ménière's patients.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of oral health promoting factors among caretakers of children attending day-care centers in Kubang Kerian, Malaysia: A preliminary study

The role of caretakers at day-care centers has become more imperative in promoting oral health care in children since many new mothers opt to work outside their homes, leaving their children at day-care centers. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of oral health promoting factors among secondary caretakers of children attending day-care centers. This was a cross-sectional exploratory study conducted among secondary caretakers in Kubang Kerian, Malaysia. Thirty-four caretakers fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria participated in the study. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire addressing various aspects of knowledge, attitude and practice of oral health in children. Analysis was done using SPSS version 12.0. The knowledge of factors causing dental caries was found to be good among majority of the caretakers, but the concepts of transmissibility of caries and effect of hidden sugars were not evident. Seventy one percent did not know that frequent bottle feeding could cause tooth decay. Attitudes seemed to be governed by the cultural practices of the region rather than the knowledge obtained. The knowledge was not translated to practice adequately. Giving sweetened liquid in bottles was practiced by 53% of the caretakers. Implementation of nursery-based oral health promotion programs for secondary caretakers is needed to counteract early childhood caries.

Liquid identification by Hilbert spectroscopy

Fast and reliable identification of liquids is of great importance in, for example, security,biology and the beverage industry. An unambiguous identification of liquids can be madeby electromagnetic measurements of their dielectric functions in the frequencyrange of their main dispersions, but this frequency range, from a few GHz to afew THz, is not covered by any conventional spectroscopy. We have developed aconcept of liquid identification based on our new Hilbert spectroscopy and high-Tc Josephson junctions, which can operate at the intermediate range from microwaves to THzfrequencies. A demonstration setup has been developed consisting of a polychromaticradiation source and a compact Hilbert spectrometer integrated in a Stirling cryocooler.Reflection polychromatic spectra of various bottled liquids have been measured at thespectral range of 15–300 GHz with total scanning time down to 0.2 s and identification ofliquids has been demonstrated.

Long-term stability of extemporaneously prepared captopril oral liquids in glass bottles

The long-term stability of captopril in extemporaneously prepared oral liquids was studied. Captopril solutions of 1 and 5 mg/mL were prepared in sterile water for irrigation with sorbitol, disodium edetate, and sodium benzoate. The samples were stored in 100-mL amber glass bottles with a headspace of air at 22 degrees C for 12 months. The captopril concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The pH of the solutions was also measured, and the physical appearance was recorded. The stability of the 1-mg/mL captopril preparation during 1 month of simulated use when stored at 2-8 degrees C was tested at the start and the end of the 12-month study period. Chemical stability was defined as retention of at least 90% of the initial captopril concentration. The microbiological quality of the preparations was tested at 0, 6, and 12 months (1 mg/mL) and 0 and 12 months (5 mg/mL). Throughout the 12-month study period, the captopril concentration in the oral liquids exceeded 90% of the initial concentration. The lowest concentration (98.5%) was detected in the 5-mg/mL preparation after 3 months of storage. The 1-mg/mL preparation was stable during 1 month of simulated use, both at the start and the end of the 12-month study period. No microbiological growth was observed in any of the samples tested. Extemporaneously prepared oral liquid formulations of captopril 1 and 5 mg/mL were chemically stable when stored in glass bottles at room temperature for 12 months when stabilized with 0.1 mg/ mL disodium edetate at a low pH.

Terahertz reflection spectroscopy of Debye relaxation in polar liquids [Invited

Terahertz (THz) radiation interacts strongly with the intermolecular hydrogen-bond network in aqueous liquids. The dielectric properties of liquid water and aqueous solutions in the THz spectral region are closely linked to the microscopic dynamics of the liquid solution, and hence THz spectroscopy offers an important insight into fundamental intermolecular interactions in polar liquids. At the same time, the strong and characteristic interaction between THz radiation and liquids offers a methodology for the classification of liquids inside containers, and hence the THz region is suitable for remote detection of some of the properties of bottled liquids. Here we present a review of THz spectroscopy and modeling of water-ethanol mixtures, and establish a link between the dielectric function of water-ethanol mixtures and some of their thermodynamic properties. We then review how the knowledge of the dielectric function of aqueous mixtures can be used for inspection of liquids inside bottles. Finally we draw up some of the limits to the applicability of THz reflection spectroscopy in the identification of dangerous liquids.

Detection of Smuggled Cocaine in Cargo Using MDCT

Smuggling dissolved drugs, especially cocaine, in bottled liquids is an ongoing problem at borders. Common fluoroscopy of packages at the border cannot detect contaminated liquids. The objective of our study was to develop an MDCT screening method to detect cocaine-containing vessels that are hidden between uncontaminated ones in a shipment. Studies were performed on three wine bottles containing cocaine solutions that were confiscated at the Swiss border. Reference values were obtained by scans of different sorts of commercially available wine and aqueous solutions of dissolved sugar. All bottles were scanned using MDCT, and data evaluation was performed by measuring the mean peak of Hounsfield units. To verify the method, simulated testing was performed. Using measurements of the mean peak of Hounsfield units enables the detection of dissolved cocaine in wine bottles in a noninvasive and rapid fashion. Increasing opacity corresponds well with the concentration of dissolved cocaine. Simulated testing showed that it is possible to distinguish between cocaine-contaminated and uncontaminated wine bottles. The described method is an efficacious screening method to detect cocaine-contaminated bottles that are hidden between untreated bottles in cargo. The noninvasive examination of cargo allows a questionable delivery to be tracked without arousing the suspicion of the smugglers.