Liquid Form Research Articles

The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is one of the essential macronutrients for crops. It is present in soil in two forms: soluble and insoluble. However, plants cannot absorb the insoluble forms, including Al-P, Fe-P, and Ca-P; thus, the phosphorus use efficiency is reduced. Therefore, the biological approaches should focus more on sustainable agriculture to overcome this constraint. This article cites publications relating to the biological P solubilizer group of bacteria, which have a highly potential adaptation to many conditions in soils. Among the biological approaches, purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are a potent group of bacteria according to their adaptability in acidic, saline, and toxic conditions based on their mechanisms in producing exopolymeric substances and siderophores under such adverse environments like acid-sulfate and saline soils. PNSB can solubilize P in soil to have more P availability for soil microbes and plants. This particular group of bacteria has been widely applied in liquid and solid forms from agricultural waste to promote plant growth under submerged conditions. Moreover, this article summarized the P-solubilizing mechanisms of P-solubilizing bacteria and introduced future research perspectives on patterns of PNSB in aspects of nutrient-providing potency, plant growth-promoting capability, and biological control capacity. However, the specific mechanisms of P solubilization by PNSB have not been well documented since the P-solubilizing mechanisms have been investigated on general P-solubilizing bacteria. Thus, specific pathways and metabolites relating to the P-solubilizing PNSB should be investigated, and attention should be addressed to them soon.

Graded h-BNC for nanoscale antifouling

Although considerable efforts have been made in various fields for surface cleaning, keeping solid surfaces from nanoscale contamination remains extremely challenging. It is demonstrated here, based on molecular dynamics simulations, that graded hexagonal boron-nitride/graphene (h-BNC) can be an intrinsic and robust antifouling coating material. It is shown that nanoobjects in both solid and liquid forms can move spontaneously on the graded h-BNC toward the direction of decreasing carbon content. The driving mechanism is attributed to the gradient in van der Waals potential induced by the gradient in carbon content. The graded structure of graded h-BNC allows for its use in robust nanoscale surface cleaning and offers new opportunities for the development of antifouling coatings.

Carotenoid Bioaccessibility and Caco-2 Cell Uptake Following Novel Encapsulation Using Medium Chain Triglycerides

Carotenoids are especially hydrophobic and dissolve poorly in water. Encapsulation is used to increase their solubility in water-based food products. However, it is not yet known whether encapsulation with a combination of lecithin and medium-chain triglycerides improves carotenoid bioaccessibility and intestinal cell uptake. The relative bioaccessibility and Caco-2 cell uptake of two water-soluble carotenoid (i.e. lutein and astaxanthin) dispersions in a liquid form (VitaSperse®) and a powdered form (VitaDry®) were compared to the carotenoid ingredient alone. An in vitro digestion model was used to assess bioaccessibility, measuring the micellarized fraction postdigestion. The micelle fraction was incubated with Caco-2 cells to assess intestinal uptake of carotenoids. Encapsulation (by either VitaDry® or Vitasperse®) increased total astaxanthin bioaccessibility 2-2.4× and cell uptake by ∼2× relative to control. Encapsulation also increased total lutein bioaccessibility by 3–5× and cell uptake 2.3× relative to control. There was no significant difference between VitaDry® and VitaSperse® products in regards to Caco-2 cell uptake. Increased bioaccessibility largely drove increased carotenoid cell uptake from the encapsulated formulations. These results suggest further study is warranted to determine if this encapsulation approach increases carotenoid bioavailability in human studies.

Shaking table tests on concrete blocks anchored at the bottom of hydrogen storage vessels considering field installation conditions

ABSTRACT In this study, a scale model was created based on field investigation and design standards to evaluate the structural safety of a vertical hydrogen storage vessel stored in gas and liquid form during an earthquake, and a shaking table test was performed. Through testing, it was recognized that fixed anchors were also vulnerable to earthquakes, and additional seismic performance tests were conducted. In Set 1, where gas was stored, no damaged areas were observed during the maximum input seismic motion (EQ 200 %). In Set 2, where liquid was stored, cracks began to appear between the concrete block and the foundation at EQ 100 %, corresponding to the seismic design standard, and progressed to complete destruction at EQ 150 %. Cracks between the concrete block and the foundation led to a decrease in resonant frequency, accompanied by an amplification in acceleration. A reduction in resonant frequency by more than 15 % is anticipated to result in severe damage to the substructure, indicating a potential for brittle failure due to concrete damage prior to anchor failure. The anchors exhibited residual loads of over 80 % of the design load on average, confirming the use of anchors meeting seismic performance requirements.

Liquid-liquid addition reaction of ethylene oxide with hydrazine hydrate in microreactors: Kinetics and process optimization

The addition reaction of ethylene oxide (EO) and hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O) to β-hydroxyethyl hydrazine (HEH) is an important process for the synthesis of hydrazine-derived monopropellant in the aerospace industry. Due to the complexity of this reaction mechanism, it is difficult to reduce the formation of byproducts and efficiently obtain pure HEH. Hence it is necessary to investigate process behavior and establish kinetic network for further optimization. Here a continuous microflow system was developed to systematically investigate the synthesis of HEH under high pressure in the liquid–liquid form. A simple and effective pre-column derivatization method was applied to characterize and quantify the product. Subsequently, a thorough optimization of parameters, including N2H4·H2O concentration, molar ratio (N2H4·H2O/EO), temperature and reaction time, was conducted. Additionally, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the reaction conditions, illuminating the intricate interactions among the specified variables and achieving a high HEH yield of 96.97 %. Finally, a kinetic model was established, and the activation energies for the main reaction and side reaction were measured to be 38.31 kJ·mol−1 and 44.94 kJ·mol−1, respectively. This kinetic model can enable the accurate determination of kinetic parameters and provide guidance for the process intensification of this EO addition reaction.

Iron Pill-Induced Gastritis in a Pediatric Patient Taking Ferrous Sulfate Tablets.

Iron supplementation is frequently used in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in the pediatric population. We describe a case of an 11-year old male who developed adverse side effects following treatment with oral ferrous sulfate tablets for 2 months. The diagnosis was made following findings of iron deposition on histology obtained during endoscopy. The iron supplementation was changed from tablet to liquid form, and repeat endoscopy 4 months following initial diagnosis showed resolution of the histologic findings of iron pill-induced gastritis.

Determination of personal exposure to volatile organic compounds and their health risks after the use of mosquito repellents in residential environments using passive sampling

The ubiquitous use of mosquito repellents in homes across Asia, Africa, and South America is related with human exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs). There are three primary types of mosquito repellents: those in the form of coils, mats, and liquids. The repellent mechanisms of these products are distinct, resulting in the generation of varying types of VOCs during the repellent process. In this study, the emission characteristics of commercial coil-, mat-, and liquid-type mosquito repellents were observed in a laboratory chamber using real-time measurement. A previously developed personal passive sampler, ePTFE PS, was used to quantify personal exposure to indoor VOCs while 86 volunteers habitually used those three representative types for 3 h in their residence. Notable increase of indoor benzene was observed for coil- and mat-type mosquito repellents, while α-pinene concentration increased significantly following the use of liquid-type mosquito repellent. The average incremental cancer risks for benzene were 10−6 to 10−4 for adults following the use of coil- and mat-type mosquito repellents. The average non-cancer risks for all chemicals were <1 after the use of three types of mosquito repellents. Considering the potential human health risks associated with byproducts (e.g., particulate matter or carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion) emitted after mosquito coil use, further research on this topic is warranted.

Merancang Bisnis Sampo Alami dari Ekstrak Buah Parijoto melalui Analisis Pasar

The use of synthetic products often causes skin problems such as irritation, itching, allergies and erythema. This causes the use of natural products to become an alternative for dealing with hair problems. In entering the natural cosmetics business, market analysis is required. This research aims to analyze the market so that it can determine consumer interest and market opportunities for natural shampoo from parijoto fruit extract. Market opportunity analysis was carried out using the PAM TAM SAM SOM method, Google Trends analysis, competitor analysis, and descriptive analysis of survey results of 52 potential consumers via Google Form. The results of the analysis show that the product has a very large and profitable opportunity in the market, is superior to several competitors, and the dry/powder form of shampoo is more popular than the liquid shampoo form, 82.7% of respondents are interested in using powder shampoo and 96.2% are interested use natural shampoo.

Long-Term Stability of Glycopyrrolate Oral Solution Galenic Compound at Different Storage Conditions.

Glycopyrrolate is a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist used in the treatment of sialorrhea, especially in pediatrics. Degradation research was conducted to better understand the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Using an HPLC-UV method, we evaluated the chemical stability of the oral solution of the galenic compound glycopyrrolate 0.5 mg/mL under different storage conditions. Method validation was performed according to the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) Q2(R2) guidelines. The results of the stability study of the galenic compound in different storage conditions, with the exception of those stored in glass containers at 45 °C for more than 3 months, were stable (100 ± 10% of the nominal concentration). The aim of this work was to study the stability of the galenic compound glycopyrrolate in two different types of containers and at three different storage temperatures. Glycopyrrolate showed degradation beyond the limits only in glass at 45 °C and after 2 months of storage. The results indicate that oral liquid dosage forms of glycopyrrolate are stable for at least 210 days when stored at room temperature or at 4 °C, in glass or PET, for at least 7 months, maintaining product quality according to the standards established by the European Pharmacopoeia, ensuring long-term coverage for pediatric patient therapies.

Role of Surface Tension on Heat Feedback and Power from Energetic Composites.

Heat feedback to the unburned reaction interface is an important controlling factor of the velocity of the reaction front and power delivery. In this paper, we investigate the effect of agglomerate surface tension and its relationship to surface residence time and heat feedback on the combustion characteristics by Si addition to an Al/KClO4 composite. Macroscopic imaging demonstrates a significant increase in burn rate with the addition of Si despite the fact that Si/KClO4 has a slightly lower energy density than Al/KClO4. Microscopic imaging coupled with three-color pyrometry reveals that molten liquid forms and evolves into spherical droplets on the burning surface, which are subsequently ejected from the surface. We find that the addition of Si results in a small increase in droplet size and a negligible impact on droplet temperature. However, the droplet formation rate on the surface is slower, leading to a significantly longer surface residence time. This leads to enhanced conductive heat feedback to the unburnt materials, thereby increasing the burn rate and energy release rate. We attribute the decreased droplet growth rate to the lowered surface tension of the liquid mixture with Si addition. This study highlights the crucial role of agglomerate physical property (e.g., surface tension) in influencing the combustion behavior of energetic composites.

Knowledge and Attitude of Nurses in Surgical and in-Hospital Area of Raden Mataher Hospital to Medical Waste Picks

During the operation of hospitals, various types of waste are generated in the form of liquid, solid, and gaseous substances. Medical waste must be handled correctly and safely to ensure the health and safety of staff and other people in the hospital environment. The management of hospital waste, especially the sorting of medical waste, must have the consistent goal of protecting the population from environmental pollution threats caused by hospitals. Medical waste sorting requires advanced knowledge and attitude of nurses, the purpose of this study is to find out the knowledge of nurses about medical waste sorting and the attitude of nurses about medical waste sorting. The management of medical waste must be handled appropriately and safely to ensure the safety of health professionals and workers and others in the hospital environment. The design of this study was descriptive and quantitative and included 71 nurses as head nurses and team leaders in surgical and inpatient settings. The total sampling technique was 71 nurses. Data collection was done by distributing questionnaires to the respondents. This study showed that 71 respondents with high knowledge sorted medical waste well and 49 (69%) had a good nursing attitude, 47 (66.2%) respondents sorted medical waste well. The analysis showed that a p-value of 0.01 was obtained for the relationship between medical waste sorting knowledge and nurses' attitudes towards medical waste sorting. Most of the nurses had high knowledge and good attitudes about medical waste management. In addition, it was necessary to increase the socialization of dangerous and toxic waste (B3) carried out by the hospital to improve the knowledge and attitudes of nurses in the sorting of medical waste.

Recurrently gellable and thermochromic inorganic hydrogel thermogalvanic cells.

Thermogalvanic cells (TGCs) draw great attention in the field of heat to electricity conversion, but TGCs were only in the form of liquid or organic gel. Here, we report an all-inorganic hydrogel TGC via simply mixing and stirring two inorganic salt solutions. Benefiting from the hydrogen bonds resultant framework and endogenous Fe2+/3+ redox couple, the TGC can recurrently pulverize-gel with completely holding its initial thermogalvanic performances after even 60 cycles. As the temperature and pH coregulating Fe3+ concentration and reversible transformation between Fe3+ and Fe(OH)3, we boost thermopower and realize thermochromism. This work provides a different perspective for TGCs and offers an avenue for future hydrogel materials research.

Uji Aktivitas Sediaan Sampo Antiketombe Ekstrak Kulit Buah Naga (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Candida Albicans Secara in Vitro

Dandruff is one of the problems that cause a lack of confidence. The triggering microorganism is Candida albicans. The innovation in the skin of red dragon fruit has the potential as an antibacterial and antifungal because it contains several active compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids. This study aims to find out at what concentration the anti-dandruff activity on the growth of Candida albicans fungus in the formulation of dragon fruit peel extract shampoo preparation (Hylocereus polyrhizus). This research method is an experimental research using the disc paper diffusion method which consists of making dragon fruit peel extract with the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The extract is formulated in shampoo with concentrations of 20.40 and 80%. The results of this study were in the organoleptis test in the form of a viscous liquid, soft sticky texture, brown and menthol flavor. pH test 6.13, 6.71, 6.39, 5.49. Test the height of the foam 5.8cm, 6.0cm, 6.5cm, 10.3cm. Viscosity test 500 Cp, 612 Cp, 635 Cp, 624 Cp. Homogeneity test is homogeneous. Anti-dandruff shampoo activity test of kontro (+), control (-), concentration of 20%, 40%, 80% with an average of 21.95 mm, 0.00 mm, 22.9 mm, 26.07 mm, 28.52 mm. The conclusion of this study is that the formulation of dragon fruit peel extract shampoo (Hylocereus polyrhizus) has provided an inhibitory effect on the growth of Candida albicans fungus with the strongest inhibitory concentration produced in formulation III with a concentration of 80% of 28.52 mm.

Characteristic nano thicknesses of pure heptane and hexadecane liquids: The boundary between the microscopic and macroscopic liquid worlds

How to find the boundary between microscopic and macroscopic worlds is always of great interest. Studies indicate that such a boundary may be in existence but has never been found so far. Here we find that there exists the smallest thickness of bulk layer at nano scale for pure heptane and hexadecane liquids. The characteristic nano thickness (CNT) defined as the sum of thickness of surface layer and the smallest thickness of bulk layer is thus the smallest thickness of macroscopic liquid. If their thicknesses are less than their CNTs, heptane and hexadecane liquids are no longer in the form of macroscopic liquid but in a state of microscopic world. Thus, the size of CNT defines the boundary between microscopic and macroscopic liquids. This is the most significant finding in present study. The CNTs of pure heptane and hexadecane liquids have been determined. We also find that the phase transition of heptane and hexadecane liquids from bulk to surface is exothermic. The transition heats per square meters are less than −0.017 J/m2.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Pandila Tree Leaves (Saurauia Tristlyla Dc) From Tibo Village

Introduction: The Pandila tree known as pandila (Saurauia tristlyla DC) is one of the plants that has been traditionally used as a medicinal material. Pandila has been traditionally used by the community as a medicine for external and internal diseases, for example, pandila leaves are believed by the Tibo Village community to absorb congealed blood due to accidents. This study aims to determine the secondary metabolite content and antioxidant activity of pandila leaves. Method: The research method used in this study is a descriptive method by looking at changes in color and liquid form in alkaloids, Flavonoid, Tannin, Saponin, Steroid, Terpenoid, and Carotenoid compounds. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on 96% ethanol extract of pandila leaves. The DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant activity. The results of phytochemical analysis obtained on the leaves of Pandila tree leaves (Saurauia Tristlyla DC) using 96% ethanol solvent are old leaf extracts and young leaves of pandila positively contain 3 compounds namely Tannins, Steroids, and Carotenoids. Results and Discussion: The results of the antioxidant activity test of Pandila leaf extract using the DPPH method on old leaves have an IC50 of 101, 2844 ppm including in the moderate category, and on young leaves have an IC50 of 76.688 ppm which is included in the strong category. Conclusion: Pandila tree leaves are still safe to be used as traditional medicine, by looking at the tannin, steroid, and carotenoid compounds contained in pandila leaves. In addition, the results of antioxidant activity analysis are also a supporting factor where the antioxidant content in old leaves and young leaves of Pandila trees is classified as strong and moderate, so this plant is still safe to be used as a traditional medicinal plant.

Correction of microecological imbalance in children who have suffered from multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 in the post‐rehabilitation period

To conduct a study of the quality of life of children who have suffered from multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS‐C) associated with SARSCoV‐2 in the post‐rehabilitation period against the background of correction of microecological imbalance.The study involved 49 children aged 2 to 12 years who underwent MIS‐C associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 and received treatment in a hospital (DGKB No. 3 in Novosibirsk), and then underwent rehabilitation on an outpatient basis. The duration of rehabilitation was 7–8 weeks. All children were prescribed a course of additional rehabilitation for 30 days in order to correct microecological imbalance, which included: Biovestin, a dietary supplement in liquid form, containing bifidobacteria of the Bifidobacterium longum MC‐42 strain; the official drug, Kudesan, (active ingredient Coenzyme Q10); and the official drug, Succinic Acid. The assessment of physical, social, educational, emotional and psychological functioning, as well as quality of life as an integrating indicator before and after a comprehensive rehabilitation course using the parental form of the Reds OL Generic Core Scales questionnaire (Russian version) was carried out.After the rehabilitation course, children who underwent MIS‐C associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 showed signs of dysfunction of various organs and systems, which may be the result of an imbalance in the microbial ecosystem and requires mandatory correction. The introduction of a probiotic product and drugs affecting metabolic processes into the rehabilitation course led to a decrease in inflammatory reactions, as well as normalisation of metabolic processes and increased oxygenation, which improved the condition of the children and their quality of life.Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine (FRC FTM), Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

ROS responsive hydrogel for inhibition of MUC5AC against allergic rhinitis: A new delivery strategy for Ipratropium Bromide

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) after exposure to allergens. The bothersome symptoms of AR, such as runny nose and nasal congestion, affect millions of people worldwide. Ipratropium Bromide (IB), commonly used in clinical practice for treating AR, requires frequent administration through nasal spray and may cause significant irritation to the nasal mucosa. The induction of ROS is closely related to the initiation and symptoms of AR, and ROS will continue to accumulate during the onset of AR. To address these challenges, we have designed a drug delivery system that can be administered in liquid form and rapidly crosslink into a ROS-responsive gel in the nasal cavity. This system enables sustained ROS responsive release of IB in a high-concentration ROS environment at AR lesions, thereby alleviating AR symptoms. The gel demonstrated prolonged release of IB for up to 24 hours in rats. In the treatment of AR rat models, it improved their symptoms, reduced the expression of various inflammatory factors, suppressed MUC5AC protein expression, and decreased mucus secretion through a ROS responsive IB release pattern. Overall, this system holds promise as a better option for AR treatment and may inspire the design of nanogel-based nasal drug delivery systems.

Thermodynamic and Exergoeconomic Analysis of a Novel Compressed Carbon Dioxide Phase-Change Energy Storage System

As an advanced energy storage technology, the compressed CO2 energy storage system (CCES) has been widely studied for its advantages of high efficiency and low investment cost. However, the current literature has been mainly focused on the TC-CCES and SC-CCES, which operate in high-pressure conditions, increasing investment costs and bringing operation risks. Meanwhile, some studies based on the phase-change CO2 energy storage system also have had the disadvantages of low efficiency and the extra necessity of heat or cooling sources. To overcome the above problems, this paper proposes an innovative compressed CO2 phase-change energy storage system. During the energy charge process, molten salt and water are used to store heat with a smaller temperature difference in heat exchangers, and high-pressure CO2 is reserved in liquid form. During the energy discharge process, throttle expansion is applied to realize the evaporation at room temperature, and CO2 absorbs the reserved heat to improve the power capacity in the turbine and the system energy storage efficiency. The thermodynamic and exergoeconomic studies are performed firstly by using MATLAB. Then, the parametric study based on energy storage efficiency, system unit product cost, and exergy destruction is analyzed. The results show that energy storage efficiency can be improved by lifting liquid CO2 pressure as well as compressor and turbine isentropic efficiencies, and CO2 evaporation pressure has the optimal pressure point. The system unit product cost can be reduced by decreasing liquid CO2 pressure and compressor isentropic efficiency, while CO2 evaporation pressure and turbine isentropic efficiency both have optimal points. Finally, the optimization of two performances is performed by NSGA-II, and they can reach 75.30% and 41.17 $/GJ, respectively. Moreover, the optimal energy storage efficiency is obviously higher than that of other energy storage technologies, indicating the great advantage of the proposed system. This study provides an innovative research method for a new type of large-scale energy storage system.

Chemical analysis of Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride in appetite-stimulating herbs marketed in Banyumas regency: ensuring consumer safety

Jamu, a traditional Indonesian herbal medicine, is widely used in traditional healing practices nationwide, including the Banyumas Regency. The Indonesian government has implemented restrictions that forbid the inclusion of medicinal compounds in jamu, as their unregulated usage poses possible health hazards. Cyproheptadine hydrochloride is a frequently encountered medicinal component in appetite-stimulating herbs. However, the extent of adulteration of cyproheptadine hydrochloride in appetite-stimulating herbs marketed in Banyumas Regency is undisclosed. This study purposed to analyze and quantify the presence of cyproheptadine hydrochloride in appetite-stimulating herbs that are available for sale in the Banyumas Regency. The aim was to inform customers about these herbs' possible pharmaceutical ingredient content. The study utilized a qualitative analysis of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and a quantitative analysis with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Fourteen samples of appetite-stimulating herbs in powdered, capsule, and tablet forms were gathered from different areas within the Banyumas Regency. Qualitative analysis revealed cyproheptadine hydrochloride in two herbal samples, SNM TG and SNM AM. The quantitative examination revealed that the content of cyproheptadine hydrochloride in SNM TG was 10.92 mg/5g, whereas in SNM AM, it was 7.93 mg/5g. These findings indicate that there have been breaches of regulations, and individuals who ingest these herbs may be susceptible to health problems. Further investigation is required to analyze a broader range of appetite-stimulating herbal samples, particularly those in liquid form, to ascertain the level of contamination with cyproheptadine hydrochloride and provide essential data for health regulations.

Optimization of Hand Sanitizer Formulation with the Addition of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) Essential Oil and a Combination of Essential Oils of Local Indonesian Empon-empon

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to optimize the formulation of hand sanitizer by incorporating lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) essential oil in combination with essential oils of local Indonesian empon-empon: temu giring (Curcuma heyneana Val. &amp; van Zipj.), temu kunci (Kaempferia pandurata Roxb.), and temu mangga (Curcuma amada Roxb.). The optimization of hand sanitizer formulation was done based on several tests. The first was organoleptic test by observing the aroma, color, and form; the second was pH, homogeneity, and spreadability testing, and; the third was testing the antibacterial activities of each hand sanitizer formula against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25922. The research stages encompassed isolation of essential oils, formulation and evaluation of hand sanitizers, antibacterial activities test, optimization of hand sanitizer formulation, and identification of the chemical compounds in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation using the GC-MS method. The study resulted in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation containing the essential oils of lemongrass (3%) and temu giring (3%), demonstrating very strong antibacterial bioactivities against both E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923, with inhibition zones measuring 29.70 mm and 60.08 mm, respectively. This hand sanitizer had a distinctive aroma, combining the scents of lemongrass and temu giring. It was in liquid form, clear, and homogeneous, with pH and spreadibility values of 5.4 and 6.4 cm, respectively. The quality complied with SNI quality standards No. 06-2588. The primary active ingredients were E-citral (22.10%), Z-citral (17.88%), and 1,8-cineol (17.63%). Keywords: Essential oil, hand sanitizer, lemongrass, temu giring, temu kunci, temu mangga.