Liquid Flow Rate Ratio Research Articles

Impingement-sheet mixing of liquids at unequal flow rates

Mixing of liquids by the impingement of two, thin sheets at unequal flow rates was studied using competitive, consecutive azo couplings that provide quantitative information about the micromixing. Liquid flow rate ratios of 6.0 and 12.0 were investigated at total flow rates ranging from 13–45 l min −1. An expression for the energy dissipation rate in the impingement zone resulting from the inelastic collision was derived from the momentum balance and the geometry of the impinging sheets. For the experimental data, energy dissipation rates were calculated to lie in the range 6 900–97 500 W kg −1. The major parameters affecting the micromixing rate of unequal, impinging sheets are the energy dissipation rate in the impingement zone (ε i) and the volumetric flow rate ratio (α). Previously, the micromixing results for equal, impinging sheets were explained by a simple model assuming diffusion of the reactants within slabs of fixed thickness equal to the Kolmogorov microscale. Attempts to fit the experimental data for unequal, impinging sheets to a similar model, modified to account for volumetric flow rate ratio, resulted in a relatively poor correlation of the experimental results. However, a modification of the mixing modulus, to account for the effects of α on the diffusion length, yielded a reasonable correlation of the experimental data for unequal, impinging sheets to the model for equal, impinging sheets. Consequently, an expression was derived that relates the micromixing time for both equal and unequal, impinging sheets to α and ε i.

Characteristics of response of a carburetted SI engine under transient driving conditions. 2nd report Behavior of liquid fuel film in an intake manifold.

This study was made of the transient fuel supply characteristicis in an intake system of a carburetted SI engine under transient driving conditions, through both theoretical analysis and experimental work. The results show that an increase in air velocity is not always accompanied with an increase in liquid fuel film velocity. The thickness of the liquid fuel film increases with the delay of time up to a certain value. The increasing ratio of liquid film flow rate grows with the rise of the acceleration rate finally approaching a certain value. The rapid acceleration of the engine causes an accumulation of liquid fuel film in the intake manifold, and consequently, an insufficient supply of fuel into the combustion chamber. The air fuel ratio in the combustion chamber increases with the time delay, and reaches a maximum which is out of the combustible range of the mixture immediately after the beginning of acceleration.

The application of the foam fractionation process to the removal of viruses process to the removal of viruses: Part II. The prediction of the residual surfuctant concentration

Variations in the initial concentration of the surfuctant. Arquad T50 (a blend of alkyl quaternary ammonium chlorides), and the gas to liquid flow ratio were assessed for their effect upon the residual surfactant level. This concentration was found to be dependent upon these variables as well as upon the bubble diameter in the liquid phase as determined by the gas rate. An equation was derived which represented the removal of surfactant as a power function of (i) its initial concentration, (ii) the gas to liquid flow rate ratio and (iii) the gas flow rate. The error of this equation established that this empirical approach accurately represented the removal of the surface-active agent.

The Study on the Effect of Decrease of Pipe Diameter in Vertical Two Phase Flow

Calcium or paraffin deposition causes the decrease of tubig diameter. It is one of the problems in many oil fields that the increase of pressure drop is resulted from the decrease of tubing diameter. The effects of presence of smaller diameter section in a tubing string in two phase vertical flow were studied. The measurements were carried out at atmospheric pressure using air as gas and water as liquid. The vertical flow strings used in the experimental works were consisted of the about 5-m-long and 2.5-cm in diameter main section and the smaller dia meter section placed in the middle part of main section (shown in Fig. 1). The smaller size pipes were long between 2-cm and 50-cm and 0.52cm in diameter. From the results of the tests, the correlation was developed. The pressure drop in smaller size section is able to be calculated by using Eq. (5) and Eq. (6) with Fig. 7. The pressure drop is expressed in terms of the pipe length, liquid flow rate and gas liquid ratio.