Liquid Extraction Research Articles

Potential Role and Mechanism of Mulberry Extract in Immune Modulation: Focus on Chemical Compositions, Mechanistic Insights, and Extraction Techniques.

Mulberry is a rapidly growing plant that thrives in diverse climatic, topographical, and soil types, spanning temperature and temperate countries. Mulberry plants are valued as functional foods for their abundant chemical composition, serving as a significant reservoir of bioactive compounds like proteins, polysaccharides, phenolics, and flavonoids. Moreover, these compounds displayed potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation, and restoring elevated nitric oxide production induced by LPS stimulation through the downregulation of inducible NO synthase expression. Active components like oxyresveratrol found in Morus demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting leukocyte migration through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Gallic and chlorogenic acids in mulberry leaves (ML) powder-modulated TNF, IL-6, and IRS1 proteins, improving various inflammatory conditions by immune system modulation. As we delve deeper into understanding its anti-inflammatory potential and how it works therapeutically, it is crucial to refine the extraction process to enhance the effectiveness of its bioactive elements. Recent advancements in extraction techniques, such as solid-liquid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, superficial fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, are being explored. Among the extraction methods tested, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), UAE demonstrated superior efficiency in extracting bioactive compounds from mulberry leaves. Overall, this comprehensive review sheds light on the potential of mulberry as a natural immunomodulatory agent and provides insights into its mechanisms of action for future research and therapeutic applications.

Comparative simulation studies on the countercurrent multi-stage solid–liquid extraction of soybean oil by ethanol and hexane

Comparative simulation studies on the countercurrent multi-stage solid–liquid extraction of soybean oil by ethanol and hexane

Valorization of guabirobeira leaf extracts (Campomanesia xanthocarpa) through pressurized liquid extraction and aqueous infusion: assessment of phytochemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe leaves of guabirobeira contain important phenolic and flavonoid compounds, known for their antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, and antinociceptive activities. The purpose of this work was to obtain extracts from guabirobeira leaves through aqueous infusion and pressurized liquid extraction with water, ethanol, and a combination of water–ethanol (ratio 1:1, v/v; PLE‐W:E). Subsequently, we used liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to identify the chemical compounds, and to study the antioxidant activity in rat brain cells; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria were also seen.RESULTSAccording to the findings, all four extracts contained a significant amount of phytochemical compounds. Among them, the PLE‐W:E extract showed a higher concentration of flavonoids, demonstrating significant antioxidant activity in in vitro assays of TBARS and ROS in rat brain cells. It also exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria.CONCLUSIONGuabirobeira leaf extracts hold promise as a potential source of bioactive compounds. These extracts can be applied across various sectors, including cosmetics and skincare products, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, natural preservatives, and functional materials. By exploring these potential applications, valuable contributions can be made to the field of sustainable chemistry and pharmacy, furthering the utilization of guabirobeira leaf extracts in diverse industries. This approach also aligns with the promotion of environmentally friendly and sustainable practices. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Resources recovery-rubidium recovery from desalination brine through hydrometallurgy techniques

Because of the water scarcity in many regions, different methods have been implemented to address this problem. The desalination technique is known as a practical solution among them. However, brine from the desalination process, which contains high concentrations of salts, minerals, and chemicals, will cause environmental harm to the sea, soil, and groundwater if it is not properly treated. Therefore, recovering critical resources from brine is essential for reducing brine disposal. This study aims to apply two hydrometallurgy systems, namely ion exchange and ionic liquid extraction, to circulate rubidium resources from brine. Dowex G26 resin was employed in the ion exchange system, and the adsorption isotherm model and saturated adsorption capacity were explored initially. The optimal parameters such as pH value, L/S ratio (liquid/solid), adsorption period, and adsorption temperature will then be investigated. In the ionic liquid extraction process, the t-BAMBP/C2mimNTf2 system (4-tert-Butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl) phenol/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyls​ulfonyl)​imide) was used, and the parameters including pH value, concentrations of t-BAMBP, (O + I)/A ratio (organic + ionic liquid/aqueous), extraction time, and extraction temperature will be optimized as well. The results reveal that adsorption capacity and extraction efficiencies were 14.3 mg g− 1 and 86%, respectively. Furthermore, suitable reagents, including HCl and HNO3, were applied to desorb and strip rubidium from the Dowex G26 and t-BAMBP/C2mimNTf2 systems. To sum up, environmental hazards of desalination brine and rubidium resources can be reduced and recovered through the two different extraction systems.

Environmental Fate and Dietary Risk Assessment Associated with Triafamone, Ethoxysulfuron and Their Metabolites in Rice Ecosystem

ABSTRACT Triafamone and ethoxysulfuron are ALS inhibitor herbicides belonging to sulfonamide and sulfonylurea group of herbicides used for control of weeds in rice ecosystem. Considering the environmental risk of these herbicides, the fate of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron was assessed to understand the best use of these herbicides. Degradation studies were carried out under field conditions in direct seeded rice (DSR) and transplanted rice (TPR) at an application rate of 67.5 and 135 g ha−1 and adsorption-desorption studies were carried out using batch equilibration technique. Residues of triafamone, ethoxysulfuron and their metabolites were extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction method from soil and rice grain samples and liquid liquid extraction from straw samples and quantified using HPLC. Degradation half-life (DT50) of triafamone varied from 13.02–20.93 and 12.09–14.67 days under DSR and TPR conditions, respectively while for ethoxysulfuron DT50 ranged from 11.71–15.64 and 9.90–12.19 days. Among both the herbicides, triafamone was more persistent in the soil and at harvest, concentrations of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron in soil and rice were below the acceptable limit (<0.01 mg kg−1) imposed by principal regulatory agencies. Appearance and persistence of studied metabolites corroborated the degradation of parent molecule. Hazard quotient (HQ) of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron was 0.0013 and 0.000657 suggesting that application of these herbicides was safe for use in rice. Triafamone and ethoxysulfuron had a transient effect on soil biochemical and microbiological parameters depending on herbicide dose and moisture conditions. Freundlich adsorption coefficient (Kf) was 1.81 and 1.06 µg1–1/ng−1ml1/n for triafamone and ethoxysulfuron, respectively. GUS index for triafamone and ethoxysulfuron were 1.4 and 2.0 indicating low and moderate mobility, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that ethoxysulfuron has higher leachability than triafamone. Low to moderate persistence, adsorption and leaching of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron and transient ecological impacts on soil microorganisms may pave the way for safe and efficient weed control in rice cultivation.

Incorporating porous carbon materials into ionic liquid for high efficiency extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Ionic liquid is an ideal candidate in the extraction of aromatic compounds. The design and construction of ionic liquids with high extraction efficiency and selectivity towards to the specific aromatics remain crucial question. In this paper, with the aid of orthogonal array experiment, the imidazolium-based ionic liquids with long alkyl chain on the cations were determined to possess high aromatics extraction efficiency. Furthermore, the Lewis acid anion was introduced into the ionic liquid to form 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium ferric chloride ([C12mim][FeCl4]) and performed 62 % and 100 % extractant efficiency of naphthalene (NAP) and anthracene (ANT), respectively. Then the porous carbon materials (P1-1000) derived from hyper-crosslinked porous polymers (HCP) which possessed high BET surface area (1186 m2/g) was dispersed in [C12mim][FeCl4] to form porous ionic liquid. The single extraction efficiency of NAP improved from 62 % to 77 %. The great single extraction efficiency was attributed to the high porosity, additional adsorption sites provided by the Lewis acid anions and the hydrophobic long alkyl chain on the cations. After three times extraction, the concentration of NAP dropped down to 0. The porous ionic liquids also showed good recycle performance. The construction of porous ionic liquids provided an efficient approach for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aliphatic hydrocarbon.

Validation of a simple bioanalytical method for the determination of melatonin concentration in human serum using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescent detector

Analysis of melatonin in biological samples is a challenge for the analyst both because of its low concentration and because of the numerous interfering substances. Therefore, chromatography, as a powerful analytical technique used for the separation, detection, and quantification of analytes, can be the method of choice for determining melatonin in biological samples for clinical use and pharmacokinetic research. The method was developed and validated according to the internal documents in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice. The concentrations of melatonin in human serum were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography method with a fluorescence detector and mirtazapine as an internal standard. Preparation of serum samples was performed by liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate: n-hexane (1:1 v/v). High linearity was exhibited over a concentration range of 25–10,000 pg/mL of melatonin, with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.999 during the course of method validation. Repeatability and intermediate precision show a relative standard deviation lower than 6.6 %, and accuracies were from 90.7 % to 110.3 %. The lower limit of quantitation was 30 pg/mL, and the limit of detection was 7.92 pg/mL. The in-house method is simple, fast, reproducible, and applicable for the determination of melatonin in human serum.

Determination of Bovine Lactoferrin in Powdered Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals by Heparin Affinity Extraction and Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Ultraviolet Detection (HPLC/UV): Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2021.10.

Infant formulas, and pediatric and adult nutritional products, are being fortified with bovine lactoferrin (bLF) due to its beneficial impacts on immune development and gut health. Lactoferrin supplementation into these products requires an analytical method to accurately quantify the concentrations of bLF to meet global regulatory and quality standards. To develop and validate a lactoferrin method capable of meeting the AOAC INTERNATIONAL Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPR®) 2020.005. Powder formula samples are extracted using warm dibasic phosphate buffer, pH 8, then centrifuged at 4°C to remove insoluble proteins, fat, and other solids. The soluble fraction is further purified on a HiTrap heparin solid-phase extraction (SPE) column to isolate bLF from interferences. Samples are filtered, then analyzed by LC-UV using a protein BEH C4 analytical column and quantitated using an external calibrant. The LOQ (2 mg/100 g), repeatability (RSD: 2.0-4.8%), recovery (92.1-97.7%), and analytical range (4-193 mg/100 g) all meet the method requirements as stated in SMPR 2020.005 for lactoferrin. The reported single-laboratory validation (SLV) results demonstrate the ability of this lactoferrin method to meet or exceed the method performance requirements to measure soluble, intact, non-denatured bLF in infant and adult nutritional powder formulas. The use of a heparin affinity column to isolate lactoferrin from bovine milk products combined with a selective analytical chromatographic column provides suitable analyte specificity without requiring proprietary equipment or reagents.

Photodecomposition of antibiotics and their transformation products in wastewaters using ZnO and TiO2 with LED lamps

This work presents a study of the behavior of three antibiotics (erythromycin (ERY), clarithromycin (CLR) and sulfadiazine (SFZ)) and their transformation products (TPs), generated after photolytic and photocatalytic (TiO2 and ZnO) treatments, in wastewater irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diode (LED) lamps as light source. For this, an analytical methodology for the antibiotics and their TPs was developed. Thus, samples were treated by salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) and identification and quantification was carried out by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyzers, respectively. The results revealed the presence of 14, 13 and 5 TPs of ERY, CLR and SFZ, respectively, being found in wastewaters spiked with the antibiotics during photo-oxidation treatment. Subsequently, the established analytical method was also applied, in a real case, to study of behavior of these pharmaceuticals (0.2 mg L-1) and their TPs generated in wastewater during a photocatalytic treatment. In this case, 13, 11 and 2 TPs were tentatively identified ERY, CLR and SFZ, respectively. In addition, the photocatalytic treatment using TiO2 exhibited higher degradation rate than photocatalytic treatment using ZnO. The ECOSAR programme was used to estimate the potential ecotoxicity of the identified TPs. The results showed a potential hazard of SFZ, CLR, ERY and some of their TPs to aquatic organisms. Furthermore, some of the identified TPs were found to be more toxic than their parent compounds.

A practical approach to supported liquid extraction and measurement of 18 steroids in plasma and serum by targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Chromatography combined with mass spectrometry is a gold standard technique for steroid measurement, however the type of sample preparation, the dynamic range and reliability of the calibration curve, the chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry settings ultimately determine the success of the method. The steroid biosynthetic pathway is conserved in higher mammals and literature demonstrates that the concentration ranges of different steroid groups are relatively comparable across species. We sought to develop a robust and reliable multi steroid targeted analysis method for blood that would have wide application across higher mammals. The method was developed following bioanalytical method validation guidelines to standards typically applied to human clinical studies, including isotopically labelled internal standards where at all possible. Here we describe the practical approach to a 96-well supported liquid extraction (SLE) method of extraction from plasma (200 µL) using an Extrahera liquid handling robot (Biotage, Sweden), including quality control samples, followed by a comprehensive separation and targeted LC-MS/MS analysis of 18 steroids in plasma (pregnenolone, progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, aldosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 21-deoxycortisol, cortisol, cortisone, androstenedione, testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol and estriol).•SLE in a 96-well format of up to 74 biological plasma samples, enriched with multiple isotopically labelled internal standards, a 12-point aqueous calibration curve, and 6 serum quality controls, designed to monitor long-term performance of the method•Chromatographic separation of multiple steroids along the gradient, with ammonium fluoride mobile phase additive to improve sensitivity, followed by electrospray ionisation and constant polarity switching•Aqueous calibration standards that cover physiologically relevant ranges - high nanomolar glucocorticoids, low nanomolar androgens and picomolar ranges for estrogens and steroid intermediates.

Online sequential analysis of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in water matrices by double robotic sample preparations and dual-channel mono and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry system

The monitoring of organic compounds in aquatic matrices poses challenges due to its complexity and time-intensive nature. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel approach utilizing a dual-channel mono (1D) and comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS) system, integrated with a robotic pretreatment platform, for online monitoring of both volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in water matrices. Employing the robotic platform, we establish a suite of online liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) pretreatment processes for water samples, marking the first instance of such procedures. Leveraging the automatic headspace (HS) module, dual robotic preparations of HS and LLE are sequentially executed to extract VOCs and SVOCs from water matrices. The GC × GC–TOFMS system is distinguished by its dual-channel analytical column configuration, facilitating sequential analysis of VOCs in GC–TOFMS mode and SVOCs in GC × GC–TOFMS mode. Quantitative detection of 55 target VOCs and 104 SVOCs is achieved in a water sample using the instrument system. Our method demonstrates excellent correlation coefficients ranging from 0.990 to 1.000, method detection limits ranging from 0.08 to 4.78 μg L–1, relative standard deviations below 19.3 %, and recovery rates ranging from 50.0 % to 124.0 %. To validate the online monitoring capabilities of our system, we assess target SVOCs at three different concentration levels over a 3-day period. Most compounds exhibit recovery rates ranging from 70.0 % to 130.0 %. Furthermore, we apply our method to analyze a real water sample, successfully identifying over 100 target and nontarget VOCs/SVOCs, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, and phenols. These results highlight the efficacy of the proposed analysis system, capable of conducting two distinct analyses in automatic sequence, thereby enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of organic compound analysis in water matrices.

Sensitive and effective method with 96-well plate for determination of levamlodipine in human plasma using LC–MS/MS

we developed an effective protein precipitation method for determination of levamlodipine in human plasma using LC–MS/MS. Sample extraction was carried out by using liquid–liquid extraction in 96-well plate format. (S)-Amlodipine-d4 was used as internal standard (IS). The chromatographic separation was achieved using Philomen Chiral MX (2) column (3 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm). Mobile phase A was comprised of Acetonitrile (ACN), Mono ethanol amine (MEA) and Iso-Propyl alcohol (IPA) (1000:1:10, v/v/v), Mobile phase B was IPA-ACN (2:1, v/v). The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min. The total run time of each sample was 4.0 min with gradient elution. LC-MS/MS spectra were generated in positive ion mode, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to detect the following transitions: m/z 409.20 → 238.15 for levamlodipine and 415.25 → 240.20 for (S)-Amlodipine-d4 (the IS). The method was linear from 50 to 10000 pg/mL（R2＝0.9988489）,and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 50 pg/mL. This method was applied to a bioequivalence study of levamlodipine.

Novel Separation Processes and Their Applications

Separation processes are an integral part of any process flow sheet. Various techniques can beused to separatethe mixture depending on the raw mix. Sometimes, two or more methods must be used to get the desiredproduct. Differences in chemical and physical properties also help decide the separation technique that mustbe used. An external agent, any form of energyor matter, can act as the driving force for the separation. Someof these techniques are conventional processes like distillation, filtration, adsorption, and absorption, whichhave already been well-studied and extensively used. These days newer separation processes called novelseparation processes, such as membrane separation, gas separation, supercritical fluid extraction, use ofultrasonics, chromatographic separation, magnetic projection, and liquid- liquid extraction, among manyothers, are gaining importance in the area of research and implementation. Novel processes were firstimplemented as analytical tools in laboratories. However, they developed rapidly to become significant commercially and technically. The development in gas separation techniques has led to using Liquified Natural Gas in Air Separation Units to produce high-purity nitrogen and oxygen4. Novel separation methods also include ultrasound to enhance separation processes like extraction, demulsification, and crystallisation. Pressure-driven processes are a subset of membrane separation techniques where pressure is utilised as a driving force for separation, with asemipermeable membrane acting as a barrier. This method has various applications ranging from wastewater treatment to dairy processing. Chiral chromatography is used for enantiomeric separations by the use ofHPLC. A new magnetic separation process proposes the separation of plastics by submerging them in a paramagnetic medium and attaching a magnet. This results in moving the particles inside the medium with different trajectories, thereby separating them. This article will scrutinise and briefly describe the essential aspects and developments of novelseparation processes and their applications.

Differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into Leydig-like cells with testicular extract liquid in vitro.

Differentiation of Leydig cells plays a key role in male reproductive function. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have emerged as a potential cell source for generating Leydig-like cells due to their multipotent differentiation capacity and accessibility. This study aimed to investigate the morphological and genetic expression changes of BMSCs during differentiation into Leydig-like cells. Testicular extract liquid, which simulates the microenvironment in vivo, induced the third passage BMSCs differentiated into Leydig-like cells. Changes in cell morphology were observed by microscopy, the formation of lipid droplets of androgen precursor was identified by Oil Red Staining, and the expression of testicular specific genes 3β-HSD and SF-1 in testicular stromal cells was detected by RT-qPCR. BMSCs isolated from the bone marrow of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were cultured for 3 generations and identified as qualified BMSCs in terms of morphology and cell surface markers. After 14 days of induction with testicular tissue lysate, lipid droplets appeared in the cytoplasm of P3 BMSCs by Oil Red O staining. RT-qPCR detection was performed on BMSCs on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st day after induction. Relative expression levels of 3β-HSD mRNA significantly increased after 14 days of induction, while the relative expression of SF-1 mRNA increased after 14 days of induction but was not significant. BMSCs can differentiate into testicular interstitial cells with reserve androgen precursor lipid droplets after induction by testicular tissue lysate. The differentiation ability of BMSCs provides the potential to reconstruct the testicular microenvironment and is expected to fundamentally improve testicular function and provide new treatment options for abnormal spermatogenesis diseases.

Effect of fracture distribution on extraction efficiency in low-permeability NAPL-contaminated formations

Hydraulic fracturing offers an effective solution to the challenge of remediating low-permeability contaminated formations by improving substance transport rates. In this study, COMSOL Multiphysics, a large-scale multi-physics coupled simulation software, was employed to simulate enhanced extraction and remediation of low permeability non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-contaminated formations using hydraulic fractures. The results obtained indicate that fracturing and enhanced extraction can effectively improve the NAPL removal rate. The NAPL removal rate increased with increasing depth of the extraction well screens, fracture length, and fracture spacing. Through a coupling analysis of multiple factors and working conditions, the extraction well screens are suggested to be buried within the lower one-third of the low-permeability contaminated formation, and the length of a single fracture should be within 50%–80% of the extraction radius. When the distance between the two fractures was greater than 1.75 m, the enhancement effect of the fracture length was further promoted. Consequently, a reasonable configuration of fracture length, quantity, and spacing can effectively broaden the influence radius of extraction wells.

Simultaneous determination of six catechins and caffeine in tea and wine using salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

Catechins, renowned for their antioxidant properties and health benefits, are commonly present in beverages, particularly tea and wine. An efficient and cost-effective salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six catechins and caffeine in tea and wine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). This method demonstrates outstanding performance: linearity (1-120µg/mL, r2>0.999), accuracy (96.5%-103.4% recovery), and precision (≤14.7% relative standard deviation), meeting validation requirements set by the US Food and Drug Administration. The reduced sample size (0.1g) minimizes matrix interferences and costs without compromising sensitivity. All analytes were detected in Camellia sinensis teas, with green tea displaying the highest total catechin content (47.5-100.1mg/mL), followed by white and black teas. Analysis of wine samples reveals the presence of catechin in all red and white wines, and epigallocatechin gallate in all red wine samples, highlighting the impact of winemaking processes on catechin content. The SALLE-HPLC-UV approach represents a green alternative by eliminating organic waste, surpassing conventional dilution methods in specificity and sensitivity for catechin determination. AGREEprep assessment emphasizes the strengths of the SALLE procedure, including material reusability, throughput efficiency, minimal sample requirements, low energy consumption, and the absence of organic waste generation.

Investigating ZMP Accumulation in C2C12 Myotubes with AICAR and Prodrug-39

5’Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a signaling molecule and a known regulator of enzymes in glycolysis, glycogen breakdown, and may play a role in regulating protein synthesis. It is also a known activator of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), a key energy sensor within the cell. Activation of AMPK has been linked to the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, upregulation of BCAA catabolism, and increased skeletal muscle glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation. AMPK can be activated pharmacologically with 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR), an adenosine analogue. AICAR enters the cell through adenosine transporters and undergoes phosphorylation by Adenosine Kinase forming AICAR monophosphate (ZMP). Unfortunately, the poor bioavailability of AICAR limits its use pharmacologically. Prodrug-39 (P39) is comprised of ZMP with a 4-nitrophenol group to allow membrane permeability and subsequent ZMP formation without the need of membrane transporters. We investigated the ZMP accumulation in C2C12 myotubes following exposure to different concentrations of P39 or AICAR. Based on preliminary data, we hypothesized that AICAR treatments would be more effective at producing ZMP over short periods of time and when treatment concentrations were high, but that P39 treatments would result in greater and more consistent ZMP accumulation over longer periods of time when treatment concentrations were low. We first measured the absorbance of 4-nitrophenol (4NP) within the cell media to determine phosphodiesterase cleavage of P39. Nitrophenol absorbance was 3.9 times higher at 1000 μM compared to 100 μM treatment of P39 after 15 minute incubation, and 13.3 times higher at 11 hours. The nitrophenol absorbance per hour increased linearly between 250 μM to 1000 μM of P39. Adenine nucleotide content and ZMP accumulation in treated cells was determined following organic protein extraction and UV-Vis ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). After 13 hours of treatment with 500 μM AICAR or P39, ZMP accumulation was 14 fold higher following AICAR treatment compared to P39 (59.7±5.0 vs 4.2±0.1 μmol/g protein). Interestingly, ZMP accumulation was not different between 100 μM treatments (5.6±1.3 vs. 5.7±1.5 μmol/g protein). This suggests that phosphodiesterase cleavage of P39 is likely the limiting factor for ZMP accumulation. Interestingly, while ZMP accumulation following 13 hour incubation with 100 μM AICAR or P39 was not different, ATP content was approximately 50% higher in P39 treated cells (33.7±5.8 vs. 51.0±5.8 μmol/g protein). While the measurement of ZMP accumulation at very low treatment concentrations (10 μM) is very diffcult, P39 exposure for 1 to 1.5 hours resulted in a 3 to 8 fold increase in ZMP content compared to AICAR. This data illustrates the potential for P39 as a drug capable of accumulating greater ZMP than AICAR at very low treatment concentrations, however the capacity of phosphodiesterase activity may limit the application of this drug. This work was funded by a grant from Skylark Biosciences. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Effects of throttle and heater input for reducing pressure surging in a liquid hydrogen tank pressurizer

Ensuring uniform flow from a liquid hydrogen storage vessel to a consumer requires pressure maintenance within ullage space. Large changes in volume during vaporization of liquid hydrogen allow a percentage of flow to be diverted from the consumer for tank ullage pressure maintenance. The return state of the hydrogen should be close to saturated vapor at comparable volumetric flow rates for liquid extraction and smooth operation. This paper details the theory, design, and experimental performance of a hydrogen pressurization system for controlling this return state. A cartridge heater, throttle, and manual valve are utilized to vaporize, reduce pressure and pressure oscillations, and control flow. Experimental measurements are compared with theoretical predictions for liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen flows. The end results demonstrate the performance of the heater and throttle for pressure maintenance of ullage within a liquid hydrogen tank.

Thermodynamic and quantum chemical investigation of MIBK as a liquid phase extraction solvent for separating pyridine compounds from water

Pyridine compounds play a crucial role in the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals; however, the generation of a large amount of wastewater may pose a threat to the ecological environment and human health. Considering environmental factors and economic benefits, it is essential to explore efficient methods for separating pyridine compounds from water. In this study, pyridine compounds were separated from water by liquid–liquid extraction using MIBK as solvent. Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the ternary system water + pyridine compounds(pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine) + MIBK were measured at 303.2 K and 101.3 kPa. Subsequently, the distribution coefficient (D) and separation factor (S) were calculated based on the obtained data, serving as indicators to evaluate the performance of the extractant. The LLE data were then correlated with NRTL and UNIQUAC models to obtain binary interaction parameters. The accuracy of the regressed binary interaction parameters was assessed through Gibbs energy topology analysis. To explore the intrinsic mechanism of extraction between MIBK and pyridine or alkylpyridines, the σ-profile was used to investigate the interaction form between MIBK and pyridine or alkylpyridines. Based on this, quantum chemical calculations and wave function analysis were used to reveal the molecular-level separation mechanism. The interaction behavior of the MIBK and pyridine or alkylpyridines systems was systematically investigated. The results indicate that van der Waals forces are the main intermolecular interactions, and it is through these strong forces that MIBK can efficiently separate pyridine and alkylpyridines from water.

A Review of Emerging Technologies for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Berries (Phalsa Berries)

Berries have been gaining in popularity among consumers and producers due to their natural bioactive compounds that have beneficial effects on human health. This review aimed to identify effective techniques for the extraction of bioactive compounds from berries, consolidate the findings of recent studies using various extraction technologies, and provide a global perspective on the research trends in this field. These extraction techniques include pulsed electric field, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical CO2 extraction. The solid waste generated during the industrial berry juice production process is assumed to be a less expensive source of raw materials for the natural extraction of bioactive compounds. The main aim of modern techniques is to produce more of the desired compound and find a method to extract bioactive compounds from berries without the use of hazardous solvents. These include flavonoids, phenols, anthocyanins, and antioxidants. Regarding the characterization of the bioactive compounds that are isolated from berries, aspects such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance were reviewed.