Liquid Chromatography-ultraviolet Detection Research Articles

Apigenin Accumulation in Matricaria chamomilla and Petroselinum crispum Produced in a Vertical Hydroponic System

Apigenin, an anticancer secondary metabolite, is produced in selected organs of a few plant taxa, including chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) flowers and parsley (Petroselinum crispum) leaves. In this study, two cultivars of chamomile (Bodegold and Zloty Lan) and three cultivars of parsley (Darki, Giant of Italy, and Wega) were included in an indoor vertical farm trial to determine apigenin accumulation and biomass production. Vertical farming was selected for its ability to produce a quality crop with a tightly controlled growing environment. The plants were started from seed in a growth chamber and transferred to the vertical farm when they reached two sets of true leaves. The plants were maintained solely under light-emitting diodes with daily light integrals of 19 and 17 mol·m−2·d−1 for parsley and chamomile, respectively. The photoperiod was set to 16 hours for both species to induce flowering in the chamomile. After 15 weeks, mature parsley leaves and unopened chamomile inflorescences were harvested for analysis. All plants matured quickly during the growing period; however, only 63% of the ‘Zloty Lan’ chamomile plants produced flowers. At harvest, the total dry mass of each plant was also recorded. The Giant of Italy cultivar produced significantly more usable biomass compared with that of any other cultivar of parsley or chamomile, with 49.3 g usable tissue per plant. Apigenin was extracted from lyophilized samples and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection. The results showed that total apigenin accumulation was significantly higher in the ‘Bodegold’ chamomile compared to any parsley cultivar, with 0.70 mg·g−1 dried tissue. Additionally, ‘Bodegold’ generated significantly more usable biomass, suggesting that this cultivar shows potential for producing apigenin in a controlled environment.

Magnetic polyoxometalate composite stabilized on the woven cotton yarn as a sorbent for thin film microextraction of some selected nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection.

A new thin film was fabricated using Fe3O4@SiO2-polyoxometalate (POM) as the coating and it was coupled with a HPLC-UV to develop a method for the selective determination of ibuprofen, paracetamol and diclofenac (as the model analytes) from human plasma and urine samples. The prepared magnetic POM was coated on the pores and surface of cotton yarn to prepare the extracting device. The prepared sorbent was characterized by several techniques including: FT-IR, XRD, BET, SEM, and VSM analysis. Using a multivariate optimization strategy (Plackett-Berman design (PBD) and Box-Behnken Design (BBD)), extraction factors were optimized. The optimal condition is: pH=4, extraction time=23 min, desorption time=3 min, desorption volume=400 µL, and Na2SO4 concentration=0.8 %. In the optimal condition, the linearity of the method was in the range of 0.5-200 µg l-1. LODs, LOQs, and intra-day as well as inter-day RSDs were <0.24 µg L-1, 0.81 µg L-1, and 4.1 %, respectively. The enrichment factor (EF) values for the tested substances varied from 16 to 21. The absolute recoveries (ARs%) were also between 64 and 84 %. The sorbent extracted the analytes up to 32 times with little changes in the ER (95 ± 1.5). This method was successfully applied to detect target analytes in biological fluids, achieving high recovery. This novel approach combines efficiency with practicality, making it well-suited for field applications. In addition, the greenness and whiteness of the method (sustainability assessment) were evaluated using the qualitative green assessment tools including AGREE, BAGI and the white analytical chemistry assessment tool (RGB12). The high BAGI (72.5) and RGB 12 (94.7) scores confirmed the method's strong applicability, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability.

Covalent organic frameworks hybridized polymeric high internal phase emulsions with amphiphilicity for extraction of trace bisamide insecticides in food samples.

Polymeric high internal phase emulsions decorated with covalent organic frameworks (polyHIPEs-COFs) were synthesized and used as the sorbent for cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. Pickering high internal phase emulsions stabilized by covalent organic frameworks solid particles and liquid surfactants (Span80 and polyvinylpyrrolidone) endow the composites with open-cell structures and superwettability. The amphiphilicity and open-cell structures enable rapid adsorption and desorption for cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole, and the solid-phase extraction process can be completed in 5min. The adsorption efficiencies of polyHIPEs-COFs for cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole are above 85.19%, but lower than 10% for fenvalerate, anti-aphid, and chlorpyrifos, demonstrating the good adsorption selectivity for cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. The adsorption efficiencies of cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole using a same polyHIPEs-COFs and five different batches of polyHIPEs-COFs range from 94.25 to 100.00%, revealing the good reproducibility of the sorbent. In addition, the polyHIPEs-COF-based solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) was developed for determination of bisamide insecticides in vegetable (eggplants, tomatoes, and peppers) samples. Results showed that the method was feasible to determinethe cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole in real vegetable samples with a linear range of 0.012-1.2μg/kg and limits of detection of 0.0075-0.0090μg/kg. The recoveries of cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole spiked in vegetable samples ranged from 85.00 to 100.00% with relative standard deviations less than 3.52%. The study indicates the feasibility of amphiphilic polyHIPEs-COFs in extraction and enrichment of bisamide insecticides from vegetable samples for HPLC-UV analysis.

Fabrication and application of aminated metal–organic cages doped monolithic column for pipette tip micro solid-phase extraction of eight phenolic compounds in milk

A Zr-based metal–organic tetrahedron (ZrT-1-NH2) doped monolithic column was sythesized and applied for pipette tip micro solid-phase extraction (PT-μSPE) of 8 phenolic compounds. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and N2 adsorption and desorption experiment were employed to characterize the morphology, composition, structure and thermal stability of the monolithic column. The experimental results showed that the monolithic column had good stability and excellent adsorption selectivity for phenolic compounds. The adsorption mechanism was speculated to be π-π stacking and H-bond interaction based on ESP maps. After the extraction conditions were optimized, a PT-μSPE-high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) method was established for the detection of 8 phenolic compounds in milk. The PT-μSPE-HPLC-UV method has wide linearities (0.3–1000 μg L−1) (R2 > 0.997), low limits of detection (0.1–0.3 μg L−1), satisfactory recoveries (80.5–113.6 %) and high precision (RSDs < 6.7 %). Thus, the ZrT-1-NH2 doped monolithic column is an ideal medium for the separation and determinaton of phenolic compounds in milk.

Fabrication of dual layered double hydroxide/cobalt oxide sorbent on pencil graphite for solid-phase microextraction and HPLC analysis of environmental pollutants

This study describes the synthesis of Co/Al-LDH through an electrochemical method on a pencil graphite substrate, followed by the partial conversion of Co/Al-LDH to Co3O4 via a calcination method on the same substrate. The obtained sorbent served as an extraction phase for the direct solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of environmental pollutants, including chlorophenols and aromatic hydrocarbons, from wastewater samples. The extracted analytes were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). Under optimal conditions, the linear dynamic range (LDR) extended for each extracted analyte over a concentration range of 1–500 μg L−1. The coefficients of determination (R2) for the target analytes ranged from 0.9946 to 0.9987. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.29–0.69 μg L−1, while the limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.96-2.1 μg L−1. Moreover, spike recovery (SR) for real samples ranged from 90.0 to 113.0 %, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method. The developed coating showed excellent efficiency and sensitivity for the extraction of chlorophenols and aromatic hydrocarbons from real samples. This work is novel in that it enables the simultaneous extraction of analytes with different polarities using two types of sorbents on the same substrate.

Facile synthesis of molecularly-imprinted magnetic-MoS2 nanosheets for selective and sensitive detection of ametryn

In the present study, a novel analytical method was developed for selective and sensitive detection of ametryn in tap and lake water samples based on molecular imprinting technology with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. For this purpose, molecularly-imprinted magnetic MoS2 (MIP@mag-MoS2) particles were synthesized via surface initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The investigation of the rebinding properties, selective recognition ability, and reusability of the MIP@mag-MoS2 demonstrated their high adsorption capacity, outstanding selectivity, rapid adsorption kinetics, and capability for multiple uses, with an imprinting factor of 4.39. The detection limits for ametryn were 0.031 µ g/L and 0.041 µ g/L in tap water and lake water, respectively. The proposed method also had high recovery percentage and low relative standard deviations for the water samples spiked with ametryn. The results suggest that the combination of mag-MoS2 with MIP layer is a prospective alternative analytical method for quantification of ametryn.

Synthesis of Functionalized Pyridine Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles for Utilization in Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Tebuconazole and Propiconazole Followed by Quantification via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detection.

In the current study, a new magnetic sorbent (Fe3O4@2,6-diamino-4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile) was prepared as a new and efficient sorbent to be used in the magnetic solid-phase extraction method to extract tebuconazole and propiconazole as model compounds. In this regard, effective parameters such as pH of the sample solution, desorption volume, ionic strength, extraction time, desorption time, and amount of the magnetic sorbent were optimized using experimental design. In the optimal condition, the linear dynamic ranges for tebuconazole and propiconazole were between 0.5 and 200.0µg/L. Also, the limits of detection, limits of quantification, and relative standard deviations were 0.21-0.14µg/L, 0.49-0.45µg/L, and 1.3%-4.6%, respectively. The estimated enrichment factors for tebuconazole and propiconazole were 22 and 28, respectively. The absolute recovery (AR%) values for tebuconazole and propiconazole were also 67% and 84%, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was used for determination of tebuconazole and propiconazole in cucumber, tomato, orange, and lemon fruits. The obtained result confirmed that the presented method is capable for the analysis of the selected analytes in complicated matrices. In addition, the ARs% were in the range of 67%-84%. The result proved that the presented method can be an alternative to the extraction process of various pesticides.

Room temperature in situ growth of fluorinated covalent organic framework on electrospun nanofibers for efficient detection of benzoylurea insecticide residue in water samples

The accurate detection of benzoylurea insecticides (BUs) residues is vital for the environment and human health. In this work, a room-temperature synthesis strategy was developed to fabricate the covalent organic framework (COF)–polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers composite by an electrospinning technique. The COF was functionalized on PAN nanofibers via in situ polymerization of 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)triazine (TAPT) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthaldehyde (TFTA). The obtained TAPT-TFTA@PAN nanofibers showed a porous structure, high surface area, good crystallinity and excellent extraction efficiency to BUs. A sensitive method combining dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) using TAPT-TFTA@PAN nanofibers as an adsorbent with liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detector was developed for trace analysis of four BUs in environment water samples. This method achieved a wide linear range of 0.5–200 ng·mL−1 for triflumuron and hexaflumuron, and of 0.5–150 ng·mL−1 for teflubenzuron and fluazuron. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) for four BUs ranged from 0.11 to 0.42 ng·mL−1. The accuracy of the proposed method was validated by measuring trace BUs in the spiked water samples with recoveries in the range of 98.3 %∼125.3 %. The results demonstrated that the TAPT-TFTA@PAN nanofibers have great potential as an extractant for effective enrichment of benzoylurea insecticide from complex water samples.

A Polyacrylate Cotton-based Pipette Tip Micro-solid-phase Extraction Technique Coupled with High-performance Liquid Chromatography for Carvedilol Determination in Aqueous Media

Introduction: In this work, a polyacrylate polymer was synthesized into a pipette tip containing cotton fibers and used to extract carvedilol from water and urine samples. Methods: A high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method was developed, which demonstrated the suitability of the purposed pipette tip micro-solid-phase extraction device. Factors affecting the fabrication procedure and polymer quality were studied and optimized. In the next step, the sample preparation process (including extraction and desorption) was fully optimized, and the optimized method was validated. Results: A coating with suitable mechanical and chemical stability was achieved. Its structure was successfully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Within-batch and between-batch fabrication reproducibility were obtained at 3.0 and 9.0 %, respectively. The developed method displayed a limit of detection of 1.1 µg L-1 when 1.5 mL of sample was processed, and it was linear in the concentration range of 3.3-350 µg L-1 with LLOQ of 5 µg L-1 . The polyacrylate cotton-based pipette tip was finally used to extract carvedilol from aqueous media with acceptable recoveries of 92-106%. Conclusion: The proposed method is simple and fast and requires low sample volumes. In addition, this method has been evaluated in terms of greenness with three different tools, and the evaluation results with all three tools have shown that this method is one of the green and environmentally friendly methods.

Preconcentration of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives in Traditional Chinese Medicines by an Effective Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on a Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent.

A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (hDES) was developed for the extraction and quantification of four cinnamic acid derivatives in traditional Chinese medicines coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. In this method, a hDES (tetrabutylammonium chloride-hexanoic acid, molar ratio of 1:2) was prepared as the extractant. It only took 15 s to handle multiple samples simultaneously by hand-assisted dispersion. The use of a narrow-bore tube reduced the amount of the hydrophobic extractant with easier recovery. The approach was influenced by several key parameters, including the composition and consumption of the DES, sample phase pH, salt amount, extraction time, and centrifugation time, all of which had been investigated and optimized. Moreover, the formation of the DES was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Under the optimal conditions, enrichment factors of the target analytes ranged from 135 to 220. Satisfactory linearities (r ≥ 0.9977), detection limits (0.2-0.4ng/mL), precision (<8.5%), and accuracy (recoveries: 90.0%-104.6%) were obtained. The method has been successfully applied to the simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of four cinnamic acid derivatives in Chinese medicinal samples with rapidness, high efficiency, and convenience.

Preparation and evaluation of Fe3O4@C@NiCo-LDH@CDs composites for magnetic solid-phase extraction of trace endocrine disruptors.

The widespread use of endocrine disruptors (EDPs) has certain potential hazards to organisms and environments, and it is particularly important to develop effective pretreatment methods before detection of EDPs in complex samples. In this work, a novel magnetic nanocomposite decorated with layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and carbon dots (CDs) was designed and prepared for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of EDPs (bisphenol S, bisphenol F, bisphenol A, bisphenol AF, diethylstilbestrol and 4-cumylphenol) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) detection. The prepared composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the adsorption mechanism towards these EDPs might be mainly based on hydrogen bonds and π-π conjugation. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method showed limits of detection within 0.05-0.50 μg L-1 and limits of quantitation within 0.2-2.0 μg L-1, and good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9975) was presented in the range of 0.2-200 μg L-1. Finally, the Fe3O4@C@NiCo-LDH@CDs composite-based MSPE-HPLC-UV method was applied for enrichment and determination of EDPs in water, milk, and tea beverage samples with recoveries in the range of 81.2-119.8% and relative standard deviations below 9.7%.

Extraction and detection of sulfonamide antibiotics in milk using magnetic solid-phase adsorbent based on molecular mechanics and DFT calculations

Based on the foundation of calculations in molecular mechanics and density functional theory (DFT) for in-depth mechanistic studies, this paper proposes the sample multi-residue analysis method of five common sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in milk. Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified magnetic graphene oxide nanoribbons (Mag-GONRs) with superior dispersibility and dispersion stability, were developed and firstly utilized to rapidly extract residual SAs from milk. Therefore, various SAs in complex samples could be simultaneously determined solely by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) without the need for complicated pretreatment processes. In order to obtain satisfactory extraction efficiency, indispensable investigation and optimization were conducted on some parameters influencing the extraction efficiency. And the extracted SAs were determined by. Good linearity for all analytes was achieved with appropriate correlation coefficients (R2 higher than 0.9978). The limits of detection ranged from 0.060 to 0.075 ng·mL−1. Recoveries of the sulfonamides in spiked milk samples were between 79.6 % and 114.6 %, with relative standard deviations within 12 %. Interestingly, with the assistant of computational chemistry, the efficient extraction of Mag-GONRs onto SAs has been validated at the molecular and quantum levels, further elucidating the adsorption mechanism based on non-covalent interactions. In the context of theoretical research and experimental results mutually supporting each other, a practical detection method with actual application value has been proposed in monitoring the residual sulfonamides in milk by the common devices.

In-tube solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from refinery water samples using UiO-66/polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofibers followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection.

A simple and quick fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction (FIT-SPME) was introduced for the extraction and determination of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons followed by a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector in refinery water samples. For this purpose, a water-resistant metal-organic framework with a high surface area called UiO-66 has been applied in the form of an electrospun coating on stainless steel wires. After that, all the fibers were packed in the lumen of a stainless-steel tube to make the extraction phase. Both one variable at a time and experimental design methods have been used to optimize effective parameters on FIT-SPME. Under optimum conditions, the method demonstrated good linearity between 0.5 and 1000.0µg/L with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.9906. Furthermore, the limits of detection values ranged from 0.2 to 1.5µg/L. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were<8.4% and<9.7%, respectively. Lastly, the proposed method was applied to extract and determine analytes in four refinery water samples as well as surface water containing high total dissolved solids, and well waters where satisfactory results have been obtained.

External surface hydrophilic 3D-POSS-COF@GDL for the direct adsorption of bisphenols in milk samples

In case of organic frameworks (COFs) as adsorbents in the pretreatment of complex food matrices, challenges such as poor dispersion and non-specific adsorption of interfering macromolecules like proteins are often encountered. To address this issue, this work prepared a three-dimensional covalent organic framework (3D-COF) with a novel bcu topology based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). Subsequently, gluconolactone (GDL) was modified onto the external surface of the material via the reaction with the exposed reactive residues. The resulting POSS-COF@GDL adsorbent has an enhanced hydrophilicity in the external surface, thereby significantly improves the dispersion of materials in aqueous solution and reduces the adsorption ability toward protein. Whereas, the inner of material retains hydrophobic pores that exhibit high adsorption efficiency to small hydrophobic molecules. Compared with the traditional pretreatment methods, POSS-COF@GDL can directly extract bisphenols (BPs) in milk samples without any additional treatment. The established sample pretreatment method is coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), resulting in recoveries of 71.8 to 93.6%, intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of <8.3%, and limits of detection (LODs) of 0.042–0.16 ng∙mL−1 for four BPs.

Hydroxyl-functionalized cationic porous organic polymers for efficient enrichment and detection of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in water and snapper

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt the normal functioning of the endocrine system in organisms, leading to various health issues. Therefore, monitoring EDCs in the environment and food is of significant importance. In this study, a hydroxyl-functionalized ionic porous organic polymer (OH-IPOP) has been synthesized for the first time using 2-benzimidazolemethanol as a monomer. The OH-IPOP exhibited excellent adsorption performance towards phenolic EDCs. An efficient method for determination of phenolic EDCs (p-tert-butylphenol, bisphenol B, bisphenol A and bisphenol F) in environmental water and snapper samples was successfully established by with OH-IPOP as solid-phase extraction sorbent and determination with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. The method showed good linearity (r2 > 0.998), low detection limits (0.008–0.020 ng mL−1 for lake water, 1.00–3.00 ng/g for snapper), high recovery rates (82.3–106 %), and good precision (relative standard deviation < 6.6 %), making it a highly efficient adsorbent for the enrichment of EDCs in complex sample matrices.

A green liquid phase microextraction using phthalic acid as switchable hydrophilicity solvent for the HPLC determination of sildenafil (Viagra®) in human urine

Herein, a green liquid phase microextraction protocol using phthalic acid as switchable hydrophilicity solvent (SHS) is reported for the quantification of sildenafil in authentic human urine. The analyte was extracted onto phthalic acid solid particles which were produced through acidification of the sample. Its solidification was accomplished at ambient conditions without sample cooling. The determination of the sildenafil was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). The microextraction parameters that affect the extraction efficiency of the drug (i.e. SHS type and its concentration, acid type and concentration, extraction time, filter type) have been studied. The optimized analytical protocol involved the mixing of 300 μL of phthalate solution (0.75 M) with 600 μL of sample, followed by the addition of 50 μL of concentrated H3PO4. The produced solid was collected using membrane syringe filter (0.45 μm) and was finally dissolved in 500 μL of CH3OH. Method validation data showed determination coefficient ≥ 0.99 for the linear range of 50 – 2000 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) were 30 and 100 ng/mL, respectively. The accuracy (expressed as % recovery) of the method ranged between 88.0 – 108.9 % while the precision (expressed as % RSD) was less than 17.8 % in all cases. The robustness of the microextraction procedure and the instrumental method were investigated using Plackett-Burman experimental designs. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by analyzing both spiked and authentic human urine samples after oral administration of drug-containing pharmaceutical formulation. The developed protocol offers cost-efficiency, handling simplicity, and high throughput. Its green character was evaluated using Green Analytical Procedure Index and Blue Applicability Grade Index.

A Cost-Effective and Sensitive Method for the Determination of Lincomycin in Foods of Animal Origin Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

Lincomycin (LIN) is extensively used for treating diseases in livestock and promoting growth in food animal farming, and it is frequently found in both the environment and in food products. Currently, most of the methods for detecting lincomycin either lack sensitivity and precision or require the use of costly equipment such as mass spectrometers. In this study, we developed a reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UVD) method and used it to detect LIN residue in 11 types of matrices (pig liver and muscle; chicken kidney and liver; cow fat, liver and milk; goat muscle, liver and milk; and eggs) for the first time. The tissue homogenates and liquid samples were extracted via liquid-liquid extraction, and subsequently purified and enriched via sorbent and solid phase extraction (SPE). After nitrogen drying, the products were derivatized with p-toluene sulfonyl isocyanic acid (PTSI) (100 µL) for 30 min at room temperature. Finally, the derivatized products were analyzed by HPLC at 227 nm. Under the optimized conditions, the method displayed impressive performance and demonstrated its reliability and practicability, with a limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of LIN in each matrix of 25-40 μg/kg and 40-60 μg/kg, respectively. The recovery ranged from 71.11% to 98.30%. The results showed that this method had great selectivity, high sensitivity, satisfactory recovery and cost-effectiveness-fulfilling the criteria in drug residue and actual detection requirements-and proved to have broad applicability in the field of detecting LIN in animal-derived foods.

Alien species water hyacinth realizes waste into treasure: The preparation of biomass sorbent to determine benzoylurea insecticides in tea products.

A fast and effective analytical method with biomass solid-phase microextraction sorbent combined with a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector was proposed for the determination of benzoylurea (BU) insecticides in tea products. The novel sorbent was prepared by activating and then carbonizing water hyacinth with a fast growth rate and low application value as raw material and showed a high specific surface area and multiple interactions with analytes, such as electrostatic action, hydrogen bonding, and π-π conjugation. After optimizing the three most important extraction parameters (pH [X1], sample loading rate [X2], and solution volume [X3]) by Box-Behnken design, the as-established analytical method showed good extraction performance: excellent recovery (80.13%-106.66%) and wide linear range (1-400µg/L) with a determination coefficient of 0.9992-0.9999, a low limit of detection of 0.02-0.1µg/L and the satisfactory practical application results in tea products. All these indicate that the water hyacinth-derived material has the potential as a solid-phase extraction sorbent for the detection and removal of BU insecticides from tea products, and at the same time, it can also achieve the effect of rational use of biological resources, maintaining ecological balance, turning waste into treasure, and achieving industrial production.

Fabrication of magnetic hydrophilic imprinted polymers via two-step immobilization approach for targeted detecting bisphenol A

Molecularly imprinted polymer with water-compatibility for effective separation and enrichment of targeted trace pollutants from complicated matrix has captured extensive attention in terms of their high selectivity and matrix compatibility. This study focuses on modified β-cyclodextrin is used as a hydrophilic functional monomer to develop magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs). MMIPs were prepared using Fe3O4 nanoparticles as carriers and bisphenol A (BPA) as templates using a two-step fixation strategy and surface imprinting technology. The structural characteristic and binding properties of the prepared MMIPs were thoroughly studied. The MMIPs exhibited high crystallinity, high adsorption capacity, fast rebinding rate, remarkable selectivity and distinguish reusability. In addition, through magnetic solid-phase extraction separation technology and high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet quantitative detection technology, MMIPs are used for selective enrichment and detection of BPA in complex media such as environmental water and milk. This work provides a new route to construct the hydrophilic molecularly imprinted materials and a new sight on developing more effective sample pretreatment strategies for monitoring targeted pollution in complicated aqueous media.

Pompon mum-like ionic covalent organic framework nanocomposites for efficient solid-phase extraction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Molecularly imprinted ionic covalent organic framework nanocomposites (MI-IC-COF@SnO2) were prepared as potential adsorbents for the enhanced adsorption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from aqueous solution. The resulting material exhibited a pompon mum-like structure, featuring a large surface area, and well-defined mesopores. The presence of uniform positive ions within the three-dimensional skeleton of MI-IC-COF@SnO2 facilitated a rapid adsorption rate and high adsorption capacity for target analytes. Thermodynamic fitting revealed the adsorption process of NSAIDs to be feasible, endothermic, and spontaneous. Additionally, the adsorbent material exhibited respectable selectivity, as evidenced by imprinting factor values ranging from 2.8 to 6.7. Utilizing MI-IC-COF@SnO2 as the sorbent, a solid-phase extraction method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (SPE-HPLC-UV) was developed and optimized. The proposed method demonstrated good linear range with determination coefficients of 0.998–0.999, and low limit of detection (0.18–1.35 µg L−1). Recoveries of NSAIDs in urine and river water samples were 78.1 %–106.1 %, with relative standard deviations lower than 12.5 %. This rapid and sensitive method enables the determination of NSAIDs at trace levels in complex matrices, providing reliable and reproducible results.