Liquefied Petroleum Gas Tank Research Articles

Strength Performance Evaluations of Vehicle Cylindrical LPG Tanks

This study aims to examine and compare the strength performances of vehicle cylindrical liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tanks produced and used in Turkey, taking into account European and Turkish Standards. The LPG tanks were subjected to burst and fatigue tests to explore their burst pressures and fatigue performances using both experimental and computer aided techniques. To investigate the strength of the tanks, a universal test bench was developed and calibrated for use in both burst and fatigue tests. The obtained experimental results in terms of burst and fatigue failure locations for each brand of tank are compared with the results obtained using finite element based simulations. Visual solid models in 3D were drawn in SolidWorks and then ANSYS software was used to perform Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations on those LPG cylinders to obtain the results, such as stresses, deformations, burst and fatigue failure locations. As a result of this comparison, it has been observed that some brands of cylindrical LPG tanks are more durable and safe for use in vehicles. Since the same standard requirements and the same commercial material are used in LPG tank production, it is revealed that some companies need to reconsider their design, manufacturing and especially welding processes. The results of this independent and objective study can also be used as a warning for LPG tank manufacturers and as a guide for their customers in choosing a safe product.

МЕТОДИКА БАЛЛЬНО-ФАКТОРНОЙ ОЦЕНКИ ЧАСТОТЫ ИНИЦИИРУЮЩИХ ПОЖАРООПАСНЫЕ СИТУАЦИИ СОБЫТИЙ ДЛЯ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ЕМКОСТЕЙ АВТОМОБИЛЬНОЙ ГАЗОЗАПРАВОЧНОЙ СТАНЦИИ

The purpose of the article is to develop a system for scoring the contributions of various technical and organizational measures to the magnitude of the risk of an accident based on existing approaches to the fire risk assessment at hazardous production facilities. To achieve the goal of the study and the formation of a score in cooperation with the organization operating the storage tanks of substances under pressure, a number of influencing factors were obtained. The following methods were applied in the work: analysis of hierarchies, comparison, analogy, study of documents and results of activities. The result of the work is the developed scoring system with groups of factors influencing the probability of an emergency and the resulting weight coefficients of the groups and the factors themselves. A method for point-factor estimation of the frequency of events initiating fire hazardous situations for underground liquefied petroleum gas tanks operated at gas filling stations is proposed. The results obtained can be used in assessing the fire risk for facilities where accidents can occur associated with the formation of an explosive and fire hazardous situation.

Consequence Analysis of An Industrial Accident at a Fuel Station

Major industrial accident is a type of technological disaster that may require extraordinary intervention in areas outside the facility, in addition to those affected within the facility. It causes damage to the environment and loss of life at the time it occurs or afterward. Studies to be carried out to prevent these accidents Zor to reduce their effects are important. In this study, a case study for the consequences of an industrial accident that may occur in a fuel station was analyzed. Firstly, possible accident scenarios were created by obtaining chemical, atmospheric and source data. The LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) storage tank (40m3) was considered in modeling a fuel station in the Korfez district of Kocaeli province, where the industry is dense in Turkey. The average atmospheric data of the province for the months of August and January were used to represent summer and winter conditions, respectively. Threat zones were produced with ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) software based on a release to atmosphere without burning, a jet fire as a result of a leak in the LPG tank and BLEVE scenarios. The two most dangerous scenarios were determined as a possible jet fire in August and a possible BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) in January. Overpressure effects were also obtained using the BST (Baker-Strehlow-Tang) method, thus ensuring the validation. With the software, the vapor cloud explosion distance as a result of the leak in August was obtained as 456m and 268m for the yellow (6.89kPa) and orange (24.13kPa) threat zones, respectively. Overpressure in an area of 500 meters was calculated as 5.06kPa with BST method. This calculated overpressure has the potential for damage that can lead to glass and window breakage in parallel with the ALOHA output. It has been determined that indirect injuries may occur to living beings.

Consequences analysis of the LPG tank truck traffic accident: A case study of the Wenling explosion accident

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a vital energy source as well as a chemical feedstock, known for its flammable and explosive property. The demand for LPG has increased in recent years, leading to the frequent occurrence of leaks and explosion accidents, which pose a serious threat to public safety. This paper investigates the process of the consequences evolution of leakage of LPG and explosion accidents, using the Wenling, Zhejiang, China, LPG tanker explosion accident as an example. The main explosive processes that occurred after the leak, i.e., Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) and Vapor Cloud Explosion (VCE), were reconstructed through the collection and organization of data from the incident. The EFFECTS software was used for the simulation of container rupture, vapor dispersion and explosion pressure. The simulation results were consistent with the actual on-site effects. Multi-energy TNO method was used to measure the impact of VCE on overpressure hazards. This resulted in a blast energy of 3.1 × 105 MJ and a staff wound radius of 324 m. Based on the site's terrain and traffic route layout, measures were proposed to install protective walls around the turnaround area. Effective measures were taken to reduce the range and intensity of the explosion and thus to mitigate the consequences of the accident. This measure reduced the damage radius of the accident by 25.6%. This work will serve as a reference for investigation, analysis, scenario development and recommendations to prevent accidents.

Dynamic Process and Damage Evaluation Subject to Explosion Consequences Resulting from a LPG Tank Trailer Accident

The involvement of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which is highly combustible and explosive, greatly increases risk in road transport. A 3D numerical model was conducted in FLACS, which depicts the dynamic process and variation of combined effects along the multi-directions of LPG explosion under an actual case. With the simulation of scenarios, power-law explosion and fireball models were used to reproduce the results, and the dynamic evolution of specific parameters during the LPG explosion process was analyzed. The results reveal that the LPG explosion’s expansion around the expressway moved along the spaces between obstacles, while conditions at the site of the accident had an enhancement effect on LPG/air mixture accumulation. The propagation trajectory of the shock wave in the horizontal direction presented a regular circle within 623.73 ms, and the overpressure was enough to lead to extensive damage to surrounding structures. Further, shock wave-driven overpressure brought hazards to buildings further afield with multiple peak values. The influence of the LPG explosive fireball evolution is significantly reflected in the injury range of the heat flux; the maximum diameter of the on-site fireball eventually extended to 148.19 m. In addition, the physical effect indicated that the turbulence intensity induced by the surrounding buildings in the accident site significantly promoted the interaction between the shock wave and flame propagation. This research proposes a detailed analysis of damage coupling characteristics caused by an LPG tank trailer explosion integrated with a FLACS-mirrored model, which are useful for blast-resistant design and disposal planning under similar accidental circumstances.

Simulation of scenario characteristics of LPG tank explosion accident and its contribution to emergency planning: A case study

Leakage and explosion of hazardous chemicals during road transportation can cause serious building damage and casualties, and adoption of highly-efficient emergency rescue measures plays a critical role in reducing accidental hazards. Considering a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) transport tanker explosion accident that occurred in Wenling, Zhejiang Province, China on June 13, 2020 as example, this study proposes a risk assessment framework. This framework recreates the leakage and explosion of the accident process using FLACS v10.9, suggests plans for evacuation, describes the rescue areas of different levels, and explores the influence of environmental factors on the evacuation and rescue areas. The results show that simulated and predicted distributions of fuel vapour cloud concentration and explosion overpressure can provide a reference basis for rapid rescue activities; the characterization of the dynamic effects of wind speed, wind direction, and temperature with respect to the evacuation and rescue areas can be used as theoretical support for on-site adjustment of rescue forces. The role of obstacles can prevent the expansion of the evacuation areas under low wind-speed conditions, and the presence of highly congested obstacles determines the level of the rescue area. The results obtained are important for the risk analysis and the development of emergency rescue measures in case of explosion accidents associated with transportation of hazardous chemicals on high-hazard and high-sensitive road sections.

LPG stored at the wildland–urban interface: recent events and the effects of jet fires and BLEVE

Background Jet fires and boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions (BLEVEs) are potential events when a vessel containing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is exposed to fire. Events involving domestic LPG tanks have occurred at wildland–urban interface areas in Portugal, the USA, Spain and Greece. Aims Evaluation of the pressure relief device (PRD), the type of cylinder and the effects of jet fires and BLEVEs. Methods LPG cylinders manufactured with steel and composite materials were exposed to fire. Hydrostatic tests were carried out to compare the burst pressure without fire influence. Fourteen accidents that occurred during wildfires are described. Key results The presence of a PRD and the right choice of type of cylinder as well as cylinder location may avert major accidents. The jet fires and fireball radiation are also described, as well as the maximum distance reached by cylinder fragments. Conclusions The tests showed that the burst pressure in the test of a cylinder without PRD under fire was significantly lower when compared with the hydrostatic tests. Implications Lastly, recommendations to avoid accidents are made.

Investigations on vapor cloud explosion hazards and critical safe reserves of LPG tanks

To clarify vapor cloud explosion hazards in process industries and strengthen emergency treatment measures, a full-scale liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tank model was established using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Also, gas dispersion behavior and explosion hazards under different leakage characteristics were investigated and LPG safe reserves reasonably predicted. The results showed that heavy gas expansion near the ground mainly moved along gaps between structural congestions, while continuous large-scale congestion had significant enhancement effects on gas expansion and concentration accumulation. When an LPG cloud with nonuniform concentration ignited, the turbulent flame impacted the diluted explosive cloud at high speed, resulting in more serious consequences. When LPG leakage exceeded 300 s and the aperture greater than 10 mm, the hazard zone (Pc > 2 kPa) sharply increased and therefore considered to be the key factor in controlling explosion hazards. The LPG safe reserve varied little under low protection distance (Rp) and critical overpressure (Pc), but increased exponentially when Rp and Pc exceeded 200 m and 20 kPa, respectively. The present research conclusions provided a theoretical reference for emergency disposal, disaster assessment, and reserve safety design of LPG leakage and explosion accidents.

Cooling effect characteristic of the novel half-cycle refrigeration system on a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fueled vehicle

• An experimental investigation of the harvested cooling effect in LPG-fueled vehicles was studied. • The cooling effect is calculated by considering the mixing ratio of water vapor in air. • Half-cycle refrigeration system contributes to the total engine efficiency of the vehicle. • EER of up to 21.06 was obtained by comparing the cooling effect ( q ̇ a ) and blower power ( w ̇ b ). This paper reports on the experimental investigation of the cooling effect harvested in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-fueled vehicles. The heat required to vaporize the LPG in a vaporizer, which was originally transferred by the engine coolant, was replaced by air flow. The fuel line was modified by adding an evaporator equipped with an expansion valve between the LPG tank and regulator. The no-load tests were carried out on a Daihatsu 1945 cc engine at 1000, 2000, and 3000 rpm with three different levels of air mass flow rate obtained through the setting of the electric blower switch. The LPG consumption was determined by the engine load instead of being regulated by an external valve. By considering the air temperature and humidity mixing ratio ( X ), a cooling effect of 0.89 kJ‧s −1 was achieved at an LPG mass flow rate of 0.407 g‧s −1 . This represents the fuel consumption of a 1495 cc engine at 3000 rpm and reduces the temperature to approximately 14 °C. The energy efficiency ratio of the half-cycle refrigeration system in LPG-fueled vehicles was also reported, which ranged from 6.77 to 21.06 for LPG mass flow rates of 0.139–0.407 g‧s −1 and air mass flow rates of 0.049–0.062 kg‧s −1 . Although the cooling effect produced is lower than that of the primary air conditioning (AC) system (vapor compression system) in passenger and pick-up vehicles, it has potential as a secondary AC system when combined with the primary AC system through a hybrid system.

Spatial positioning robotic system for autonomous inspection of LPG tanks

PurposeAutomatic robots can improve the efficiency of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tank inspection and maintenance, but it is difficult to achieve high-precision spatial positioning and navigation on tank surfaces. The purpose of this paper is to develop a spatial positioning robotic system for tank inspection. The robot can accurately identify and track weld paths. The positioning system can complete robot’s spatial positioning on tank surfaces.Design/methodology/approachA tank inspection robot with curvature-adaptive transmission mechanisms is designed in this study. A weld path recognition method based on deep learning is proposed to accurately identify and extract weld paths. Integrated multiple sensors, the positioning system is developed to improve the robot’s spatial positioning accuracy. Experiments are conducted on a cylindrical tank to test weld seam tracking accuracy and spatial positioning performance of the robotic system. The practicality of the robotic system is then verified in field tests.FindingsThe robot can accurately identify and track weld seams with a maximum drift angle of 4° and a maximum offset distance of ±30 mm. The positioning system has excellent positioning accuracy and stability. The maximum angle and height errors are 3° and 0.08 m, respectively.Originality/valueThe positioning system can improve the autonomous performance of inspection robots and solve the problems of weld path recognition and spatial positioning. Application of the robotic system can promote the automatic inspection and maintenance of LPG tanks.

Household Air Pollution Concentrations after Liquefied Petroleum Gas Interventions in Rural Peru: Findings from a One-Year Randomized Controlled Trial Followed by a One-Year Pragmatic Crossover Trial.

Background:Household air pollution (HAP) from biomass fuel combustion remains a leading environmental risk factor for morbidity worldwide.Objective:Measure the effect of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) interventions on HAP exposures in Puno, Peru.Methods:We conducted a 1-y randomized controlled trial followed by a 1-y pragmatic crossover trial in 180 women age 25–64 y. During the first year, intervention participants received a free LPG stove, continuous fuel delivery, and regular behavioral messaging, whereas controls continued their biomass cooking practices. During the second year, control participants received a free LPG stove, regular behavioral messaging, and vouchers to obtain LPG tanks from a nearby distributor, whereas fuel distribution stopped for intervention participants. We collected 48-h kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter (), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO) at baseline and 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months post randomization.Results:Baseline (kitchen area concentrations vs. ; personal exposure vs. ), CO (kitchen vs. ; personal vs. ), and BC (kitchen vs. ; personal vs. ) were similar between control and intervention participants. Intervention participants had consistently lower concentrations at the 12-month visit for kitchen (, , and ) and personal exposures (, , and ) to , BC, and CO when compared to controls during the first year. In the second year, we observed comparable HAP reductions among controls after the voucher-based intervention for LPG fuel was implemented (24-month visit , BC, and CO kitchen mean concentrations of , , and and personal exposures of , , and , respectively), and average reductions were present among intervention participants even after free fuel distribution stopped (24-month visit , BC, and CO kitchen mean concentrations of , , and and personal exposures of , , and , respectively).Discussion:Both home delivery and voucher-based provision of free LPG over a 1-y period, in combination with provision of a free LPG stove and longitudinal behavioral messaging, reduced HAP to levels below 24-h World Health Organization air quality guidelines. Moreover, the effects of the intervention on HAP persisted for a year after fuel delivery stopped. Such strategies could be applied in LPG programs to reduce HAP and potentially improve health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10054

Cause analysis and damage mechanism of explosive destruction with case investigation involving LPG tank trailer

Identifying causations and failure analysis at the onset holds a key to ensure LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) tank trailer transport safety state and prevent similar failures. Current study presents an unexpected accident by LPG tank trailer, which triggered a massive LPG dispersion and destructive explosion. After the post-accidental scene reconstruction by computational approach, the occurrence of pressurized tank burst and continuous dispersion were detected as an active failure analysis. Macroscopic investigation of the explosion phenomenon involving LPG tank trailer suggested that the causation was responsible for vapor cloud explosion. Hazardous parameters regarding the LPG release, dispersion, explosion shock wave and thermal radiation were represented to identify the mechanisms of potential damages by obtaining at multi-directional area. The visual graphics of flammable gaseous mixtures dispersion showed that the ambient factors imposed great influence on explosive energy reserve in different areas, which were not in accordance with the actual accident scene. The results revealed that the reflected and disturbed effects significantly increased the shock wave, causing more severe structural damage with dense obstacles and elevated flame. A large amount of released gaseous mixtures accumulated, resulting in much higher thermal intensity formed by fireball. This study proposed a failure analysis and classifications of LPG tank trailer accident by explosive destruction integrated with damage mechanism, which contributes to improve the hazard identifications and emergency response under LPG transportation accident sequences.

Investigation and modeling of the LPG tank truck accident in Wenling, China

In this study, the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) accident in Wenling, Zhejiang Province, China, on June 13, 2020, was analyzed and simulated. An LPG tank truck overturned and collided with the concrete guardrail; the subsequent explosion of the tank released 25.36 t LPG. Shortly afterward, the LPG tank was shot into the air, and the gas cloud ignited, thereby triggering a fire and vapor cloud explosion (VCE). This accident killed 20 people, injured 175 people, and caused significant property loss. The accident timeline was established based on multiple accident images, and the accident process was discussed in detail. The distribution of tank debris, evaporation and spreading of the LPG pool, dispersion of the LPG gas cloud, and VCE were simulated with the EFFECTS and ALOHA software. The images of the accident scene helped to determine and analyze the accident process. In the particular case in which a tank is shot into the air with a continuous two-phase jet, the actual flight distance of the tank is much greater than the prediction of the debris distribution model. The gas cloud distribution simulated with the SLAB model approximately corresponds to a major part of the severely damaged zone. In this accident, the TNO multi-energy method and ALOHA provide relatively consistent predictions with the actual building damage distribution when models use a specific confined explosive mass.

EVALUATION OF THERMAL INSULATION PERFORMANCE OF PERLITE EXPANDED PARTICLES

The aim of this work is to test the effectiveness of new thermal insulation material formed from semi-spherical Perlite expanded particles for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tanks. Five different samples of semi-spherical particles of (68.8, 90.4, 300.5, 1211000, 1861000) *10-9 m diameter are used as a new thermal insulating material in this work. To simulate the LPG tank wall, a stainless-steel plate of a thickness (3mm) is coated with this material and subjected to a resistive type flat plate heater. The thermal insulation coating thickness was (0.5mm to 2mm). This plate is subjected to different power loads namely (650, 1260 W/m2). Results show that increasing the insulation expanded particle size increases the difference in temperatures on both sides of the insulation layer. The first three sizes of the insulation material reported a temperature difference at both sides of the coating layer is about 18 oC, while that for the fourth and fifth size are 20 oC and 25 oC respectively since larger expanded particles size has higher air content that enables them to reduce and delay heat transfer. The thermal conductivity of coated thermal insulation with large Perlite particle size is (0.25 W/m.K), while that for small size is (0.42 W/m.K). The previously reported thermal conductivity for Silica granules is less than 0.4 W/(m.K)for insulation thickness of (50 mm), while that for binderless cotton stalk fiberboard (BCSF) is ranged from 0.0585 to 0.0815 W/m K for board thickness 25mm. The indicated thermal conductivity for coconut husk and bagasse insulation boards is 0.046 and 0.068 W/mK for board thickness 25mm. So utilizing Perlite expanded particles as an insulation material is superior since it is a slim layer not exceeded 2 mm.

Scheduling the periodic delivery of liquefied petroleum gas tank with time window by using artificial intelligence approaches: An example in Taiwan.

In Taiwan, liquefied petroleum gas tank users have to call a gas company to deliver a full liquefied petroleum gas tank when their tank is out of gas. The calls usually congest in the cooking time and the customers have to wait for a long time for a full liquefied petroleum gas tank. Additionally, allocating manpower is difficult for the gas company. A strategy of periodic delivery for gas companies was presented to deliver liquefied petroleum gas tanks in advance and charge the gas fee based on the weight of returned tanks. Additionally, a new encoding scheme was proposed and embedded into three evolutionary algorithms to solve the nondeterministic polynomial-hard problem. The objective of the problem is to minimize the total traveling distance of the vehicle such that the delivery efficiency of tanks increases and the waiting time of customer decreases. A new encoding scheme was presented to convert any random sequence of integers into a solution of the problem and embedded into three evolutionary algorithms, namely, immune algorithm, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization, to solve the delivery problem. Additionally, the encoding scheme can be used to different frequency types of demand based on customers' requests. Numerical results, including a practical example in Yunlin, Taiwan, were provided to show that the adopted approaches can significantly improve the efficiency of delivery. The periodic delivery strategy and the new encoding scheme can effectively solve the practical problem of liquefied petroleum gas tank in Taiwan.

Study of the situation deduction of a domino accident caused by overpressure in LPG storage tank area

The production and storage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is gradually becoming larger and more intensive, which greatly increases the risk of the domino effect of an explosion accident in a storage tank area while improving production and management efficiency. This paper describes the construction of the domino effect scene of an explosion accident in an LPG storage tank area, the analysis of the characteristics of the LPG tank explosion shock wave and the target storage tank failure, and the creation of an ANSYS numerical model to derive the development trend and expansion law of the domino accident in the LPG storage tank area. The research showed that: 400 m3 tank T1 explosion shock waves spread to T2, T4, T5, T3, and T6, and the tank overpressures of 303 kPa, 303 kPa, 172 kPa, 81 kPa, and 61 kPa respectively. The critical values of the target storage tank failure overpressure-range threshold were 70 kPa and 60 m. After the explosion of the initial unit T1 tank, at 38 ms, the T2 and T4 storage tanks failed and exploded; at 56 ms, the T5 storage tank exploded for the third time; at 82 ms, the T3 storage tank exploded for the fourth time; and at 102 ms, the T6 storage tank exploded for the fifth time. With the increase of explosion sources, the failure overpressure of the target storage tank increased, and the interval between explosions continuously shortened, which reflected the expansion effect of the domino accident. The domino accident situation deduction in the LPG storage tank area provided a scientific basis for the safety layout, accident prevention and control, emergency rescue, and management of a chemical industry park.

Improved quantitative risk model for integrity management of liquefied petroleum gas storage tanks: Mathematical basis, and case study

AbstractChemical, petrochemical, and refinery sectors have been facing tougher safety, environmental and mechanical integrity regulations as well as challenges associated with the need for cost reduction to improve competitiveness. Risk‐based Inspection (RBI) is a cost‐effective approach to manage operational risks by making an informed decision on inspection frequency, extent of inspections, and types of non‐destructive testing. This paper presents a comprehensive practical risk model that can simulate all components of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tanks, that is, roof, shell, nozzles, and bottom plates. The probability of failure (PoF) model was developed based on failure frequency data from four different sources to determine the adequate general failure frequencies, moreover, it addresses the fatigue effect due to cyclic loading. Reviewing past losses of containment incidents revealed that fires and explosion are the most likely outcomes, therefore, this risk model introduced area affected consequence of failure (CoF) simulation. The CoF model addresses all the main components of the LPG tank and deploys a practical gas dispersion model to estimate the vapor cloud explosion (VCE) and flash fire consequence affected areas. Furthermore, modified mass release equations are presented to account for the decline in the release rate with time to determine the pool fire area and leak duration. Consequence areas are determined based on serious personnel injuries and component damage from thermal radiation and explosions. To validate the risk model, a proof of concept assessment was performed on seven tanks.

Use of liquefied petroleum gas in Puno, Peru: Fuel needs under conditions of free fuel and near-exclusive use

Reducing the burden of household air pollution could be achieved with exclusive adoption of cleaner fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). However, we lack understanding of how much LPG is required to support exclusive use and how household characteristics affect this quantity. This paper used data from 90 participants in the Cardiopulmonary outcomes and Household Air Pollution (CHAP) trial in Puno, Peru who received free LPG deliveries for one year. Households with a mean of four members that cooked nearly exclusively (>98%) with LPG used an average of 19.1kg (95% CI 18.5 to 19.6) of LPG per month for tasks similar to those done with the traditional biomass stove. LPG use per month was 0.5kg higher for each additional pig or dog owned (p=0.003), 0.7kg higher for each additional household member (p<0.001), 0.3kg higher for households in the second-lowest compared to the lowest wealth quintile (p=0.01), and 1.1kg higher if the household had previously received subsidized LPG (p=0.05). LPG use per month was 1.1kg lower during the rainy season (p<0.001) and 1.7kg lower during the planting season (p<0.001) compared to the cold and harvest seasons, despite the fact that LPG was not typically used for space heating. LPG use decreased by 0.05kg per month over the course of one year after receiving the LPG stove (p=0.02). These results suggest that achieving exclusive LPG use in Puno, Peru requires that rural residents have affordable access to an average of two 10kg LPG tanks per month. Conducting similar investigations in other countries could help policymakers set and target LPG subsidies to ensure that households have access to enough LPG to achieve exclusive LPG use and the potential health benefits.

Thermal radiation calculation of complex surface based on Triangulation and Gauss Integral Method

To solve the problem of thermal radiation in complex geometric scenes, a finite element method based on Delaunay triangulation and three-point Gauss integral is proposed. The calculated value is compared with model existing theoretical solution of view factor, and the results show that the errors are within 3%. The method is applied to calculate the thermal radiation of combustion between adjacent liquefied petroleum gas tanks. The geometric model of conical flame and adjacent spherical tanks is also established. The result shows the maximum heat flux received by adjacent spherical tanks is 11.3 kW/m2 when the flame temperature is 1470 K without wind.

Design of explosion-proof control system for liquefied gas tank leakage based on data fusion

Aiming at the problems of low system efficiency and high energy consumption of nodes in the current explosion-proof control system for liquefied gas tank leakage, a data fusion-based explosion-proof control system for liquefied gas tank leakage is designed. The function design of the explosion-proof control system for liquefied gas tank leakage is completed through personal information management, authority management, basic data management, detection and alarm design and control design. In software design, data fusion algorithm is used to fuse the underlying data of the system, which saves data traffic and ensures the normal functioning of the mobile terminal. The specific step is to use the local estimation of each independent sensor in the multi-sensor network, give each sensor a weighted value according to the approximation of the true value, and finally integrate all local estimates to get the whole system. Through function design and software design, the design of explosion-proof control system for liquefied petroleum gas tank leakage is realized. The experimental results show that the system has the advantages of low node energy consumption and high system efficiency.