Liquefied Petroleum Gas Sensor Research Articles

Polyaniline/Cu2ZnSnS4 heterojunction based room temperature LPG sensor

Polyaniline/Cu2ZnSnS4 (PANI/CZTS) hetrojunction is fabricated by electrodepositing PANI on spray deposited CZTS film. The PANI/CZTS hetrojunction is characterized for its structural and surface morphological properties by X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Forward biased PANI/CZTS heterojunction is used for detecting liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at room temperature. The maximum LPG response of 79 % is observed for 780 ppm of LPG with 120 and 125 s response and recovery time periods, respectively with 92.6 % sensing stability.

Solution-based Spin Cast Processed Polypyrrole/Niobium Pentoxide Nanocomposite as Room Temperature Liquefied Petroleum Gas Sensor

In the present work, fabrication of polypyrrole (PPy)/niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) nanocomposite as room temperature liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensing device is reported. Nb2O5 nanoparticles were combined with PPy via chemical polymerization to obtain PPy/Nb2O5 nanocomposite structure and was characterized for structural and morphological studies by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Then, the nanocomposites were chemically processed and coated on easily available glass substrate to obtain a film of the composite by cost-effective spin coating technique and a sensing response of 38.125% was observed at 500 ppm of LPG at room temperature with a response time of 75 s and recovery time of 98 s. The sensing mechanism is discussed with the help of energy band diagram.

Fabrication of lanthanum ferrite based liquefied petroleum gas sensor

In present investigation, lanthanum ferrite was synthesized by citrate–nitrate auto-combustion route. The prepared material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. X-ray diffraction study confirmed the formation of lanthanum ferrite nanocomposite and its average crystallite size was found to be 40nm. Surface morphology of the sensing material showed the uniform distribution of particles of lanthanum ferrite with large number of pores. These pores act as gas adsorption sites. The optical band gap of the nanocomposite was found to be 4.18eV. The maximum percentage sensor response for lanthanum ferrite was observed to be 394.

Morphology-inspired low-temperature liquefied petroleum gas sensors of indium oxide

Low-temperature wet chemical method has been applied to produce indium oxide (In2O3) nanostructures viz. cracked-cubes and the maize-corns which were then employed for their structure, morphology and surface-related measurements and finally envisaged in detection of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at different temperatures and concentrations. At 1000ppm LPG, cracked-cube-based In2O3 sensor demonstrated lower operating temperature (135°C) and gas sensitivity (44.35%) than the maize-corn-type (155°C, 36.51%). Except moderate difference in sensitivity there was negligible difference in response and recovery periods.

A review Report on Nanostructured Ferrites as Liquefied Petroleum Gas Sensor

<p>The present review paper reports the synthesis methods, status, prospects for further development, and sensing<br />applications of spinel ferrites. It introduces the inspiration of the nanostructured ferrites as gas sensors. It also explains<br />the types of gas sensors, sensing mechanism and requirement of liquefied petroleum gas sensor.</p>

Fabrication of Cu/Pd bimetallic nanostructures with high gas sorption ability towards development of LPG sensor

A one-step synthesis of bimetallic Cu/Pd nanorods with rod's diameter ∼3 nm and their length in the range 10–15 nm is presented. The average size, size distribution, surface morphology and structure of the bimetallic Cu/Pd have been determined by transmission electron microscope (TEM), acoustic particle sizer (APS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Further, thin films of bimetallic Cu/Pd nanostructures have been fabricated via spin-coating method. Fabricated films are, then, investigated for humidity and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensors for the first time. The sensitivity and sensor response of the films towards the LPG are found better in comparison to the humidity. The investigated sensing parameters demonstrate that the fabricated LPG sensor using Cu/Pd bimetallic nanostructures is challenging for the detection of LPG at room temperature.

Titania Prepared by Ball Milling: Its Characterization and Application as Liquefied Petroleum Gas Sensor

Present article reports the liquefied petroleum gas sensing of TiO2 obtained through ball milling. The milled powder was characterized by XRD, TEM, and UV-visible. Further the ball-milled powder was compressed into a pellet using hydraulic press. This pellet was investigated with the exposure of LPG. Variations in resistance with exposure of LPG to the sensing pellet were recorded. The sensitivity of the sensor was ∼ 11 for 5 vol.% of LPG. Response and recovery times of the sensor were ∼ 100 and 250 s. The sensor was quite sensitive to LPG and results were found reproducible within ±91%.

Frontal polymerization of acrylamide complex with nanostructured ZnS and PbS: Their characterizations and sensing applications

In the present communication, thermal frontal polymerization (TFP) technique has been employed for the synthesis of ZnS/polyacrylamide and PbS/polyacrylamide nanocomposites. In order to understand the sensitivity of these polymeric nanocomposites towards the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), the sensing surfaces have been scanned using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and atomic force microscope. X-ray diffraction reveals the formation of ZnS/polyacrylamide and PbS/polyacrylamide nanocomposites. Solid state pellets have been prepared under uniaxial pressure and temporal variation of electrical resistance has been recorded for different concentrations of LPG at room temperature (27°C). The effect of the surface morphologies on the response of the fabricated device is the focus of the investigation. Better sensitivity and sensor response, small response and recovery times, and long term stability promise to PbS/polyacrylamide as a better LPG sensor in comparison to ZnS/polyacrylamide.

Fabrication of self-assembled hierarchical flowerlike zinc stannate thin film and its application as liquefied petroleum gas sensor

In the present communication, hierarchical flowerlike zinc stannate architectures have been fabricated using sol–gel spin coating process. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of zinc stannate with minimum crystallite size ∼7nm. The particle size distribution was determined with the help of acoustic spectroscopy using acoustic particle sizer (APS-100). Surface morphology exhibits the formation of porous hierarchical structure having a number of gas adsorption sites. Optical characterizations were recorded using UV–visible absorption spectroscopy and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. Thermal properties were studied using a hot disk thermal constants analyzer (TPS-500). Further, the fabricated thin film was investigated with the exposure of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at room temperature (25°C). The maximum sensitivity of the sensor was found 2.5. The response and recovery times were found ∼180 and 240s, respectively. Maximum percentage sensor response of the sensor was 143. Improved sensitivity and percentage sensor response, small response time and good reproducibility identify that the fabricated LPG sensor is challenging for the detection of LPG at room temperature.

CdS nanowires with PbS nanoparticles surface coating as room temperature liquefied petroleum gas sensor

Room temperature chemical method was used to surface coat PbS nanoparticles onto CdS nanowires to get high surface area nano-heterojunction. This high surface architecture was exposed to sense liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at room temperature (27°C) which is an advantage to adsorb and de-adsorb LPG molecules easily by penetrating from top to bottom. At room temperature, the formed nano-heterojunction exhibited gas response more than 60% upon 1200ppm exposure to of LPG with faster response and recovery time as 120 and 105s, respectively. The formed device showed stable response of 93% for 10 days.

Synthesis of Copper Titanate Nanocomposite via Sol–Gel Method and Its Application as Liquefied Petroleum Gas Sensor

Synthesis of Copper Titanate Nanocomposite via Sol–Gel Method and Its Application as Liquefied Petroleum Gas Sensor

Chemically deposited cubic structured CdO thin films: Use in liquefied petroleum gas sensor

Cadmium oxide (CdO) thin films have been synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The deposition is carried out at room temperature (300K). The surface morphology of the CdO thin films showed interconnected prism-like structure. The CdO thin films are oriented along (111) plane with the cubic crystal structure. The sensing properties of nanostructured CdO thin films have been studied for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at operating temperature of 573K. The CdO thin films exhibited maximum gas response of 44% upon the LPG exposure of 1040ppm.

Polymer-matrix nanocomposite gas-sensing materials

A new approach has been proposed for producing nanocomposite gas-sensing materials: in situ preparation of a polymer matrix and metal sulfide or oxide nanoparticles through the frontal polymerization of Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) acrylamide complexes. The composition and structure of the nanocomposites thus obtained have been determined using X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The nanocomposites have been tested as room-temperature liquefied petroleum gas sensors.

Nanostructured ZnFe2O4 thick film as room temperature liquefied petroleum gas sensor

In the present work, thick film of nanostructured zinc ferrite was prepared by screen printing method and its liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensing properties were investigated. The structural and surface morphological characterisations of the sample were analysed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The minimum crystallite size of ZnFe2O4 calculated from Scherrer's formula is found to be 4 nm. SEM images exhibit the porous nature of the sensing material with a number of active sites. Optical characterisation of the film was carried out by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer. The estimated value of band gap of the film was found 1.91 eV. The LPG sensing properties of the zinc ferrite film were investigated at room temperature for different vol.% of LPG. The variations in electrical resistance of the film were measured with the exposure of LPG as a function of time. The maximum values of sensitivity and percentage sensor response were found 16 and 1785, respectively, for 5 vol.% of LPG. These experimental results show that nanostructured zinc ferrite is a promising material for LPG sensor.

PEDOT:PSS shell on CdS nanowires: Room temperature LPG sensor

Nanoheterojunctions between p-PEDOT:PSS and n-CdS were fabricated by using simple chemical method at room temperature (27°C) on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate. The thin layer of commercially available poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene: poly (styrene sulfonic acid)) (PEDOT:PSS) shell was formed on CdS nanowires by dip-coating method. This formed nanoheterojunction was used as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor at room temperature. The formed nanoheterojunction network with porous and high surface area enables enough space to adsorb and de-adsorb gas molecules easily and showed the gas response of 58.9% under the exposure of LPG (900ppm). The results demonstrate that the shell configuration of p-PEDOT:PSS on n-CdS nanowires to form nanoheterojunction which provides a facile and compatible frame for the potential applications as a LPG sensors which can operate at room temperature.

Synthesis and characterization of CuO–SnO2 nanocomposite and its application as liquefied petroleum gas sensor

Present paper reports the synthesis of CuO–SnO2 nanocomposite via sol–gel route as a sensing material for a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of CuO–SnO2 nanocomposite. Crystallite size was found 5nm. The optical band gap of the nanocomposite was found 4.1eV. The thin/thick films were fabricated using spin coating and screen printing technology respectively and investigated with the exposition of LPG at room temperature (25°C). Surface morphology of the thin film exhibits that it has a number of gas adsorption sites. The sensitivities of the thick and thin film sensors were found 4.1 and 42 respectively. The response and recovery times of the fabricated film sensor were 180 and 200s respectively. Maximum sensor response of thin film sensor was found 4100. Better sensitivity and percentage sensor response, small response and recovery times, and good reproducibility and stability recognize the fabricated thin film of CuO–SnO2 as a challenging material for the detection of LPG.

Fabrication of iron titanium oxide thin film and its application as opto-electronic humidity and liquefied petroleum gas sensors

Abstract Present paper explores the synthesis, characterization, and opto-electronic humidity as well as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensing applications of iron titanium oxide nanocomposite. Thin film of iron titanium oxide was deposited on an equilateral borosilicate glass prism using sol–gel spin coating process. X-ray diffraction reveals the formation of iron titanium oxide having minimum crystallite size 9 nm. The opto-electronic humidity sensing properties of the fabricated film were investigated at different angles of incidence of the light. It was observed that the intensity of reflected light increased with an increase in relative humidity (%RH) in the range 5–95. The fabricated film shows maximum sensitivity 4.5 μW/%RH, which is quite significant for sensor fabrication purposes. The maximum percentage sensor response for LPG was found 2600 which is many folds more than the earlier reported titania based LPG sensor.

Synthesis of Mn substituted CuFe2O4 nanoparticles for liquefied petroleum gas sensor applications

Manganese substituted copper ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by evaporation method using metal nitrates and egg white for gas sensor application. The analysis methods of XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM and VSM were used to characterize the ferrite nanoparticles. Through the characterization of the prepared powder, the effect of annealing temperature, chemical composition and preparation technique on the microstructure, magnetization and the particle size of the Mn–Cu ferrite nanoparticles are discussed. XRD results clearly show that the lattice parameter and crystallite size are increased with annealing temperature. The average crystallite sizes of the samples are in the range ∼17–55nm. SEM photograph of the sample shows the shape of the particles is almost spherical. Particle size and the microstructure of the sample annealed at 900°C have been visualized by TEM. The quantitative analysis of EDX spectrum results that the relative atomic ratio of manganese substituted CuFe2O4 is close to the expected values. The effect of annealing temperature on the magnetic properties of the samples is analyzed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Due to the pure ferrite nature of the sample, the as-burnt sample has high value of saturation magnetization (Ms=43.41emu/g) than the annealed samples. Furthermore, conductance response of Mn–Cu ferrite nanomaterial was measured by exposing the material to reducing gas like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) which showed a sensor response of 0.2 at an optimum operating temperature of 250°C.

Gas sensing properties of hydrothermally grown ZnO nanorods with different aspect ratios

ZnO nanorods (ZNRs) with different aspect ratios were grown on seeded glass substrates by hydrothermal method. The influence of concentration of zinc precursor (zinc nitrate) in the solution on the formation of ZNRs was studied. Photoluminescence (PL) studies revealed the enhanced defect related emission with increasing aspect ratio of ZNRs. LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) sensing properties of ZNRs with different aspect ratios were studied. The ZNRs with high aspect ratio have shown significantly better LPG sensing performance than ZNRs with low aspect ratio. The LPG response of ZNRs was studied by varying gas concentration from 250 to 2000ppm at operating temperature 350°C. The relationship between PL and LPG sensing properties of ZNRs is established. Our results demonstrate that hydrothermally grown vertically aligned ZNRs arrays are promising for the fabrication of cost effective and high performance LPG sensor.

Hematite nanostructures: Morphology-mediated liquefied petroleum gas sensors

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensors of hematite nanostructures viz. nanoparticles, nanoparticle-chains and nanorods, chemically synthesized from iron nitrate, sulfate and chloride precursors, respectively, in presence of urea as pH regulating agent are explored. These nanostructures were examined for their structures and morphologies. The Hematite morphology has an impact on crystal structure, Raman shift and charge transfer resistance value. On the basis of results presented herein, we proposed an importance of hematite nanostructures as a sensing material for the LPG sensors. Superior LPG sensor sensitivity of nanoparticles-chains (77.89%) over nanoparticles (68%) and nanorods (58.80%) at 1000ppm LPG gas levels are imply that the hematite nanostructure (surface area) plays an important role in mediating charge transfer reaction.