Liquefied Petroleum Gas Leakage Research Articles

Ultra-sensitive liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor based on monometallic Ag nanospheres synthesized via microwave-assisted facile approach

We present the synthesis, analysis, and utility of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilized monometallic silver nanospheres for liquefied petroleum gas sensing at room temperature. We have synthesised silver nanospheres (Ag-NSs) in the diameter range of 13–21 nm using a microwave assisted method, which is both easy and fast, because microwave irradiation only takes 30 s. A solution of 0.1 M silver nitrate (AgNO3) in an ethanolic medium was microwave-irradiated to produce Ag-NSs. PVP was used as a stabilising agent throughout the process. Spin coating method was used to produce thin films of synthesised monometallic Ag-NSs. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), acoustic particle sizer (APS), UV–visible absorption (UV–visible) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used for characterising Ag-NSs. Based on the acoustic attenuation of the prepared sample, the acoustic particle sizer estimated the diameter of Ag-NSs to be around 17 nm. The deposited films were examined for LPG leakage detection at ambient temperature. This is the first report on monometallic Ag-NSs for leakage detection of LPG at room temperature operation below its lower explosive limit (LEL). The significant finding of the developed sensor is that it prompts the quick response (∼16 s) and recovery (∼64 s) as Ag enhances the reaction rate between the sensing film surface and adsorbed LPG, thereby, augments the sensitivity of sensor even below LEL. Moreover, the fabricated LPG sensor shows noteworthy reproducibility (measured up to six cycles) and stability up to 06 months after fabrication.

Gas leakage detection system for domestic and industrial applications

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a highly inflammable gas used as sources of energy in automobiles, industries and for domestic cooking. Disaster occurs when LPG leaks and is in contact with the source of fire which may claim lives and destroy properties. Hence, its early detection is essential for preventing disaster. This paper presented smart detection of LPG leakage in domestic homes and industries. The system consisted of MQ-2 gas sensor which sensed the presence of the gas in the air and sent signal to the Arduino micro controller. The micro-controller informed the embedded Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module to send message in form of Short Message Service (SMS) to the users to swing into action in a bid to prevent outbreak of fire. Performance tests carried out to evaluate the system showed the capability of the system to concurrently send SMS to different subscribers and produce audible alarm. It was also observed that SMS was sent to users in a timely and efficient manner. The system could be useful in residential homes and industrial premises for preventing fire hazards.

Design of LPG Leakage Detection Device using MQ-2 Sensor Equipped with Hazard Warning System

The use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as household fuel in Indonesia has increased because it has greater heating power and equipment efficiency than other fuels. LPG is flammable and can explode if a leakage occurs and is exposed to a fire source. Therefore, explosions can be anticipated by installing a gas leakage detector equipped with a danger warning feature called Tor-G (LPG Detector) based on the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller using an MQ-2 sensor with a buzzer and LED as a danger warning feature. Tor-G can detect when a gas leakage occurs and provides a danger signal in the form of a sound from a buzzer which can be heard several meters away by the homeowner so that an explosion can be anticipated quickly. This research carried out four tests: the sensor accuracy test, the sensor responsiveness test, the distance between the sensor and the leakage source test, and the responsiveness of the buzzer and LED test. The results of the tests show that the sensor only detects the LPG. The sensor readings are accurate since the value of Rs/Ro on the Tor-G is not much different from that of Rs/Ro on the datasheet, thus producing an error value in the 0% -0.08% range. The ideal installation position of the Tor-G is 75 cm from the gas cylinder and the danger warning system from the buzzer and red LED lights up within 18.88 seconds.

Integrated Approach to the Optimization, Synthesis, Fabrication, and Application of ZnO-Based Sensors for Portable LPG Leakage Detection Systems

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is used for cooking as well as in vehicles in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) and in industries. As gas is volatile, there is the possibility of leakage which will be turned into take explosion or fire. It is a keen need to use the detection system for gas leakage for security purposes. ZnO thick film sensor was synthesized and fabricated by using the standard screen-printing method. The XRD pattern revealed that the ZnO thick film was polycrystalline, with an average crystallite size of around 27.1174 nm. The SEM scan revealed a ZnO particle size of around 1.88�m. Additionally, electrical and thermal properties were examined. This paper discussed the synthesized ZnO thick film LPG gas leakage detector prototype using Arduino ATMEGA8.

Automatic LPG Gas Detection and Exhausting

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a main source of fuel, especially in urban areas because it is clean compared to firewood and charcoal. Gas leakage is a major problem in the industrial sector, residential premises, etc. Nowadays, home security has become a major issue because of increasing gas leakage. Gas leakage is a source of great anxiety with ateliers, residential areas and vehicles like Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), buses, and cars which are run on gas power. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a main source of fuel, especially in urban areas because it is clean compared to firewood and charcoal. Leakage of gas is a major issue in the industrial sector, residential buildings, and gas-powered vehicles such as CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) buses, cars, and other vehicles. Installing a gas leakage detection device at vulnerable locations is one of the preventive methods for preventing accidents caused by gas leaks. The goal of this project is to create a device that can detect, alert, and control gas leaks in vulnerable areas automatically. When the LPG concentration in the air reaches a certain level, the system detects LPG leakage with a gas sensor, activates the exhaust fan, and closes the gas valve automatically. Key Words: Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG), Compressed Natural Gas(CNG).

Consequences analysis of the LPG tank truck traffic accident: A case study of the Wenling explosion accident

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a vital energy source as well as a chemical feedstock, known for its flammable and explosive property. The demand for LPG has increased in recent years, leading to the frequent occurrence of leaks and explosion accidents, which pose a serious threat to public safety. This paper investigates the process of the consequences evolution of leakage of LPG and explosion accidents, using the Wenling, Zhejiang, China, LPG tanker explosion accident as an example. The main explosive processes that occurred after the leak, i.e., Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) and Vapor Cloud Explosion (VCE), were reconstructed through the collection and organization of data from the incident. The EFFECTS software was used for the simulation of container rupture, vapor dispersion and explosion pressure. The simulation results were consistent with the actual on-site effects. Multi-energy TNO method was used to measure the impact of VCE on overpressure hazards. This resulted in a blast energy of 3.1 × 105 MJ and a staff wound radius of 324 m. Based on the site's terrain and traffic route layout, measures were proposed to install protective walls around the turnaround area. Effective measures were taken to reduce the range and intensity of the explosion and thus to mitigate the consequences of the accident. This measure reduced the damage radius of the accident by 25.6%. This work will serve as a reference for investigation, analysis, scenario development and recommendations to prevent accidents.

Consequence modeling of liquefied petroleum gas accidental release from retail outlets in an African city residential environment

AbstractThe drive by the Nigerian government to increase the usage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) within the country has led to the rapid growth of refill stations without adherence to international safety and regulatory guidelines on gas handling. This has increased associated hazards such as explosions and fires leading to loss of life and damage to properties. This study employed the Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres software to model the consequences of explosion and fire due to accidental leakage of LPG into the environment in four selected locations in the Ilorin metropolis under four scenarios. The longest threat zones were observed in Scenario II in all the selected refill stations. The flammability hazard for gas station 1 was predicted to be 98 and 238 m for the red and yellow threat zones, respectively. For thermal radiation, the predicted threat zones are 17, 27, and 43 m for 10, 5, and 2 kW/m2, respectively. January was observed to have the longest threat zones, particularly in the flammability hazard which indicates the influence of atmospheric weather conditions on dispersion. To reduce the accidental release of LPG, continuous enlightenment on safety rules is mandatory for all.

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Explosion Dynamics of the Non-Uniform Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Air Mixture in a Channel with Mixed Obstacles

Mixed obstacles have a great influence on the deflagration process of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-air premixed combustible gas with concentration gradient. The arrangement of mixed obstacles may further stimulate overpressure and flame propagation. In this work, based on experimental and numerical simulations, this paper analyzes the flame and overpressure, and mainly studies the coupling relationship among the explosion overpressure characteristics, the structure of flame and the speed of flame propagation. The result shows that when the rectangular obstacle is 100 mm away from the ignition source, not only the speed of flame is the fastest, but also the time required to reach the maximum over-pressure is the shortest. In this configuration, an elongated flame is formed between a rectangular obstacle and a flat obstacle, and an obvious backflow structure appears. In addition, the average growth rate of overpressure has a minimum value, reaching at −35 MPa/s. The existence of rectangular obstacles further stimulates the overpressure. When the rectangular obstacle is 400 mm away from the ignition source, the maximum overpressure value is the highest among the four configurations. Besides, the time when the maximum area of flame appears in the simulation is almost the same as the time when the maximum overpressure is obtained. In addition, the average growth rate of overpressure increases significantly after touching the rectangular obstacle, which coincides with the mutation time of the front tip of the flame, overpressure and area of flame after the flame encounters the rectangular obstacle. This research has an important theoretical guiding significance for preventing LPG leakage and explosion accidents in a long and narrow space.

Investigations on vapor cloud explosion hazards and critical safe reserves of LPG tanks

To clarify vapor cloud explosion hazards in process industries and strengthen emergency treatment measures, a full-scale liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tank model was established using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Also, gas dispersion behavior and explosion hazards under different leakage characteristics were investigated and LPG safe reserves reasonably predicted. The results showed that heavy gas expansion near the ground mainly moved along gaps between structural congestions, while continuous large-scale congestion had significant enhancement effects on gas expansion and concentration accumulation. When an LPG cloud with nonuniform concentration ignited, the turbulent flame impacted the diluted explosive cloud at high speed, resulting in more serious consequences. When LPG leakage exceeded 300 s and the aperture greater than 10 mm, the hazard zone (Pc > 2 kPa) sharply increased and therefore considered to be the key factor in controlling explosion hazards. The LPG safe reserve varied little under low protection distance (Rp) and critical overpressure (Pc), but increased exponentially when Rp and Pc exceeded 200 m and 20 kPa, respectively. The present research conclusions provided a theoretical reference for emergency disposal, disaster assessment, and reserve safety design of LPG leakage and explosion accidents.

Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in a Typical Industrial Area in Dongguan During Periods of Ozone and Non-ozone Pollution in Summer

To investigate the characteristics and sources of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a typical industrial zone in Dongguan, 56 VOCs species were continuously measured in Houjie Town of Dongguan in summer of 2020. In addition, mass concentrations of O3, NOx, and CO and meteorological data were synchronously collected. Then, characteristics of total VOCs and major species, the contributions of major VOCs species to ozone formation potential (OFP), and source apportionment of VOCs under the different ozone concentrations were discussed. The mean mixing ratio of VOCs was 53.1×10-9 including aromatics (24.7×10-9), alkanes (23.7×10-9), alkenes (3.9×10-9), and alkynes (0.7×10-9). The mean mixing ratios of aromatics, alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes increased approximately 10%, 43%, 38%, and 98% during the period of ozone pollution, respectively, compared with those during the period of non-ozone pollution. Aromatics contributed the most to OFP during the periods of both ozone pollution and non-ozone pollution, followed by alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Solvent sources, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) leakage, fossil fuel combustion, and hydrocarbon volatilization were resolved using the PMF model, which accounted for 60%±20%, 16%±11%, 15%±11%, and 9%±6% of total VOCs, respectively. During the period of ozone pollution, the contribution of solvent sources to the total VOCs decreased to 44%, whereas that of LPG leakage and hydrocarbon volatilization increased to 21% and 16%, respectively.

Study on the characteristic of boiling expansion process of superheated LPG and its vapor cloud explosion

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is stored in liquid form under high pressure conditions. Once the tank fails, LPG will leak in gaseous form hundreds of times its liquid volume. LPG inside the storage tank will undergo a violent boiling process leading to pressure rebound in the tank. In serious cases, boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) will happen. And the leaking LPG will mix with air to form a flammable vapor cloud that can explode. Therefore, it is necessary to study the violent boiling process inside the LPG vessel after rupture, the leakage diffusion process in the surrounding environment and the vapor cloud explosion process. In this paper, CFD software FLUENT was used to conduct numerical simulation of the inter-phase transfer of mass and heat inside the vessel when LPG leakage happens, and the transient pressure inside the vessel was analyzed. The results obtained from the simulation are in good agreement with the experimental data under the same conditions which provides the validity verification of the phase transition during boiling process of LPG. A three-dimensional numerical model of LPG release process after the failure of a cylindrical vessel was established. The realizable k-ε model and eddy-dissipation model were used to simulate the explosion process of LPG after the release. The pressure, temperature and thermal radiation distribution of the explosion flow field were obtained so the damage range of LPG after explosion can be analyzed, which has certain guiding significance for the risk assessment of LPG.

Battery-operated resistive sensor based on electrochemically exfoliated pencil graphite core for room temperature detection of LPG

The present paper illustrates a description on material synthesis, sensor fabrication and electronic prototyping of a cost effective, reusable, stable and highly sensitive and selective device for the sensing and quantification of trace concentrations of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in ambient conditions. Conductive colloidal solution of graphene synthesized via electrochemical exfoliation of 9B pencil graphite core was used for sensing LPG at ppm levels in air. In comparison to other metal oxide semiconducting (MOS) materials, electrochemically exfoliated graphene is very well recognized owing to its very economic prices and abundant availability of its raw material i.e. graphite, ease of fabrication and simple modification techniques. A self-assembled network of exfoliated graphene successfully fabricated on flexible polymer substrate exhibited appreciably high sensitivity to inflammable LPG. The principal of operation of the present resistive LPG sensor relies on the variation in the electrical resistance of the self-embedded exfoliated graphene network on its exposure to the gaseous analyte i.e. LPG in a two-pole format. The degree of variation in electrical resistance of the sensitive film depends on the concentration of the LPG to which it is exposed. On the basis of this fact qualitative as well as quantitative detection of the LPG with sensor response of 24.5 % and response time of 18 s at sensing limit as low as 50 parts-per-million (ppm) is achieved. Experimental investigations unveiled a competent LPG sensor which can sense and compute LPG leakage with prolonged high constancy and reproducibility.

Modeling the consequences of gas leakage and explosion fire in liquefied petroleum gas storage tank in Istanbul technical university, Maslak campus

AbstractOne of the substances with high potential to cause damage that is used widely in chemical plants is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The aim of the present study is to model the consequences of leakage from a storage tank containing LPG using different scenarios. ALOHA software was used as one of the best modeling programs for identification of emergency responses required at the time of the gas leakage based on modeling results. According to ALOHA program modeling results, the area called TEEL‐3 was located within a distance of 187 m from the tank, and the threat to people in this area was determined. In case of LPG leakage from the storage tank, the concentration of LPG was about 2100 ppm which is equal to the lower explosive limit at the distance of 187 m. The consequences of combustion and explosion of LPG gas at a distance of 65 m from the storage tank were the most serious danger that threatens humans. This paper has an important role in modeling the harmful effects of the release of LPG and hazardous substances in different scenarios.

Perancangan Detektor Kebocoran Gas LPG Berbasis Arduino yang Terhubung dengan Smartphone

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) has become the fuel for cooking for most households in Indonesia. The use of LPG for cooking requires high level of caution, due to the danger that may arise from gas leakage. If the molecules of flammable LPG gas are present in the air at a certain concentration and there is a triggerring factor in the form of flame or sparks, explosion and fire may occur. To prevent disasters caused by a LPG gas leakage, the author proposed an Arduino-based LPG gas leak detector (GLD). The GLD is equipped with a MQ-2 gas sensor, capable of measuring the LPG concentration in air in units of parts per million (ppm). Based on the measurement result, the GLD provides an early warning of LPG leakage through 3 condition levels: Normal, Alert, and Danger. Each condition level is characterized by the activation of LED indicators, a miniature air circulation fan , and a buzzer. Alert warning is released when the sensor reads more than 400 ppm (2.05% of LPG Lower Explosive Level). Danger warning is given at 800 ppm (4.10% of LPG Lower Explosive Level) or higher reading. An HC-06 Bluetooth module creates a wireless connection between the GLD and a smartphone. Through an application created on Blynk platform, the smartphone can monitor the LPG concentration at a distance of 10 m from the GLD. The GLD is tested and succeeded to detect gases coming from an LPG cylinder and from a gas lighter. The GLD also runs perfectly for the designed early warning scheme.

HOME SAFETY: DESAIN KEAMANAN GAS LPG DENGAN SENSOR PENDETEKSI KEBOCORAN

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a diversion program undertaken by the government and become a modern household items today. The risk of the use of LPG is leakage of gas tube or gas hose. Gas leakage can couse explosion or fire resulting in many deaths and injuries. Governments have to disseminate the home safety of LPG and train how to mitigate household accident. This work aimed to minimize the possibility of fire and created a tool that is able to detect leakage of LPG using gas sensor and Arduino Uno. We create a mechanical design diagram as a model that illustrates the relationships between sub-systems. When the sensor detects the LPG gas, the system activates the relay and indicator lights. In addition, this tool can send SMS in case of leakage of gas, so that action can be done quickly to stop the gas flow.

A stable and highly sensitive room-temperature liquefied petroleum gas sensor based on nano-cubes/cuboids of zinc antimonate.

Trirutile zinc antimonate (ZnSb2O6) nano-cubes/cuboids have been fabricated by a sol–gel spin-coating method using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the structure-directing agent. The fabricated films were characterized for surface morphology, along with structural, FT-IR and thermal analysis. The crystallite size of ZnSb2O6 is found to be 35 nm. The fabricated films have been tested for the detection of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas leakage at room temperature (27 °C). They exhibit fairly high sensitivity (1.73), low response and recovery times (∼41 and 95 s, respectively), and good reproducibility and stability (99.2%) at room temperature for the detection of LPG leakage. Based on these observations, the fabricated film has the potential to be used as a LPG sensor at room temperature.

Embedded real-time system for detecting leakage of the gas used in iraqi kitchens

<p>A major issue that happens in kitchens of houses and/or restaurants is the leakage of gas used as a fuel for cooker stove, which is commonly referred to as LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). LPG leakage may lead to a serious fire or even a deadly explosion that might affect the surrounding people. A substantial solution to avoid such disasters is by stopping its main cause. Therefore designing a device capable of monitoring and detecting such gases can minimize the dangerous and unwanted incidents by LPG leakage. This paper introduces a low cost and energy efficient real-time monitoring system that able to sense different dangerous gases, specifically those used for stove cooker. This system considers the pros of the previously introduced systems and fixes the cons available in those systems. In addition, the manufacturing cost has been taken into consideration. If the system senses any type of LPG gas (there is a gas leakage), it will react by making three different actions. It will make an alert sound to notify the people around the leakage place, send an SMS to two cell phones, and show, on an LCD screen, the leakage location.</p>

Development of an automated gas-leakage monitoring system with feedback and feedforward control by utilizing IoT

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is used in many ranges of applications like home and industrial appliances, in vehicles and as a propellant and refrigerator. However, leakage of LPG produces hazardous and toxic impact on human begins and other living creatures. There by, the authors developed a system to monitor the LPG gas leakage and make alert to users of it. In this research, MQ-6 gas sensor is used for sensing the level of gas concentration of a closed volume; and to monitor the consequences of environmental changes an IoT platform has been introduced. Robust control along with cloud based manual control has been applied so that the gas leakage can be prevented in the response of either feedback or feedforward commands individually. It switches on the specified relays to control the level of gas concentration in the time of leakage the excess gas in times of leakage. It rechecks the value again and again if it crosses 300 ppm it will setup a relay-based switching on control mechanism using Thingspeak cloud. The controller used here is Node-MCU v:1.0. This research provides design approach on both software and hardware. Hence an embedded system comprising of Relay switches, Embedded C++, Gas sensor, Temperature & Humidity sensor along with Internet of Things (IoT) is fabricated to meet the objectives of the current research.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Leakage Detection and Monitoring System

A system consists of detection and monitoring system is very common in industrial field. However, this system still very rare in domestic. Detection and monitoring system of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is very important in home because it is common to be used at homes. The purpose of this project is to develop Liquefied Petroleum Gas leakage detection and monitoring system. This system consists of two sensing unit, two types of alarm alert and an online monitoring system. Gas sensor is used for gas leakage detection specified to LPG gas only and load cell sensor is used to weigh the gas cylinder. A physical alarm alert using buzzer is installed for gas detection only while non-physical alert alarm which is sending notification and email to user through smartphone are developed to equip the system with Internet of Thing (IoT) technology. This includes notification of both gas leakage and empty gas cylinder. For monitoring purpose, Blynk application is used as the IoT platform because of its user friendliness for both iOS and Android smartphone users. Real-time data is sent through WiFi so that users can monitor their kitchen condition remotely and receive alert for both gas leakage and gas cylinder condition through their smartphones. In conclusion, the proposed LPG leakage detection and monitoring system has been successfully developed and has lower cost compared to existing system on the shelves. This system is suitable for domestic usage and small premise usage.

A microcontroller based gas leakage detection and evacuation system

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a major fuel for cooking in Nigeria. LPG is dispensed into cylinders which are in various sizes and storage capacities. Multiple cases of household fires, injuries and fatalities due to LPG leakage and explosion have been recorded in Nigeria. This undesirable trend persists majorly because households in Nigeria don’t have gas leakage detection systems, and at best only smoke detectors are available in selected high class homes. The proactive safety approach is to detect gas leakage and evacuate the gas before it is ignited. In this study, a model gas leakage detector and evacuation system are presented. The implemented, microcontroller-based system, activates a buzzer when a gas leak is detected, it shuts the gas supply solenoid valve to stop the gas flow, and also, it evacuates the gas by switching on evacuator fans. To ensure that the house occupant is adequately notified when there is a gas leakage; the system sends a text via short message service (SMS) to a stored mobile number. The status of the system can be remotely determined by the user, by sending codes to prompt the device via SMS.