Lippia Multiflora Research Articles

Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity of Essential oils of two Aromatic plants from Ivory Coast against Bemisia tabaci G. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Essential oils of aromatic plants with insecticidal properties are nowadays considered as alternative insecticides to protect cultures from attack by insect pest. The aims of the present work were to evaluate the toxicity of the essential oils vapors of two aromatic plants (Lippia multiflora Mold. and Aframomum latifolium K. Schum) against Bemisia tabaci and to characterize their chemical composition. The highest fumigant toxicity against B. tabaci adults was observed with the L. multiflora oil: by exposure to 0.4 microL/L air, the lethal time inducing 90% mortality (LT90) was below 2 hours for this essential oil whereas it reached 15 h in the case of the A. latifolium oil. Both oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS on two capillary columns. The oil of L. multiflora contained a majority of oxygenated terpenoids mainly represented by the two acyclic components linalool (46.6%) and (E)-nerolidol (16.5%); the oil of A. latifolium was dominated by hydrocarbonated terpenoids among them beta-pinene (51.6%) and beta-caryophyllene (12.3%) were the two major components.

Anti-dermatophytic activity of eucalyptol rich turmeric somaclone oil against human pathogenic isolates

Eucalyptol, a compound well known to possess antimicrobial property, reported to be found as a major constituent of essential oil of plants like Eucalyptus sps, Lippia multiflora and Myrtus communis L. but never before in turmeric. De novo occurrence of eucalyptol as major constituent (37.26%) of essential oil in turmeric somaclones in lieu of alpha-phellandrin in its source plant (57.8%), exhibited unanticipated anti-dermatophytic activity against six human skin infecting isolates tested. The diameter of inhibition zones formed by eucalyptol rich oil against Micrococcus luteus,Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus substilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus andPseudomonas aerogenosa, were found to be 28.66, 33.33, 20.33, 23.66, 24.33 and 7.66 mm, respectively, found totally absent in the mother plants (IZD, 0.0 mm against all isolates). De novo presence of potential anti-microbial eucalyptol, might have been possible due to occurrence of somaclonal variation during tissue culture. Key words: Eucalyptol, turmeric leaf oil, somaclonal variation, de novo, anti-dermatophytic activity.

Larvicidal properties of three plants on Anopheles gambiae

The larvicidal and growth inhibitory properties of methanol extracts of the leaves, stem and root barks of Quassia africana (Simaroubaceae), the leaves and stem bark of Khaya senegalensis (Meliaceae) and the leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbanaceae), against Anopheles gambiae were evaluated in the laboratory. Extracs were applied at concentrations between 12.5 and 200 mg/ml in dechlorinated water. Larvicidal activity was concentration dependent. All extracts showed some larval toxicity after 24 hours of exposure, with the root and stem extracts of Q. africana producing 100% mortality at 50 mg/ml. Extracts also affected pupal development. No larvae exposed to Q. africana developed into pupae while development was also curtailed when exposed to K. senegalensis and L. multiflora extracts. Larvicidal activity was concentration dependent. These plants could be sources of botanical insecticides for malarial control.Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources, Vol. 6 no. 2, pp. 50-53 (September 2009)

Phenylethanoid glycosides as major antioxidants in Lippia multiflora herbal infusion and their stability during steam pasteurisation of plant material

Lippia multiflora, a perennial, aromatic shrub commonly known as bush tea has recently been identified as an African plant with high commercial potential due to its medicinal properties. The plant material was subjected to steam pasteurisation to improve its microbial quality. The major compounds of L. multiflora herbal infusion, i.e. the phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), verbascoside, isoverbascoside, nuomioside A and isonuomioside A, and the flavone, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide were quantified by HPLC. Verbascoside was the most abundant PhG. The PhGs are of interest due to their pharmacological properties. Liquid chromatography tandem–mass spectrometry (LC–MS2) was used to tentatively identify the compounds. The on-line DPPH (2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) scavenging assay (reaction time=0.45s) applied to the infusion in “quantitative” mode, showed the relative order of activity: isonuomioside A>isoverbascoside>verbascoside>nuomioside A. In the microplate assay (reaction time=2h), isoverbascoside and verbascoside had similar activity. Both compounds were less active in the latter assay than the well-known flavan-3-ol antioxidant, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, but more active than caffeic acid and an ester, rosmarinic acid. Steam pasteurisation of L. multiflora leaves at maximum exposure (150s at ca 99°C) for improved microbial quality did not decrease the soluble solids content, phenolic content and antioxidant activities of the infusion compared to the untreated control (p<0.05). The PhG content of the water soluble solids was as high as 15%, underscoring the potential of L. multiflora extract as functional ingredient.

Composition and antimicrobial activities of Lippia multiflora Moldenke, Mentha x piperita L. and Ocimum basilicum L. essential oils and their major monoterpene alcohols alone and in combination.

Essential oils from leaves of Lippia multiflora, Mentha x piperita and Ocimum basilicum from Burkina Faso were analysed by GC–FID and GC–MS. Major components were p-cymene, thymol, β-caryophyllene, carvacrol and carvone for L. multiflora, menthol and iso-menthone for M. x piperita and, linalool and eugenol for O. basilicum. The essential oils and their major monoterpene alcohols were tested against nine bacterial strains using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The essential oils with high phenolic contents were the most effective antimicrobials. The checkerboard method was used to quantify the efficacy of paired combinations of essential oils and their major components. The best synergetic effects among essential oils and major components were obtained with combinations involving O. basilicum essential oil and eugenol, respectively. As phenolic components are characterized by a strong spicy aroma, this study suggests that the selection of certain combinations of EOs could help to reduce the amount of essential oils and consequently reduce any adverse sensory impact in food.

&lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; antitrypanosomal evaluation of some medicinal plant extracts from Ogun state, Nigeria

Aqueous extracts of 5 medicinal plants comprising of the root bark of Morinda morindiodes and leaves of Tithonia diversifolia, Lippia multiflora, Ocimum gratissimum and Acalypha wilkesiana were investigated for antitrypanosomal activities in albino rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The plant extracts at 400mg/kg body weight (of rats) were administered once daily for 7 days in an established infection of 5 x 106 parasitaemia before starting treatment. There was significant reduction in parasitaemia (P< 0.05) on the 3rd day of treatment in rats treated with Morinda morindiodes, Tithonia diversifolia and Acalypha wilkesiana but parasitaemia later increased till survival time. Morinda morindiodes, a plant well known for its potents antimalarial effect, has it root bark extracts exhibiting the highest value of mean survival time (12.6+0.7) days this study. The result may probably suggest reduction in parasite virulence by Morinda morindiodes root bark extract. Keywords: Antitrypanosomal, evaluation, medicinal plants, in vivo, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Identification of bacterial species on Lippia multiflora herbal tea leaves and the influence of steam pasteurization

The consumption of herbal teas is an increasing phenomenon among tea consumers globally. Some of these herbal teas are not pre-treated to reduce their microbial load before consumption, and thus constitute a health risk to consumers. In this study, the effect of steam pasteurization, at >99 °C for 2.5 min, on the microbial load of Lippia multiflora herbal tea leaves was evaluated. Microbial enumeration was conducted on potato dextrose agar, plate count agar, violet red bile agar, yeast peptone dextrose agar, and DeMan-Rogosa-Sharpe agar. Morphologically distinct colonies were isolated, sub-cultured and their Gram reaction recorded. These bacteria were identified to the species level using 16S ribosomal DNA sequence data. Most of the bacteria identified belonged to the genus Bacillus. One species each from the genera Pantoea and Kocuria was also identified, but only the Bacillus species survived the steam pasteurization treatment. Coliform bacteria detected prior to pasteurization were not detected after the steam treatment. Steam pasteurization reduced the microbial load from 104 to 102 c.f.u.g−1and it is potentially an effective method to treat L. multiflora herbal teas prior to consumption. It is important to note that the steam treatment should complement good agricultural and hygienic practices rather than replace them, as some bacteria can survive this treatment.

Biological activity and persistence of four essential oils towards the main pest of stored cowpeas, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The use of essential oils extracted from native aromatic plants is perceived as a promising alternative to protect stored cowpeas in West Africa. However the optimal conditions for their efficiency remain to be determined. A study was therefore carried out to compare the biological activity and temperature-related persistence of four selected essential oils towards Callosobruchus maculatus, the main pest of stored cowpeas. Essential oil extracted from Ocimum americanum proved to be very toxic towards C. maculatus adults (LC 50 = 0.23 μl/l) while the oils from Hyptis suaveolens, Hyptis spicigera and Lippia multiflora exhibited higher LC 50 values (1.30 μl/l; 5.53 μl/l and 6.44 μl/l respectively). The persistence of the biological activity of the four oils was variable and that from O. americanum was most persistent. Fourteen days post-application, this oil was still as active on C. maculatus adults as it was immediately after its application. Exposure of this oil to a high temperature, close to temperatures occurring during storage in Burkina Faso in the dry season, however, resulted in a rapid decrease in its efficacy. Our results emphasize the need to take into account environmental factors such as temperature to optimize the use of promising essential oils for controlling stored-product pests in West Africa.

Profile of heavy metals in some medicinal plants from Ghana commonly used as components of herbal formulations

The levels of some heavy metals in 27 medicinal plant species from Ghana were studied in order to evaluate their health implications. These plant species, especially those used in the treatment of diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and asthma may require long term usage. The metals were copper, zinc, iron, manganese, nickel and cadmium. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (wet digestion) was used for the analyses, and content of metals per sample was expressed as percent µg/g. Daily total intake of these metals is discussed based on the recommended daily intake of the medicinal plants or their corresponding formulations. From the results of the study zinc, copper and cadmium were present in all the plant species examined. Manganese was present in all species except V. amygdalina. Iron was found in all except five species (82%), whilst nickel was (rather rare) detected in only eight (30%) of the plant species. Significant variations in metal content existed (P<0.05) among the medicinal plant species with respect to the heavy metals evaluated. The concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium and manganese were within their respective maximum permissible daily levels. However, some species, especially Ocimum canum (8), Clausena anisata and Rauwolfia vomitoria had levels of iron higher than the maximum permissible level of 1000 µg/day and may require care to avoid iron toxicity. The results also highlighted the differences in contents of minerals in Lippia multiflora obtained from different locations in Ghana. The findings generally suggest that the use of these plant species for the management of diseases will not cause heavy metal toxicity and may be beneficial to the users in cases of micronutrient deficiency, as these metals were found to be present in readily bioavailable form.

Conversion of Natural Aldehydes from Eucalyptus citriodora, Cymbopogon citratus, and Lippia multiflora into Oximes: GC-MS and FT-IR Analysis †

Three carbonyl-containing extracts of essential oils from Eucalyptus citriodora (Myrtaceae), Cymbopogon citratus (Gramineae) and Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae) were used for the preparation of oximes. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by GC-MS and different compounds were identified on the basis of their retention times and mass spectra. We observed quantitative conversion of aldehydes to their corresponding oximes with a purity of 95 to 99%. E and Z stereoisomers of the oximes were obtained and separated by GC-MS. During GC analysis, the high temperature in the injector was shown to cause partial dehydratation of oximes and the resulting nitriles were readily identified. Based on FT-IR spectroscopy, that revealed the high stability and low volatility of these compounds, the so-obtained oximes could be useful for future biological studies.

In vivo antiplasmodial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaf extract of Lippia multiflora mold

Leaf extracts of Lippia multiflora Mold have reputation in Northern Nigeria as remedy for different ailments including fevers attributed to malaria. The plant was hence analysed for safety, antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei in mice, analgesia and anti-inflammatory effects in rats. Crude extracts were further subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation. The results showed leaf extracts had no adverse side effects at 800 mg/kg body weight (bw) with LD50 value of 3000 mg/kg bw. Significant (p < 0.05) suppressive but only slight curative and prophylactic effects of the crude extracts were obtained with parasitized mice. Also significant (p < 0.05) dose dependent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were obtained in rats treated with the extracts. Fractions obtained from the partial purification of crude L. multiflora Mold, extracts were individually found to be devoid of antiplasmodial action. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and volatile oils. Key words: Plasmodium berghei, analgesia, anti-inflammatory, bioactivity, prophylaxis, phytochemicals.

Chemical Diversity of Lippia multiflora Essential Oils from West Africa

The essential oil content, composition and the physicochemical properties of Lippia multiflora leaves from twelve different regions in Ghana were characterized in this study. The Ghanaian oils showed a significant variability in their chemical composition and five chemotypes were identified. The oil from Aframso Bridge was yellow with a refractive index (RI) of 1.4853, density (DE) of 0.894 and was dominated by linalool (29%) and germacrene D (28%) with fresh, and slightly medicinal and spicy aroma. Ghanaian samples from Seikwa, Buem Nsuta and Golokwati were characterized by high levels of sesquiterpenes (45–70%). The aroma was medicinal/herbaceous and the color was typically yellow, except the oil from Seikwa which was dark orange-yellow, RI ranging from 1.4920 to 1.5043 and DE 0.893 to 0.93 D. The oils from Nyankpala, Sari, Amantin, Atebubu and Kobre contained high levels of aromatic monoterpenes (p-cymene 14–19%, thymol 30–40%, and thymyl acetate 14–17%). The oils were characterized as spicy and the color ranged from dark yellow (Nyankpala, Sari and Kobre) to yellow (Atebubu and Amantin) (RI 1.4969 to 1.5020, DE 0.9207 to 0.9344). The oil from Ho showed lower levels of aromatic monoterpenes and higher levels of farnesol, the oil was yellow and aroma woody/camphoraceous (1.492 RI, 0.893 D). In contrast, oils from Nsawkaw and Kofiase-Kubesiase were composed of high amounts of 1,8-cineole (43–47%), sabinene (12–15%, respectively), and were light yellow (RI 1.4695 to 1.4712, DE 0.8995 to 0.9002). A cluster analysis was performed for comparison and characterization of L. multiflora oils from Ghana other 33 oils from 10 African countries. The oils from Ghana with these five chemotypes appeared to be the most diverse oils in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Chemical screening and effects of aqueous extract of Lippia multiflora on isolated toad’s heart

Les effets d’un extrait aqueux de L. multiflora ont ete recherches sur le cœur isole de crapaud. La perfusion du cœur isole de crapaud avec l’extrait aqueux de L. multiflora provoque une diminution de l’amplitude et de la frequence des contractions (effets inotrope et chronotrope negatifs) normales ou provoquees par le CaCl2. Ces effets de L. multiflora (qui sont differents de ceux qui sont observes avec le verapamil, un anticalcique) semblent donc en partie passer par une interference indirecte avec les mouvements transmembranaires du calcium. Les effets de L. multiflora sur l’amplitude et la frequence des contractions du cœur isole de crapaud sont antagonises par l’atropine, ce qui suggere la presence dans l’extrait de substances parasympathomimetiques. L’extrait aqueux de L. multiflora ne semble pas s’opposer significativement aux effets chronotrope et inotrope positifs de l’adrenaline. Ces effets cardiaques de L. multiflora pourraient expliquer les proprietes antihypertensives de cette plante.

In vitro cytotoxicity studies of 20 plants used in Nigerian antimalarial ethnomedicine

Twenty plants identified and selected from Southwest and Middle belt Nigerian antimalarial ethnopharmacology were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity using the brine shrimp lethality assay. The methanol extracts of 20 plant samples from 11 plant families were subjected to the assay. Of the studied plants, Lippia multiflora and Morinda lucida bark were found to be cytotoxic, with LC(50) values of 1.1 and 2.6 microg/ml, respectively. The least toxic plant extract was Bridelia micrantha (LC(50) value >9.0 x 10(6) microg/ml). Most of the plants were found to be relatively non-toxic.

A comparative study of the scabicidal activities of formulations of essential oil of Lippia multiflora Moldenke and benzyl benzoate emulsion BP

Summary The scabicidal activities of two topical emulsion formulations (Lippia oil emulsions A and B), each containing 20% w/w essential oil of Lippia multiflora (Lippia oil), were compared with that of benzyl benzoate emulsion BP using randomized, double blind and group parallel studies. The percentage cure obtained for Lippia oil emulsion A were 50%, 80% and 80% on application for 3, 5 and 7 days, respectively, compared with 30%, 60% and 70% obtained for benzyl benzoate emulsion BP for the same treatment periods. There was no significant difference between the percentages of scabietic subjects cured with the two formulations (A and B) of Lippia oil (P > 0.05). Six adverse effects were reported for the Lippia oil emulsions, while 10 adverse effects were reported for benzyl benzoate emulsion BP. Since the Lippia oil emulsions were more effective and better tolerated than the benzyl benzoate emulsion, they were considered as additional formulations for the treatment of scabies.

Volatile constituents and antioxidant activity of essential oils from Lippia multiflora Mold. growing in Gabon

AbstractThe leaf essential oils from two samples of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae) collected in two localities of Gabon were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GC‐MS. The oils differed completely in their chemical composition: the former was characterized by a high amount of ipsdienone (54.6%), (Z)‐ and (E)‐ocimenones (20.3%); (E)‐β‐farnesene (7.4%) and β‐caryophyllene (4.6%) were the main components of the sesquiterpenoid fraction; the latter consisted mainly of thymol (41.9%), thymyl acetate (21.2%), p‐cymene (9.8%) and carvacrol (7.2%), which allows differenciation between two chemotypes. The antioxidant and antiradical activities of both samples were evaluated comparatively to those of reference compounds (BHT, thymol and carvacrol). An interesting antioxidant activity was found for the second chemotype as expected on the basis of its phenolic compounds content. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques des huiles essentielles de Lippia multiflora, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon giganteus

Study of physicochemical properties of essential oils from Lippia multiflora, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon giganteus . The refraction index and the density of samples of the oils of Lippia multiflora (leaves and flowers), Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon giganteus from Côte-d'Ivoire are determined. The viscosity of these samples is investigated. These oils are non-Newtonian. Only the C. citratus oil is thixotropic. To cite this article: C. Kanko et al., C. R. Chimie 7 (2004).

Contribution à l'étude phytochimique de Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae)

Contribution to phytochemical study of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae) . The dried leaves of Lippia multiflora are extracted on a Soxhlet apparatus by means of organic solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate). We isolated and cleansed three compounds. The identification was made from spectrometric analysis (ursolic acid, n-tritriacontane) and X-rays (salvigenin). To cite this article: C. Kanko et al., C. R. Chimie 7 (2004) .

Physical properties and antimicrobial activities of leaf essential oil of Lippia multiflora Moldenke

This study was designed to investigate the physical properties and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil hydrodistilled from leaves of Lippia multiflora (lippia oil) in order to develop the oil to a pharmaceutical standard. The values of the physical parameters of the oil were weight-per-millilitre: 0.8762 ± 0.0041 g, refractive index: 1.468 ± 0.001, optical rotation range: from +46.55° to +57.60°, residue on evaporation: 3.85 ± 0.96%, pH: 4.75 ± 0.24, kinematic viscosity: 5.46 ± 0.02 cSt and surface tension: 29.20 ± 0.04 dyn/cm at 28 °C. Lippia oil was soluble in 1 volume of ethanol (80%) at 28 °C, with the solution becoming opalescence on addition of 4 or more volumes of the ethanol. The oil is highly volatile at temperatures above 37.7 °C. While fungi were more susceptible to the lippia oil than bacteria, the oil was found to be more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria, with clinical isolates showing more resistance than type strains. The potential application of the physical properties and antimicrobial activities of lippia oil in its formulation as a drug product is discussed.

Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil of Lippia multiflora

The essential oil of Lippia multiflora Moldenke (Verbenaceae) produced by conventional hydrodistillation was analyzed and studied for its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities in rats and mice. At the doses used (2, 4 and 8 ml/kg o.s.) the essential oil of L. multiflora showed significant and dose-dependent analgesic effect on acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Only the dose of 8 ml/kg of essential oil, antagonized hyperexia induced by brewer's yeast. No effect on granuloma formation was observed.