Lippia Multiflora Research Articles

Phytochemical Constituent and Cumulative or Antagonistic Effects of Crops Plant Organ Combination on Free Radical Scavenging Capacity and Antioxidant Compound Content

Aims: In Burkina Faso, the majority of plant-based recipes are a combination of plant organs from the same or different species. For these recipes’ producers, the aim is to improve efficiency. However, our ethnobotanical surveys have revealed that for some species, efficacy is better when the species is not combined, or when it is combined in small proportions with other species. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of plant organ combination on free radical scavenging activity, phenolic compound content and flavonoid content. Study Design: The work combined harvesting and processing of plant material from September to November 2023, and laboratories analysis from January to March 2024 at Natural Substances Departement of Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologie, Ouagadougou. Methodology: We prepared two batches of recipes, first combining two species from the same genus, then two species from different genera. The powder of each plant without combination was also used to compare data. Phytochemical screening was first carried out with TLC and LC-MS analysis on each plant extract. We then assessed the phenolic compound content (PCC) using Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoid content (FCC) using aluminum chloride test, antioxidant content using TEAC method and free radical scavenging activity using DPPH method, for different batches. Results: Phytochemical constituent in the three species are phenolic compounds, terpenoids and nitrogen derivatives. The results of biological property evaluation suggest that for best efficacy and to obtain a high phenolic compound content, Lippia multiflora leaves should be used separately, or combined in 70% proportions with Lippia alba, then in 50% proportions if the combination is made with Ocimum basilicum. Conclusion: This research has provided relevant results to guide players in the field of traditional medicine and users of herbal remedies.

Phytochemical Screening and Safety Assessment of a Polyherbal Tea Formulation of Lippia Multiflora, Zinger Officinale and Mentha Piperita

Aims: Lippia multiflora, Zingiber officinale, and Mentha piperita are aromatic plants known for their health benefits. This study the phytochemical composition and evaluate the safety of a tea made from them for safe human consumption. Methodology: For tea formulations, powder of each plant was prepared and weighed in specific proportions to formulate five different polyherbal tea. A hedonic test was then conducted on each formulation to evaluate consumer apprecation. Phytochemical composition was carried out by coloration and precipitation tests. This was followed by acute and subacute toxicity tests. Results: Among the five formulations, formulation 4 consisting of “55% L. multiflora, 30% Z. officinale and 15% M. piperita" was the most appreciated tea with a value of 8.01. Regarding safety of the formulation 4, no deaths or signs of intoxication were observed. Subacute toxicity tests showed that the polyherbal tea 4 has no adverse effects on biochemical parameters. Apart from white blood cells for which there was an increasing number from 14.40 ± 0.50 103/uL to 19.30 ± 0.40 103/uL in comprarison to the control group (10.60 ± 0.90 103/uL), the haematological parameters were not significantly modified. This Tea formulation ²was rich in compounds such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, saponosides, sterols and polyterpenes, leucoanthocyanins, and mucilages, which made its consumption more attractive. Conclusion: The polyherbal tea 4 which was the most appreciated, was rich in secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, saponosides, sterols and polyterpenes, leucoanthocyanins, and mucilages, and was not toxic to wistar rats.

Antiepileptic and anti-inflammatory effects of Lippia multiflora moldenke (Verbenaceae) in mice model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy induced by pilocarpine

Lippia multiflora Moldenke (Verbenaceae) is an aromatic plant used as a popular medicine with antidepressant, antispasmodic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In this study, we explored the effects of L. multiflora in mice chronic model of temporal lobe epilepsy induced by pilocarpine and kindled with pentylenetetrazol. Mice were divided into 7 groups of 10 animals, and received a single dose of pilocarpine (360 mg/kg, i.p.), 20 min after the administration of N-methyl-scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p). Thirty days after the induction of status epilepticus, animals were daily treated for 60 days with distilled water (10 mL/kg, per os) for the negative control group, extract (23.07, 57.69, 115.39 and 230.78 mg/kg, per os) for the test groups, and sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, i.p) for the positive control group. On every 10th day, animals were injected with a sub-convulsive dose of pentylenetetrazol (15 mg/kg, i.p) 1 h after the administration of the various treatments to assess the susceptibility of animals to seizures. At the end of behavioural tests, animals were sacrificed and the level of inflammatory cytokines was assessed in the hippocampus. The plant extract reduced (p < 0.001) the occurrence of seizures and the number of spontaneous recurrent seizures induced by pilocarpine in mice. It ameliorated the levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF- γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) in the hippocampus. The in vitro studies show that L. multiflora have a high amount of total phenolic content, flavonoids and tannins and also have some good antioxidant properties. These results suggest that L. multiflora aqueous extracts has the potential to be a promising complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of epilepsy, due to its antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Lippia multiflora Leaves Extracts Enhance Cefotaxime Bactericidal Effects and Quench the Biofilm Formation in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300.

The emergence of the multidrug-resistant bacteria strain has become a global world crisis. This study was designed to evaluate the antibiofilm and synergistic effects of Lippia multiflora leaf extracts on the activity of cefotaxime against the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The synergistic effect of methanol and dichloromethane extracts on the bactericidal activity of cefotaxime was determined by using the antibiotic susceptibility test on agar medium. The antibiofilm activity of the extracts was measured by using the crystal violet method. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was assessed by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reduction Activity Potential (FRAP) methods. The main secondary metabolites groups were analyzed by using different standard analytical tests. The total phenolics and total flavonoids were quantified spectrophotometrically. The methanol extract (final concentration of 100 μg/ml) inhibited the formation of bacterial biofilm more than salicylic acid (p<0.05). All extracts combined with cefotaxime (20 μg and 200 μg) showed good synergistic bactericidal effect on S. aureus with inhibitory diameters of up to 40 mm. The methanol extract showed higher total phenolics (462.20±10.90 mg EAG/g) and total flavonoids (26.20±0.20 mg EQ/g) contents than the dichloromethane extract (96.70±1.70 mg EAG/g and 8.00±1.20 mg EQ/g). Moreover, the methanol extract showed a higher FRAP reducing power (353.6±4.17 mmol EQ/g) than the dichloromethane extract (385.3±7.01 mmol EQ/g). Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, terpenes and sterols in both extracts. These data showed that L. multiflora leaves contain effective antibacterial phytomolecules for combating bacterial resistance.

Antiepileptic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extract of Lippia multiflora Moldenke (Verbenaceae) on pilocarpine-induced seizures in Mus musculus Swiss mice

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system. Approximately 3% of the population at some point in their lives would be affected by epileptic disorders in the world, that is to say nearly 70 million people and therefore about 85% live in developing countries. The objective of this study is to determine the anticonvulsant effects of Lippia multiflora on the animal model of epileptogenesis induced by pilocarpine injection in mice during the acute phase. Mice were treated with different doses of the aqueous extract of L. multiflora or sodium valproate. The anticonvulsant effects were evaluated 24 after the injection of pilocarpine by referring to the Racine scale. Then a daily treatment was done for one week corresponding to the acute stage of the disease. Oxidative stress parameters were measured from brain samples taken on the last day of treatment. The injection of pilocarpine induced the Status epilepticus, which is translated by the appearance of convulsive seizures while the administration of different doses of the aqueous extract of L. multiflora led to a significant decrease of the seizures induced by pilocarpine in mice. In addition, L. multiflora extract restored endogenous levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA and NO) and increased the activity of oxidative stress enzymes (SOD, CAT and GSH). L. multiflora possesses anticonvulsant properties mediated by the involvement of GABAA receptors and antioxidants.

Essential oil of Lippia multiflora Moldenke Flowers Quenches Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Biofilm Formation and Motilities

Bacteria use different types of motilities in order to colonize and adapt to new environments. These motilities also play an important role in the formation of biofilm, allowing bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics and host’s immune systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of essential oils of Lippia multiflora flowers to inhibit biofilm formation and motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The capacity of essential oil of Lippia multiflora flowers to inhibit biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated spectrophotometrically by using the crystal violet method. The property of the essential oil to inhibit different types of motilities such as swimming, swarming and twitching was further evaluated by measuring the diameters of bacterial migration on liquid or semi-liquid Luria Bertani agar medium. The essential oil exhibited good anti-biofilm activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At a concentration of 1%, essential oil presented a degree of biofilm inhibition similar to that of salicylic acid used as a reference (P &gt; 0.05). In addition, the essential oil significantly inhibited swarming, twitching and swimming in Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to the control (P &lt; 0.001). The inhibition of biofilm formation as well as that of bacterial motility increases with the concentration of the essential oil. The essential oil of Lippia multiflora flowers possesses an anti-bacterial potential to fight against multi-resistant bacteria.

The Essential Oils Compounds of Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng Repel and Affect the Survival of the Maize Pest Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae

Plant-derived insecticides, such as essential oils, can be an effective alternative to replace synthetic chemical insecticides against Spodoptera frugiperda, which becomes increasingly resistant to synthetic products. This study aims to evaluate essential oils (EOs) effects on larval growth and development following feeding inhibition, growth regulation, and repellency of EOs of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae), Cymbopogon schoenanthus (Poaceae), and their combination. Topical application of EOs was used on S. frugiperda larvae for larvicidal effect or treating filter paper with the EOs to find repellency. The effect of EOs on food intake and larval growth was also evaluated. Several types of compounds have been identified in the EOs, mainly monoterpenes with the appearance of new compounds in the 1 : 1 combination. Bioassay results show that individuals and combinations of EOs significantly influenced S. frugiperda larval development. L. multiflora caused 100% mortality of L2 larvae within 24 hours at 3%. The Lm + Cs (1 : 1) EOs combination was the most effective with LC50 and LC90 of 1.02% and 1.92%, respectively. Lm + Cs (1/4 : 3/4) EOs caused the highest inhibition of food consumption, 0.0160 g consumed after food was treated with 2.2% concentration compared to food consumption of 0.0602 g for the control group at 24 hours. Lower food consumption caused the inhibition of larval growth and weight loss of 0.0005 g/day at the 2.2% EOs concentration. The highest repellency effect of the EOs was found in EOs of L. multiflora, exhibiting a repulsion of 83.33% of the larvae after 3 hours of exposure. This diversity in the biological actions of the EOs tested on S. frugiperda represents valuable options for contributing to integrated pest management and an alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides.

Extraction and characterization of essential oils from synthesized food spice (Lippia multiflora, ginger &amp; turmeric)

Spices are used globally, and are of great importance in indigenous culinary and traditional medicine applications, they are the product of dried fruits, seed root, bark or vegetative substances. This study synthesized food spice from Lippia multiflora, ginger and turmeric. Some anti-nutritional factors and the chemical composition of the extracted essential oils were evaluated. The chemical composition of the extracted essential oils revealed the presence of over ten (10) compounds, with 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1 methyl (35.21 %), Cyclo-hexane-carboxylic acid (24.00 %), Diethyl Phthalate (15.46 %) and 2-Pyrimidinamine,4,6-dimethyl (5.60 %) being the predominant compounds in the oil. The phytochemical screening of the food spice indicated the respective phytate, oxalate and tannin values for the food spice as; 0.71 mg/100 g, 1.2 mg/100 g and 0.51 mg/100 g respectively. These results are in agreement with previous studies where essential oils were shown to contain complex mixtures of compounds with varying chemical compositions.

Análise etnobotânica do conhecimento dos produtores de plantas ornamentais no Benin: perspectivas de valorização e manejo

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the ethnobotanical knowledge of ornamental plant producers in Benin for better valorization. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted through semi-structured and individual interviews with 80 individuals. In total, 78 species of ornamental plants belonging to 25 botanical families were identified. The families Euphorbiaceae (15.38%), Apocynaceae (12.82%), Araceae (11.54%), and Verbenaceae (6.41%) were the most dominant. Five categories of uses were identified for ornamental plants in Benin, including aesthetic or decorative, psycho-magical, therapeutic, cosmetic, and food uses. Among these, aesthetic or decorative use of ornamental plants was widely recognized by producers (100% of surveyed producers), followed by use for psycho-magical purposes (45.7% of respondents). The frequency of citation of different categories of use varied according to the gender, age, ethnic group, and educational level of the interviewed producers. Ethnic group and educational level significantly influenced the ethnobotanical knowledge of ornamental plant producers. The first species showing a strong potential for ethnobotanical use were Citrus aurantiifolia (UVI = 10.78), Lippia multiflora (UVI = 9.70), Ocimum basilicum (UVI = 9.03), Verbena bonariensis (UVI = 8.14), Dracaena braunii (UVI = 8.08). These results can be considered as an important source of information for the management of the ornamental plant sector in Benin.

Evaluation of synergism in essential oils against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Burkina Faso

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus affects animal production economically by reducing weight gain and milk production and causing diseases, such as babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Using synthetic acaricides to reduce their incidence has caused the emergence of resistant tick populations. The present study aimed to assess the in vitro acaricidal activity of combinations of essential oils (EOs) from Ocimum americanum, Ocimum gratissimum, and Lippia multiflora against R. microplus larvae. In fact, numerous biological properties have been reported on EOs from these three plants, including acaricidal properties. Hence, a larval immersion test was performed using a population of R. microplus resistant to synthetic acaricides used in Burkina Faso. Results revealed that EO from O. gratissimum was the most effective on R. microplus larvae with LC50 and LC90 values at 10.36 and 15.51 mg/mL, respectively. For EO combinations, the most significant synergistic effect was obtained by combination 6 (1/3 O. americanum + 2/3 O. gratissimum +1/6 L. multiflora), with a combination index value of 0.44. All combinations presented dose reduction index >1, indicating a favorable dose reduction. According to the literature, this is the first study to determine the combination effect of EOs from the abovementioned plants in controlling R. microplus activity in vitro. Thus, the combination of these EOs is an alternative to control the resistant populations of invasive cattle ticks.

&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; assessment of the efficacy of three essential oils of aromatic plants against &lt;i&gt;Magnaporthe oryzae&lt;/i&gt; B.C. Couch, a rice blast pathogen in Burkina Faso

Blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae B.C.Couch, is the main fungal disease in the rice fields in Burkina Faso. Three pure essential oils at different concentrations of Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Ocimum americanum and Lippia multiflora, and four of their combinations were tested in vitro to evaluate their inhibition properties on mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of M. oryzae. The contact method and the fumigation method were used for the different tests at doses of 0.05 μl/ml, 0.1 μl/ml, 0.3 μl/ml, 0.6 μl/ml, 0.9 μl/ml, 1.2 μl/ml, 1.5 μl/ml, 1.8 μl/ml, 2.1 μl/ml and 2.4 μl/ml. Two chemical fungicides, mancozeb and azoxystrobin and an absolute control were used in the trials. The results showed that the pure essential oil of L. multiflora and its combination with that of C. schoenanthus presented the most effective minimum doses of inhibition in the contact and fumigation method. These doses ranged from 0.1 μl/ml to 0.3 μl/ml for 100% inhibition of radial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of Magnaporthe oryzae. Mancozeb inhibited 100% of all parameters evaluated, while azoxystrobin was ineffective. The essential oil of L. multiflora and its combination with that of C. schoenanthus can be tested in a real environment to control rice blast.

Efficacy of local essential oils against Amblyomma variegatum tick from Burkina Faso

The native tick Amblyomma variegatum remains one of the most important tick species affecting cattle in West Africa. This hinders animal production by negatively impacting the health and reproduction of animals infested with the tick. Given the negative consequences on production quality and environmental health, the use of chemical products for tick control is increasingly being discouraged. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the acaricidal activity of essential oils such as Ageratum conyzoïdes, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Lippia multiflora and Ocimum gratissimum against specimens of A. variegatum from Burkina Faso. A larval immersion test was performed to investigate the larvicidal activities of these essential oils. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical compositions of essential oils. The chemical composition was predominantly oxygenated monoterpenes in A. conyzoïdes (48.71 %), C. citratus (99.9 %) and C. giganteus (73.63 %), while hydrocarbon monoterpenes were the most abundant in O. gratissimum (63.7 %) and hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes in L. multiflora (71.719 %). The recorded larvicidal activity, varied according to the species of plants and the dose applied. At a dose of 12.5 mg/mL, all essential oils studied, except L. multiflora (7.54 %), induced 100 % larval mortality. In this study, we highlight the promising larvicidal effects of local essential oils against A. variegatum. These essential oils can be used as bio-acaricides, which are effective and environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical products. However, further investigations are required to determine the mechanisms of action of these essential oils for in vivo experimentation and their practical application in the control of A. variegatum ticks.

Effects of Botanical Extracts on Foraging and Pollination Activity of Apis Mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Glycine Max (Fabaceae) Flowers at Bini (Ngaoundere, Cameroon)

The impact of aqueous extracts from the leaves of Callistemon rigidus, Lippia multiflora and Plectranthus glandulosus on the foraging behavior of Apis mellifera on Glycine max flowers were evaluated in Ngaoundéré Cameroon, during two successive agricultural seasons. The search was conducted in 1064 m2 experimental field with treatments arranged in a completely randomized blocks design 4 times replicated: 1 control x 3 plants x 3 extracts x 3 concentrations (5%, 10% and 15%) x 1 standard synthesis insecticide (Decis) x four groups of flower buds (group 1: flowers free to insect visits; group 2: flowers protected from insects using gauze bags; group 3: protected flowers and opened exclusively to A. mellifera and group 4: protected flowers opened from time to time without any visit of insects or other organisms). This Fabaceae was visited by nine species of insects of which the honeybee, A. mellifera was the most numerous (&gt; 90%) and exclusively collected nectar. The different insecticides tested were attractive to this pollinating insect, specially at the concentration of 15%. The mean duration visit of this bee varied from 1.9 sec on the plots treated with Decis to 4.4 sec on the plots treated with 15% C. rigidus. The fruiting indices were 0.96, 0.69, 0.94 and 0.67 respectively for flowers of group 1, 2, 3 and 4. Callistemon rigidus at the content of 15% significantly improved the fruiting rate compared to the other treatments. According to this study, it would be wise to use aqueous extracts at 15% concentrations to improve the pollinating activity of A. mellifera in order to improve seed yield.

Sensory Stability of Maize Grains Preserved by a Triple Packing System and Biopesticides (Leaves of Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Hyptis suaveolens Poit)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory stability of maize grains preserved in a triple bagging system with or without plant biopesticides (leaves of Lippia multiflora and Hyptis suaveolens), using a three-factor central composite design (CCD).&#x0D; The first CCD factor consisted of 6 observation periods, namely: 0; 1; 4.5; 9.5; 14.5 and 18 months. The second factor was the type of treatment, which consisted of 1 control batch with polypropylene bags (WB) and 9 experimental batches, including 1 in a triple bag with no biopesticides (TS0) and eight (8) additional batches containing ratios and/or combinations of biopesticides (TS1 to TS8). Finally, the third factor concerns the combination of two biopesticides, with the percentage (%) of Lippia multiflora as the reference.&#x0D; The samples were stored at room temperature for 18 months and periodically removed from storage for descriptive sensory analysis. All samples showed significant differences in sensory attributes initially and after storage. Intensity scores for negative sensory attributes such as musty and rancid aromas and acidic and astringent flavors increased during storage. After 18 months of storage, samples stored in a triple bagging system without biopesticides showed the highest intensity scores for rancid, moldy, acidic, and astringent flavors. These scores were 7.33±0.35; 6±1.67; 3.57±1.15; 4.38±1.57 respectively. However, samples preserved in triple bagging systems with biopesticides showed the lowest intensity scores for these negative attributes (4.5±0.8; 3.2±0.6; 2.18±1.73 and 1.96±0.67, respectively). In addition, the intensity scores for color, sweetness, and corn aroma decreased for all samples. Samples stored in triple bagging systems showed the smallest decrease at the end of storage for these positive attributes (5.67±1.21 for color, 5.66±1.5 for sweetness, and 5.25±1.47 for corn aroma).

Domestication test: effects of the cultivation area on physico-chemical characteristics of the leaves of two morphotypes of Lippia multiflora Moldenke (Verbenaceae) cultivated in Côte d'Ivoire

Domestication test: effects of the cultivation area on physico-chemical characteristics of the leaves of two morphotypes of <i>Lippia multiflora</i> Moldenke (<i>Verbenaceae</i>) cultivated in Côte d'Ivoire

Magnesium Enhances the Antidiabetic Activity of Lippia multiflora Aqueous Leaves Extract on Redox Status in Streptozotocin-diabetic Rats

Objective: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the antioxidant effects of Lippia multiflora aqueous extract supplemented with magnesium in diabetic rats. Méthodes: 7 groups of 4 STZ-diabetic rats received separately the Glucophage® (Glu 10 mg/kg), the plant aqueous extract (LiMAE 200-600 mg/kg) and the plant aqueous extract supplemented with magnesium (LiMAE-Mg 200-600 mg/kg) in comparison to healthy rats and untreated diabetic rats. After 21 days of daily treatment, activities of enzymes-markers of oxidative stress were measured on kidney and pancreas samples. Results: The occurrence of diabetes induced a significant increase in MDA and a significant decrease in CAT, SOD and GSH in rats. Separate treatment of animals with LiMAE and LiMAE-Mg significantly restored at p &lt; 0.0001 and in a dose-dependent manner the activities and levels of enzymes-markers of oxidative stress. This restoration was greater with LiMAE-Mg, the aqueous extract of Lippia multiflora supplemented with magnesium. LiMAE-Mg very significantly restored the studied parameters with measured values statistically close to normal. Conclusion: The results showed the antidiabetic potential of Lippia multflora extract supplemented with magnesium on oxidative stress.

Study of the chemical and in vitro cytotoxic activities of essential oils (EOs) of two plants from the Ivorian flora (Lippia multiflora and Zingiber officinale) and their antiviral activities against non-enveloped viruses

• Chemical compositions, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxicity, and antiviral activities of EOs from two Ivorian aromatic plants were investigated. • Zingiber officinale was the most effective inhibitor against tyrosinase, amylase and AChE. • Zingiber officinale significantly inhibited type I enterovirus activity by 50% at 9.860 µg/ml; compared to multiflora (44.47 µg/ml). • The essential oils could be considered as sources of natural therapeutic agents. To investigate chemical compositions and antiviral activities of essential oils (EOs) from two Ivorian aromatic plants ( Lippia multiflora and Zingiber officinale ) against two non-enveloped viruses (PV-1 and enterovirus type 1), human enteroviruses, chemical composition of LMEO and ZOEO was obtained by GC-MS. Biological activities such as inhibitory action on α-glucosidase, α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase and antioxidative potential of both EOs were evaluated. Respective cytotoxicity of LMEO and ZOEO towards RD (rhabdomyosarcoma) and L20B (a genetically engineered mouse cell line) were also determined by observation of the cell line carpet. In addition, Antiviral activity of LMEO and ZOEO against poliovirus type I and enterovirus type I was assessed using a cell culture cytopathic inhibition test. From the structure elucidation experiment, a total number of 23 and 30 compounds were respectively identified for LMEO and ZOEO. Among both plant species, ZOEO significantly inhibited type I enterovirus activity by 50% at 9.860 µg/mL as compared to LMEO (44.47 µg/mL), respectively after 48 and 72 h of incubation. Furthermore, inhibition was statistically the same for studied essential oils (ZOEO: 9 µg/mL and LMEO: 9.077 µg/mL). As a result of our findings, we concluded that the tested essential oils could be used as a source of natural antiviral agents in phytotherapeutic applications.

Essential oils of plants and their combinations as an alternative adulticides against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) populations

The persistence of malaria and the increasing of resistance of Anopheles gambiae species to chemicals remain major public health concerns in sub-Saharan Africa. Faced to these concerns, the search for alternative vector control strategies as use of essential oils (EOs) need to be implemented. Here, the five EOs from Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Lippia multiflora, Ocimum americanum obtained by hydro distillation were tested according to World Health Organization procedures on An. gambiae “Kisumu” and field strains collected in “Vallée du Kou”. Also, the binary combinations of C. nardus (Cn) and O. americanum (Oa) were examined. As results, among the EOs tested, L. multiflora was the most efficient on both An. gambiae strains regarding KDT50 (50% of mosquitoes knock down time) and KDT95 and rate of morality values. Our current study showed that C8 (Cn 80%: Oa 20%) and C9 (Cn 90%: Oa 10%), were the most toxic to An. gambiae strain “Vallée de Kou” (VK) with the mortality rates reaching 80.7 and 100% at 1% concentration, respectively. These two binary combinations shown a synergistic effect on the susceptible population. However, only C9 gave a synergistic effect on VK population. The bioactivity of the two EOs, C. nardus and O. americanum, was improved by the combinations at certain proportions. The resistance ratios of all EOs and of the combinations were low (< 5). The combinations of C. nardus and O. americanum EOs at 90: 10 ratio and to a lesser extent L. multiflora EO, could be used as alternative bio-insecticides against malaria vectors resistant to pyrethroids in vector control programmes.

Alternatives to Pyrethroid Resistance: Combinations of Cymbopogon nardus and Ocimum americanum Essential Oils Improve the Bioefficiency Control Against the Adults' Populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Dengue vector control strategies are mostly based on chemicals use against Aedes aegypti populations. The current study aimed at investigating the insecticidal effects of essential oils (EOs) obtained from five plant species, Cymbopogon citrates (D. C.) Stapf. (Poaceae), Cymbopogon nardus (Linn.) Rendle (Poaceae), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Linn. (Myrtaceae), Lippia multiflora Moldenke (Verbenaceae), and Ocimum americanum Linn. Lamiaceae, and combinations of Cymbopogon nardus and Ocimum americanum on Ae. aegypti populations from Bobo-Dioulasso. For this purpose, adults of the susceptible and field strains of Ae. aegypti were tested in WHO tubes with EO alone and binary combinations of O. americanum (OA) and C. nardus (CN; scored from C1 to C9). The extraction of the essential oils was done by hydrodistillation, and their components were determined by GC/MS. Among the 5 EOs tested, L. multiflora essential oil was the most efficient, with KDT50 values below 60 min on all Ae. aegypti strains tested, and also with a rate of mortality up to 100 and 85% for Bora Bora and Bobo-Dioulasso strains, respectively. This efficacy may be due to its major compounds which are with major compounds as β-caryophyllene, p-cymene, thymol acetate, and 1.8 cineol. Interestingly, on all strains, C8 combination showed a synergistic effect, while C2 showed an additive effect. These combinations exhibit a rate of mortality varying from 80 to 100%. Their toxicity would be due to the major compounds and the putative combined effects of some major and minor compounds. More importanly, L. multiflora EO and combinations of C. nardus and O. americanum EO, may be used as alternatives against pyrethroid resistant of Ae. aegypti.

Evolution of Lippia multiflora Biomass by the Fertigation Technique on a Ferralsol in the South of Côte d’Ivoire

In order to domesticate Lippia multiflora for its perpetuation, study was carried out at the National Center of Floristics (CNF) of the University F&amp;eacute;lix Houphou&amp;euml;t Boigny of C&amp;ocirc;te d&amp;rsquo;Ivoire. The objective of this work is to estimate the biomass of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae), called &amp;ldquo;savannah tea&amp;rdquo;, under the effect of urea diluted in water (fertigation) over time on a ferralsol in southern C&amp;ocirc;te d&amp;rsquo;Ivoire. The trial was set up in a completely randomized Fisher block design with three replications. Potted Lippia multiflora plants received two doses of urea T1 (0.5 g) and T2 (1 g) previously diluted 1 liter of water and a control treatment T0 without urea addition. The effects of these different doses on the growth parameters of Lippia multiflora were compared with each other using analysis of variance to assess the growth parameters of the plant. The observations were made on the average height of the plants in centimeters (cm), the average diameter of the stem, the average number of leaves and roots. From the results obtained, the contribution of urea influenced the growth of Lippia multiflora because different from those of the T0 control. It appears that the application of urea T1 (0.5 g) best promotes the growth of Lippia multiflora.