Lipoproteins In Rats Research Articles

Effect of Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaf Tea on Low-Density Lipoprotein and Malondialdehyde Levels in Dyslipidemic Rats

Effect of Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaf Tea on Low-Density Lipoprotein and Malondialdehyde Levels in Dyslipidemic Rats

Paricalcitol attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the liver of NAFLD rats by regulating FOXO3a and NFκB acetylation

The lack of therapeutics along with complex pathophysiology made non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) a research hotspot. Studies showed that the deficiency of Vitamin D plays a vital role in NAFLD pathogenesis. While several research studies focused on vitamin D supplementation in NAFLD, there is still a need to understand the regulatory mechanism of direct vitamin D receptor activation in NAFLD. In the present study, we explored the role of direct Vitamin D receptor activation using paricalcitol in choline-deficient high-fat diet-induced NAFLD rat liver and its modulation on protein acetylation. Our results showed that paricalcitol administration significantly reduced the fat accumulation in HepG2 cells and the liver of NAFLD rats. Paricalcitol attenuated the elevated serum level of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, insulin, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and increased high-density lipoprotein in NAFLD rats. Paricalcitol significantly decreased the increased total protein acetylation by enhancing the SIRT1 and SIRT3 expression in NAFLD liver. Further, the study revealed that paricalcitol reduced the acetylation of NFκB and FOXO3a in NAFLD liver along with a decrease in the mRNA expression of IL1β, NFκB, TNFα, and increased catalase and MnSOD. Moreover, total antioxidant activity, glutathione, and catalase were also elevated, whereas lipid peroxidation, myeloperoxidase, and reactive oxygen species levels were significantly decreased in the liver of NAFLD after paricalcitol administration. The study concludes that the downregulation of SIRT1 and SIRT3 in NAFLD liver was associated with an increased acetylated NFκB and FOXO3a. Paricalcitol effectively reversed hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress in NAFLD rats through transcriptional regulation of NFκB and FOXO3a, respectively, by inhibiting their acetylation.

Monoclonal Antibody chP3R99 Reduces Subendothelial Retention of Atherogenic Lipoproteins in Insulin-Resistant Rats: Acute Treatment Versus Long-Term Protection as an Idiotypic Vaccine for Atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is triggered by the retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins by proteoglycans. In addition to low-density lipoprotein, remnant lipoproteins have emerged as pivotal contributors to this pathology, particularly in the context of insulin resistance and diabetes. We have previously reported antiatherogenic properties of a monoclonal antibody (chP3R99) that recognizes sulfated glycosaminoglycans on arterial proteoglycans. Solid-phase assays demonstrated that chP3R99 effectively blocked >50% lipoprotein binding to chondroitin sulfate and vascular extracellular matrix invitro. The preperfusion of chP3R99 (competitive effect) resulted in specific antibody-arterial accumulation and reduced fluorescent lipoprotein retention by ~60% in insulin resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. This competitive reduction was dose dependent (25-250 μg/mL), effectively decreasing deposition of cholesterol associated with lipoproteins. In a 5-week vaccination study in insulin resistant rats with (200 μg subcutaneously, once a week), chP3R99 reduced arterial lipoprotein retention, and was associated with the production of antichondroitin sulfate antibodies (Ab3) able to accumulate in the arteries (dot-blot). Neither the intravenous inoculation of chP3R99 (4.5 mg/kg), nor the immunization with this antibody displayed adverse effects on lipid or glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, liver function, blood cell indices, or inflammation pathways in JCR:LA-cp rats. Both acute (passive) and long-term administration (idiotypic cascade) of chP3R99 antibody reduced low-density lipoprotein and remnant lipoprotein interaction with proteoglycans in an insulin-resistant setting. These findings support the innovative approach of targeting proatherogenic lipoprotein retention by chP3R99 as a passive therapy or as an idiotypic vaccine for atherosclerosis.

EFFECTS OF PETROL CONTAMINATED DIET AND WATER ONGLUCOSE, LIVER GLYCOGEN, PLASMA LACTATE AND LIPID PROFILE IN MALE WISTAR RATS

Exposure to petrol have been shown to cause detrimental health effects. Literature is sparse on whether exposure to petrol causes metabolic disorders. This study investigated the effects of petrol contaminated diet andwater on blood glucose, liver glycogen, plasma lactate, triglycerides and lipid profile in male Wistar rats. The study was divided into two phases. Phase one study consisted of 15 male Wistar rats divided into three groups (n = 5/group). Groups 1-3 were given distilled water, petrol-contaminated diet (20 mL petrol/200 g rodent chow PCD), and petrol-contaminated water (0.5 mL/kg PCW) orally and respectively for .two weeks. In the phase two study, 15 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n = 5/group), animals in groups 1-3 received distilled water, petrol contaminated diet, and petrol-contaminated water orally and respectively for four weeks.At the end of the experiment, fasting blood glucose, liver glycogen, plasma lactate, triglycerides and lipid profie were measured.The results of this study showed that the administration of petrol contaminated diet and water caused significant increase in plasma lactate levels, triglycerides (TG),total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)and a significant reduction in liver glycogen and high density lipoprotein( HDL) in male Wistar rats. In conclusion, the study revealed that, exposure of rats to petrol contaminated diet and water caused changes in lipid profile, altered glucose and lipid metabolism in male Wistar rats. Exposure to petrol should therefore be restricted or avoided.

Ezetimibe treatment reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein in biliary cirrhotic rats.

In liver cirrhosis, chronic inflammation is associated with an increase in oxidative stress, and subsequently an increase in the concentration of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Ezetimibe is a lipid-lowering agent with anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ezetimibe treatment on ox-LDL in cirrhotic rats. Biliary cirrhosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with common bile duct ligation (BDL). Sham-operated rats served as surgical controls. Ezetimibe (10 mg/kg/d) or vehicle was administered in the sham-operated or BDL rats for 4 weeks, after which hemodynamic parameters, biochemistry data, and oxidative stress were evaluated. Plasma and intrahepatic ox-LDL levels were also examined, and hepatic proteins were analyzed to explore the mechanism of ezetimibe treatment. The BDL rats had typical features of cirrhosis including jaundice, impaired liver function, hyperlipidemia, and elevated ox-LDL levels compared to the sham-operated rats. Ezetimibe treatment did not affect hemodynamics, liver biochemistry, or plasma lipid levels. However, it significantly reduced oxidative stress, plasma levels of ox-LDL, and tumor necrosis factor α. In addition, ezetimibe upregulated the hepatic protein expression of an ox-LDL scavenger (lectin-like ox-LDL rececptor-1), which resulted in reductions in intrahepatic ox-LDL and fat accumulation in the BDL rats. Nevertheless, ezetimibe treatment did not ameliorate hepatic inflammation or liver fibrosis. Ezetimibe reduced plasma and intrahepatic ox-LDL levels in the cirrhotic rats. Furthermore, it ameliorated intrahepatic fat accumulation and oxidative stress. However, ezetimibe did not alleviate hepatic fibrosis or inflammation in the biliary cirrhotic rats.

Meta-analysis and machine learning reveal the antiobesity effects of melatonin on obese rodents.

Melatonin appears to be a promising supplement for obesity treatment. The antiobesity effects of melatonin on obese rodents are influenced by various factors, including the species, sex, the dosage of melatonin, treatment duration, administration via, daily treatment time, and initial body weight (IBW). Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis and machine learning study to evaluate the antiobesity effect of melatonin on obese mice or rats from 31 publications. The results showed that melatonin significantly reduced body weight, serum glucose (GLU), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and cholesterol (TC) levels in obese mice or rats but increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Melatonin showed a slight positive effect on clock-related genes, although the number of studies was limited. Meta-regression analysis and machine learning indicated that the dosage of melatonin was the primary factor influencing body weight, with higher melatonin dosages leading to a stronger weight reduction effect. Together, male obese C57BL/6 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats with an IBW of 100-200 g showed better body weight reduction when supplemented with a dose of 10-30 mg/kg melatonin administered at night via injection for 5-8weeks.

Comparative evaluation of the serum biochemical and lipid profile changes in spayed male and female rats

Background and aims: This study investigated the effects of gonadal removal in male and female rats on changes in serum biochemical parameters. Methods: Twenty-eight adult male and female rats were divided into four groups of 7 animals for a period of 9 weeks. The first and second groups of intact male and female rats, as well as the third and fourth groups of male and female rats, were gonadectomized, respectively. At the end of the ninth week of the study, the rats were anesthetized with chloroform, and the amount of glucose, some lipid parameters in serum, and the activity of a number of serum enzymes were measured after taking blood from the heart. Results: Alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were higher in intact male rats than in intact female rats, respectively (P=0.03, P=0.015). The amounts of glucose and cholesterol of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in intact female rats were higher than in the ovariectomized rats, respectively (P=0.07, P=0.039, P=0.03). The amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in spayed female rats demonstrated a significant increase compared to other groups (P=0.001). However, there was a significant decrease in calcium levels in gonadectomized rat groups in comparison to intact female rats (P=0.02). Finally, a significant increase was found in phosphorous levels in the intact male rats group compared to other groups (P=0.002). Conclusion: Decreased sex hormones in gonadectomized rats compared with intact rats could lead to increased serum levels of LDH, ALP, and LDL cholesterol that may result in the development of metabolic and atherogenesis syndromes and acute liver failure.

Evaluation of the anti-obesity effect of Sambucus nigra L. (elderberry) and Vitex agnus-castus L. (chasteberry) extracts in high-fat diet-induced obese rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of S. nigra L. and V. agnus-castus L. plants on obesity in vivo. Extracts were prepared from S. nigra leaves, flowers, fruits and from V. agnus-castus leaves, flowers, and fruits using 100% water and 70% ethanol. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were quantified spectrophotometrically. The findings revealed that the ethanol extracts of V. agnus-castus and S. nigra flowers had the highest phenolic content, while the ethanol extracts of S. nigra flowers and V. agnus-castus leaves had the highest flavonoid content. Qualification and quantification of the phenolic contents of the extracts were carried out using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analyses. The study investigated the effects of various extracts on plasma levels of leptin, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lipase enzyme in obesity-induced rats. The results showed that the ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus flowers, as well as the ethanol and water extracts of V. agnus-castus leaves, resulted in body weight reduction in rats with obesity. Additionally, these extracts were found to decrease serum levels of LDL, triglycerides, leptin, lipase, TNF-α, and IL-1β while increasing levels of HDL and adiponectin. The LC-HRMS results demonstrated that all three extracts exhibited relatively high concentrations of luteolin-7-glycoside and kaempferol, in comparison to the other extracts. The ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus flowers contained 653.04mg/100g of luteolin-7-glycoside and 62.63mg/100g of kaempferol. The ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus leaves contained 1,720.26mg/100g of luteolin-7-glycoside and 95.85mg/100g of kaempferol. The water extract of V. agnus-castus leaves contained 690.49mg/100g of luteolin-7-glycoside and 194.41mg/100g of kaempferol. The study suggests that the ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus flowers and leaves, as well as the water extract of V. agnus-castus leaves, may have potential benefits in treating obesity. However, further controlled clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical efficacy of V. agnus-castus in treating obesity and investigate the in vivo anti-obesogenic effects of luteolin-7-glycoside and kaempferol separately, both in their pure form and in combination.

Anthelmintic and Hepatoprotective Activities of the Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Parascaris equorum Infection in Rats.

Green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticle is a promising treatment modality against parasitic infection through its powerful anthelmintic, antioxidant, healing promotion, and anti-inflammation effects. Nanoparticles have many properties, depending on their size, shape, and morphology, allowing them to interact with microorganisms, plants, and animals. Investigation of the therapeutic effects of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on Parascaris equorum infection in rats. Thirty-six rats were divided into two divisions: the first division is noninfected groups were allocated into three groups. Group 1: Control, group 2: ZnO NPs (30mg/kg), and group 3: ZnO NPs (60mg/kg). The second division is infected groups were allocated into three groups. Group 1: vehicle, group 2: ZnO NPs (30mg/kg), and group 3: ZnO NPs (60mg/kg). Ten days post-infection, two larvae per gram of liver tissue were present in the vehicle group compared to the control group. No larvae were recovered from ZnO NPs (30mg/kg), and one larva/g.tissue from ZnO NPs (60mg/kg)-treated groups compared to untreated infected animals. Green-synthesized ZnO NPs caused a significant decrease in liver functions, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO). While it caused a significant increase in hemoglobin (HB), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in infected treated rats. The histological inflammation and fibroplasia scores showed a significant enhancement during the treatment with ZnO NPs (30, 60mg/kg) compared to the infected untreated animals that scored the highest pathological destruction score. Immunohistochemical markers of NF-κB showed a significant decrease during the treatment with ZnO NPs (30, 60mg/kg) compared to the infected untreated animals.

Regulation of Intestinal Flora and Immune Response by Cyanidin Exhibits Protective Effect against Type-2 Diabetes in Rat Model.

In the current study the effects of metformin and cyanidin on the immune system and intestinal flora in rats with type-2 diabetes was investigated. The findings showed that metformin or cyanidin treatment considerably reduced the rise in body weight and glucose levels induced by type-2 diabetes. The type-2 diabetic rats' glucose tolerance was significantly increased by cyanidin administration comparable to that of metformin. Cyanidin administration resulted in a significant reduction in serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in rats with type-2 diabetes. Treatment with cyanidin significantly increased the ratio of high-density lipoprotein to low-density lipoprotein in type-2 diabetes rats. Cyanidin administration significantly raised the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in the fecal samples of type-2 diabetic rats compared to the model group. In comparison to the model group, it also significantly raised the levels of Lactobacillus intestinalis, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus reuteri in the type-2 diabetes rats. In type-2 diabetes rat fecal samples, the abundance of Christensenellaceae significantly increased while Enterobacteriaceae and Proteobacteria were found to decrease upon cyanidin administration. Furthermore, cyanidin administration to the rats with type-2 diabetes significantly improved the glucose homeostasis. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that cyanidin enhances glucose homeostasis in rats with type-2 diabetes, potentially through controlling intestinal flora. Thus, cyanidin may be looked into more as a possible therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes.

Quantification of quercetin from red onion (Allium cepa L.) powder via high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and its effect on hyperuricemia in male healthy Wistar albino rats.

Onions (Allium cepa L.) contain various flavonols, including quercetin, kaempferol, anthocyanin, luteolin, and myricetin. Quercetin in onions is considered the primary bioactive component. To assess the impact of quercetin on hyperuricemia in healthy Wistar albino rats, this study used high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) to identify and measure quercetin in onion powder. Twenty-four 160 ± 10 g, six wistar albino male rats in each group were kept: NC (control sample, no onion powder), OT1, OT2, and OT3, which contained 11.13, 14.84, and 18.61 g/100 g onion powder, respectively. The treatment lasted 28 days, during which the last 7 days were for urine, feces, and blood collection. The results showed a trend of decreasing levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein in rats fed OT1, OT2, and OT3 diets. Improvements were observed in feed, water, and nutrient intake, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency ratio, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, body weight, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels (p ≤ .05). In contrast, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, serum total protein, neutrophils, and lymphocytes did not change (p ≥ .05). White blood cells, red blood cell count, platelet count, hemoglobin, and monocytes showed an upward trend. Based on our calculations, we determined the optimal human dosage from the most effective amount of onion powder. By taking into account the ratio of human-to-rat surface area, we estimate that the equivalent human dose of onion is 181.04 grams with 204 mg of quercetin. Additionally, when factoring in the dry matter content, the recommended dose of onion is 29.19 grams with 220 mg of quercetin.

Exploring the Potential of Plant Bioactive Compounds against Male Infertility: An In Silico and In Vivo Study

Infertility is a well-recognized multifactorial problem affecting the majority of people who struggle with infertility issues. In recent times, among infertility cases, the male factor has acquired importance, and now it contributes to approximately half of the infertility cases because of different abnormalities. In the current study, we used natural phytochemicals as potential drug-lead compounds to target different receptor proteins that are involved in the onset of male infertility. A set of 210 plant phytochemicals were docked counter to active site residues of sex hormone-binding globulin, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17, and DNase I as receptor proteins. On the basis of binding scores and molecular dynamics simulation, the phytochemicals tricin, quercetin, malvidin, rhamnetin, isorhamnetin, gallic acid, kaempferol, esculin, robinetin, and okanin were found to be the potential drug candidates to treat male infertility. Molecular dynamics simulation showed tricin as a strong inhibitor of all selected receptor proteins because the ligand–protein complexes remained stabilized during the entire simulation time of 100 ns. Further, an in vivo study was designed to evaluate the effect of tricin in male rats with nicotine-induced infertility. It was explored that a high dose of tricin significantly reduced the levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein and raised the level of high-density lipoprotein in intoxicated male rats. A high dose of tricin also increased the reproductive hormones (i.e., testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin) and reduced the level of DHEA-SO4. The phytochemical (tricin, 10 mg/kg body weight) also showed significant improvement in the histo-architecture after nicotine intoxication in rats. From the current study, it is concluded that the phytochemical tricin could serve as a potential drug candidate to cure male infertility.

Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Phormidium Tenue on High Cholesterol Diet Induced Hyperlipidemia in Wistar Albino Rats

This study investigated antihyperlipidemic activity of Phormidium tenue on high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar albino rats. The ethanolic extract of P. tenue was given at the dose of 1 g/kg to the group of animals once in a day along with the high cholesterol diet orally, for 25 days. There was a significant increase in body weight of high cholesterol diet rats, compared to normal rats. However, there was no change in the body weight of test groups treated with P. tenue. The treatment also significantly reduced the levels of serum cholesterol, Triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and increased the level of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) in hyperlipidemic rats nearer to standard drug. Histopathological studies revealed that the coronary artery wall appeared normal, with no foam cells, no disturbance in the endothelial cell and no change in the muscle fibers in the control group or standard drug treated group. The coronary artery wall of the algal treated rats was similar to that of the normal rats. Our study suggests that P. tenue has the potential protective role for coronary heart disease, and hence further clinical trials are required to explore natural biomolecules towards developing drug.

Sub-Acute Toxicity Profile of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Pavetta crassipes (K. Schum) in Rats

Pavetta crassipes is a plant with many ethnomedicinal uses but has limited published data on its safety. The aim of the study was to evaluate the subacute oral toxicity of aqueous leaf extract of P. crassipes in Wister rats. Thirty-six Wister male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of six rats each. They were treated with; 1 mL/kg distilled water (negative control group), aqueous leaf extract of P. crassipes (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg test groups respectively), 10 mg/kg furosemide (positive control group 1), and 10 mg/kg lisinopril (positive control group 2) daily for 28 days. Weekly animal weight, food consumption, water intake, fecal/urine outputs, organ tobody weight ratio, hematological, biochemical and histological assessment of organs were used to evaluating toxicity. There was no significant difference between all the groups in body weight, food/water intake, fecal output, plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and biochemical markers of liver and kidney function (p›0.05). However, P. crassipes leaf extract significantly increases the urine excretion, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and endogenous antioxidant (p‹0.05) with a decrease in total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein (p‹0.05) in rats. Aqueous leaves extract of P. crassipes is relatively safe because the biochemical parameters and organs assayed were within the values for distilled water treated rats.&nbsp

The Influence of Oral Administration of Red Dragon Fruit Peels Extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) on Increasing High Density Lipoprotein in Male White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Hypercholesterolemia

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is one of the most common diseases in the world, with cholesterol levels exceeding normal levels. Hypercholesterolemia can cause various systemic disorders in the body. One of the signs is by decreasing HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol levels. Dragon fruit peel contains many ingredients, such as vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin C, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other minerals that can affect the increase in HDL production and reduce total cholesterol levels. Purpose: To know the effect of red dragon fruit peel extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus)on increasing levels of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) in male rats (Rattus norvegicus) hypercholesterolemia. Methods: Male rats were made hypercholesterolemic using a mixture of lard (3 ml) and egg yolk (1 g) for 14 days orally. 20 hypercholesterolemic male rats were further divided into 5 treatment groups and given dragon fruit peel extract therapy with different treatments, namely T0 negative control (CMC-Na 1% + aquadest), T1 positive control (Simvastatin 0.0013 mg/200 g BW), T2, T3 and T4 (each 100, 150, 200 mg/kg BW red dragon fruit peel extract) for 14 days orally. Blood serum was taken on day 36 and tested in the laboratory using a chemical analyzer machine; then the data were analyzed using the univariant multiple way one-way ANOVA statistical test with a significant difference (p>0.05). Results: The P4 treatment group has an effective dose (200 mg/kg BW) to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, while the P3 treatment group (dose 150 mg/kg BW) is less effective but can still have an effect. Conclusion: This research showed that red dragon fruit peel extract could increase HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol levels with an effective 200 mg/kg BW dose.

Magnesium and insulin leaf combination on glucose, low-density lipoprotein and malondialdehyde levels in wistar rats with diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin receptor sensitivity and/or both. Hyperglycemia can trigger oxidative stress conditions that can increase the risk of micro and macrovascular complications. Preventive efforts need to be done such as giving supplements and traditional therapies that have low side effects, namely magnesium and insulin leaves. This research is experimental type with post test only control group. The samples in this study were 30 male wistar rats weighing 170-300g which had healthy conditions adapted for 7 days, given standard feed and given ad libitum drinking water. The results showed that the glucose level in the treatment group 3 when compared to the negative control group had a percentage decrease of 26.49%. LDL and MDA levels were lower in the combination treatment group of magnesium and insulin leaves when compared to the negative control group. The ANOVA results showed that there was a significant difference between the groups in the glucose test results (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the groups in the LDL and MDA results (p > 0.05). The conclusion of this study was that the best results when compared to negative controls were the combination of magnesium at a dose of 300 mg and insulin leaves at a dose of 300 mg/KgBB had a decreased percentage of LDL levels by 52.38% and MDA levels of 29.11%, while for glucose levels the combination of magnesium doses 300 mg and insulin leaves 75 mg/KgBW had a percentage reduction of 26.49%

Purpurin, a Natural Anthroquinone Ameliorates Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Nephropathy via Attenuating Hyperglycemia, Dyslipidemia, and Inflammation in Rats

Background Throughout the world, diabetic nephropathy has been treated by managing hyperglycemia and hypertension with antidiabetic and antihypertensive drugs, but the potency of reversing the diabetic nephropathy-induced complications is still questionable. Materials and Methods This study was focused on elucidating the nephroprotective effect of purpurin, a natural anthraquinone, against diabetic nephropathy induced in an in vivo model. Diabetic nephropathy was induced in rats by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) and then treating them with purpurin. The rats were analyzed for food intake, body weight gain, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to analyze the anti-glycemic effect of purpurin on diabetic nephropathy-induced rats. The lipid profile, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) levels were assessed. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), were quantified to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of purpurin on diabetic nephropathy-induced rats. Finally, histopathological analysis of kidney tissue was performed. Results Purpurin effectively decreased the body weight, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR values, and increased insulin levels. It significantly decreased lipid profiles while increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in diabetic nephropathy-induced rats. It also decreased the BUN, creatinine, LDH, and KIM-1 levels. The reduction in proinflammatory cytokine levels was observed in the purpurin-treated diabetic nephropathy rats. Finally, the histopathological analysis confirms the nephroprotective effect of purpurin. Conclusion Taken together, our results conclude that purpurin possesses therapeutic potency to ameliorate diabetic-induced nephropathy, and it can be a promising drug for diabetic nephropathy in the future.

Hypercholesterolemia Induced by Cholesterol- or Cystine-Enriched Diets is Characterized by Different Plasma Lipoprotein and Apolipoprotein Concentrations in Rats

This study examined the effects of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia on plasma apolipoprotein (apo) concentrations and hepatic apolipoprotein mRNA levels in rats. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding rats diets containing an excess of either cholesterol or cystine. After cholesterol feeding, plasma apo E and apo B concentrations were lower (-65%, P < 0.001) and greater (+39%, P < 0.01), respectively, compared with control diet-fed rats. After cystine feeding, plasma apo B and apo E concentrations were greater (+46%, P < 0.01 and +75%, P < 0.001, respectively) and plasma apo A-IV concentration was lower (-29%, P < 0.001) than in rats fed control diet. After cholesterol or cystine feeding, a tendency (one-way ANOVA, P = 0.08) for greater apo B mRNA level (+42% and +47%, respectively) was observed compared with control diet-fed rats. No difference emerged between groups for apo E and apo A-I mRNA levels. An opposite effect of cholesterol and cystine feeding was shown for apo A-IV mRNA level, i.e., higher after cholesterol feeding (+47%, P < 0.05) and lower after cystine feeding (-65%, P < 0.01). From this work, it seems that hypercholesterolemia induced by dietary cholesterol or by increased cholesterogenesis in cystine-fed rats is characterized by different plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations and is associated with different apolipoprotein gene expression in the liver.

Demonstration of antidiabetic effect of Asiatic Acid in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat

Diabetes mellitus is one of most prominent disorder among others spreading at an alarming rate across the globe. The quest to obtain a potential active ingredient for antidiabetic activity is on. The present study was designed to examine the antidiabetic effect of asiatic acid (AA) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic rats show increased plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, low density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein and decreased insulin and high-density lipoprotein in diabetic rats. The antidiabetic effect of AA was compared with glibenclamide, a well-known antihyperglycemic drug. In conclusion, this study indicates that AA showed antidiabetic effect in experimental diabetes.

Attenuation of hyperglycemia-associated dyslipidemic, oxidative, cognitive, and inflammatory crises via modulation of neuronal ChEs/NF-κB/COX-2/NOx, and hepatorenal functional deficits by the Tridax procumbens extract

Tridax procumbens (cotton buttons) is a flowering plant with a medicinal reputation for treating infections, wounds, diabetes, and liver and kidney diseases. The present research was conducted to evaluate the possible protective effects of the T. procumbens methanolic extract (TPME) on an experimentally induced type 2 diabetes rat model. Wistar rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were randomly allocated into five groups of five animals each, viz., a normal glycemic group (I), diabetic rats receiving distilled water group (II), diabetic rats with 150 (III) and 300 mg/kg of TPME (IV) groups, and diabetic rats with 100 mg/kg metformin group (V). All treatments were administered for 21 consecutive days through oral gavage. Results: Administration of the T. procumbens extract to diabetic rats significantly restored alterations in levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight loss, serum and pancreatic insulin levels, and pancreatic histology. Furthermore, T. procumbens significantly attenuated the dyslipidemia (increased cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in diabetic rats), serum biochemical alterations (alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, and urea) and full blood count distortion in rats with STZ-induced diabetes. The TPME also improved the antioxidant status as evidenced by increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA); and decreased levels of cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)), and proinflammatory mediators including nuclear factor (NF)-κB, cyclooxygenase (COX)− 2, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) in the brain of rats with STZ-induced diabetes compared to rats with STZ-induced diabetes that received distilled water. However, TPME treatment failed to attenuate the elevated monoamine oxidases and decreased dopamine levels in the brain of rats with STZ-induced diabetes. Extract characterization by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) identified isorhamnetin (retention time (RT)= 3.69 min, 8.8%), bixin (RT: 25.06 min, 4.72%), and lupeol (RT: 25.25 min, 2.88%) as the three most abundant bioactive compounds that could be responsible for the bioactivity of the plant. In conclusion, the TPME can be considered a promising alternative therapeutic option for managing diabetic complications owing to its antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in rats with STZ-prompted diabetes.