Lipid Status Research Articles

Association between CA 19-9, Her2 and parameters of lipid status in patients with pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer

Association between CA 19-9, Her2 and parameters of lipid status in patients with pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer

Study of the lipid status and indicators of hemostasis among young men of different ethnic groups to assess thrombogenic risk

The aim of the study was to investigate the lipid status and indicators of the system of hemostasis in healthy young men of different linguistic families of the North Caucasus region to assess the risk of development of thrombogenic states.. Material and methods. A survey of young men aged 18 to 21 years was carried out with the subsequent establishment of region of residence and nationality to form ethnic groups. Based on the information received during the survey, 62 people were selected: 32 young men of the Indo-European language family (Russians, Greeks, Armenians) and 30 young men of the North Caucasian language family (Chechens, Ingush, Avars, Dargins). The assessment of lipid status was carried out by the photocolorimetric method on a biochemical analyzer, and the analysis of indicators of the hemostasis system was carried out by the clotting method on an automatic coagulometer analyzer. Homocysteine levels were determined by chemiluminescent immunoassay on a microplate device. Genetic polymorphisms of the hemostatic system were identified using the real-time PCR. Results. Young men of the Indo-European language family have significantly more low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, homocysteine and antithrombine III content, than representatives of the North Caucasian language family (p < 0.001), and less total number and average platelet volume, prothrombin index, prothrombin concentration according to Quick (p < 0.001). There was also a significantly more frequent occurrence of mutations of the gene encoding fibrinase (p < 0.05) in young men of the Indo-European language family. Conclusions. A comprehensive study among young men of different ethnicities illustrates ethnic differences in lipid status and homocysteine level. Analysis of the main indicators of coagulogram and genetic polymorphism of the hemostasis system allowed us to establish a higher risk of thrombogenic conditions and atherosclerosis in young men of the North Caucasian language family

Circulating Fatty Acids Associate with Metabolic Changes in Adolescents Living with Obesity.

Fatty acids play a crucial role in obesity development and in the comorbidities of obesity in both adults and children. This study aimed to assess the impact of circulating fatty acids on biomarkers of metabolic health of adolescents living with obesity. Parameters such as blood lipids, redox status, and leukocyte telomere length (rLTL) were measured alongside the proportions of individual fatty acids. The Mann-Whitney U test revealed that individuals with obesity exhibited an unfavorable lipid and redox status compared to the control normal weight group. The group with obesity also had lower plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a higher ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs than the control group. They also had a shorter rLTL, indicating accelerated biological aging. There was an inverse association of rLTL and plasma n-6-to-n-3 PUFA ratio. Future studies should explore the impact of recommended nutrition plans and increased physical activity on these parameters to determine if these interventions can enhance the health and well-being of adolescents with obesity, knowing that early obesity can track into adulthood.

Discovery of Small Molecule Glycolytic Stimulants for Enhanced ApoE Lipidation in Alzheimer's Disease Cell Model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by pathophysiological deposits of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of tau. The central role of Aβ in AD pathology is well-established, with its increased deposition attributed mainly to its decreased cerebral clearance. Here, it is noteworthy that apolipoprotein E (ApoE), the most significant risk factor for AD, has been shown to play an isoform-specific role in clearing Aβ deposits (ApoE2 > ApoE3 > ApoE4), owing mainly to its lipidation status. In addition to the pathophysiological Aβ deposits, AD is also characterized by abnormal glucose metabolism, which is a distinct event preceding Aβ deposition. The present study established, for the first time, a possible link between these two major AD etiologies, with glucose metabolism directly influencing ApoE lipidation and its secretion by astrocytes expressing human ApoE4. Specifically, glucose dose-dependently activated liver X receptor (LXR), leading to elevated ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein levels and enhanced ApoE lipidation. Moreover, co-treatment with a glycolytic inhibitor significantly inhibited this LXR activation and subsequent ApoE lipidation, further supporting a central role of glucose metabolism in LXR activation leading to enhanced ApoE lipidation, which may help against AD through potential Aβ clearance. Therefore, we hypothesized that pharmacological agents that can target cellular energy metabolism, specifically aerobic glycolysis, may hold significant therapeutic potential against AD. In this context, the present study also led to the discovery of novel, small-molecule stimulants of astrocytic glucose metabolism, leading to significantly enhanced lipidation status of ApoE4 in astrocytic cells. Three such newly discovered compounds (lonidamine, phenformin, and berberine), owing to their promising cellular effect on the glycolysis-ApoE nexus, warrant further investigation in suitable in vivo models of AD.

Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of different doses of LT4 in pregnant women with high-normal TSH levels and TPOAb positivity in the first half of pregnancy.

The objective was to investigate the efficacy of different doses of levothyroxine therapy among pregnant women exhibiting high-normal thyroid stimulating hormone levels and positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies throughout the first half of pregnancy. Pregnant women exhibiting high-normal thyroid stimulating hormone levels and thyroid peroxidase antibodies positivity throughout the initial half of pregnancy were selected from January 2021 to September 2023. Based on the different doses of levothyroxine, the pregnant women were categorized into the nonintervention group (G0, 122 women), 25µg levothyroxine intervention group (G25, 69 women), and 50µg levothyroxine intervention group (G50, 58 women). Serum parameters, gastrointestinal symptoms, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared after the intervention among the three groups. After the intervention, in the G25 and G50 groups, the thyroid stimulating hormone, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein levels were notably less in contrast to those in the G0 group (P < 0.05). The rates of abdominal distension and SIBO in the G25 and G50 groups were notably lower in contrast to the G0 group (P = 0.043 and 0.040, respectively). The G50 group had a lower rate of spontaneous abortion and premature membrane rupture than the G0 group (P = 0.01 and 0.015, respectively). Before 11+ 2 weeks of gestation and at thyroid peroxidase antibodies levels ≥ 117 IU/mL, in contrast to the G0 group, the G50 group experienced a decreased rate of spontaneous abortion (P = 0.008). The G50 group had significantly higher newborn weight than the G0 group (P = 0.014), as well as a notably longer newborn length than the G0 and G25 groups (P = 0.005). For pregnant women with high-normal thyroid stimulating hormone levels and thyroid peroxidase antibodies positive during the first half of pregnancy, supplementation with 50µg levothyroxine was more effective in improving their blood lipid status and gastrointestinal symptoms, reducing the incidence of SIBO and premature rupture of membranes, and before 11+2 weeks, TPOAb ≥ 117IU/mL proved more beneficial in mitigating the risk of spontaneous abortion.

Relationships between the Structural Characteristics of General Medical Practices and the Socioeconomic Status of Patients with Diabetes-Related Performance Indicators in Primary Care.

The implementation of monitoring for general medical practice (GMP) can contribute to improving the quality of diabetes mellitus (DM) care. Our study aimed to describe the associations of DM care performance indicators with the structural characteristics of GMPs and the socioeconomic status (SES) of patients. Using data from 2018 covering the whole country, GMP-specific indicators standardized by patient age, sex, and eligibility for exemption certificates were computed for adults. Linear regression models were applied to evaluate the relationships between GMP-specific parameters (list size, residence type, geographical location, general practitioner (GP) vacancy and their age) and patient SES (education, employment, proportion of Roma adults, housing density) and DM care indicators. Patients received 58.64% of the required medical interventions. A lower level of education (hemoglobin A1c test: β = -0.108; ophthalmic examination: β = -0.100; serum creatinine test: β = -0.103; and serum lipid status test: β = -0.108) and large GMP size (hemoglobin A1c test: β = -0.068; ophthalmological examination β = -0.031; serum creatinine measurement β = -0.053; influenza immunization β = -0.040; and serum lipid status test β = -0.068) were associated with poor indicators. A GP age older than 65 years was associated with lower indicators (hemoglobin A1c test: β = -0.082; serum creatinine measurement: β = -0.086; serum lipid status test: β = -0.082; and influenza immunization: β = -0.032). Overall, the GMP-level DM care indicators were significantly influenced by GMP characteristics and patient SES. Therefore, proper diabetes care monitoring for the personal achievements of GPs should involve the application of adjusted performance indicators.

Effect of a 12-Week Multi-Exercise Community Program on Muscle Strength and Lipid Profile in Elderly Women.

This study targeted elderly women over 60 years old (109 persons), divided them into an exercise group and a control group, and implemented a 12-week physical activity program for the exercise group. Body composition, muscle, blood tests, depression, quality of life (QoL), nutritional status, and physical strength were compared and analyzed. The physical activity program was organized through a consultative body of experts, was performed for about 60 min each time in the type and order of exercise appropriate for elderly women, and consisted of a combination of exercise using a band, gymnastics, and stretching. Changes in the muscle index and muscle mass before and after the program were selected as the primary efficacy evaluations. In the exercise group, waist circumference significantly decreased, and the muscle index significantly increased compared to the control group. The number of subjects who showed sarcopenia with a muscle index of 5.4 or less in the exercise group significantly decreased from 22 (38.6%) before program implementation to 13 (22.8%). According to the results of secondary effectiveness evaluation, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein (Apo) A were significantly increased in the exercise group compared to the control group, and Apo B, triglyceride, and c-reactive protein showed a significant decrease. Regular physical activity is very important for improving the health and QoL of elderly women, and as a result of applying a customized program, effects such as increased muscle index, improvement of sarcopenia, and improvement of blood lipid status were confirmed. Therefore, it is believed that the physical activity program developed through this study can be applied as a community program for elderly women.

The Effects of Body Fat Reduction through the Metabolic Control of Steam-Processed Ginger Extract in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing globally due to behavioral and environmental changes. There are many therapeutic agents available for the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, but the data on their efficacy and safety are lacking. Through a pilot study by our group, Zingiber officinale rhizomes used as a spice and functional food were selected as an anti-obesity candidate. In this study, steam-processed ginger extract (GGE) was used and we compared its efficacy at alleviating metabolic syndrome-related symptoms with that of conventional ginger extract (GE). Compared with GE, GGE (25-100 μg/mL) had an increased antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. GGE was better at suppressing the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and promoting glucose utilization in C2C12 cells than GE. In 16-week high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice, GGE (100 and 200 mg/kg) improved biochemical profiles, including lipid status and liver function, to a greater extent than GE (200 mg/kg). The supplementation of HFD-fed mice with GGE (200 mg/kg) resulted in the downregulation of SREBP-1c and FAS gene expression in the liver. Collectively, our results indicate that GGE is a promising therapeutic for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

P1088 Real-world data on the treatment with Upadacitinib in a biological-experienced Crohn's disease cohort

Abstract Background Upadacitinib was approved for the treatment of Crohn's disease in June 2023. However, real-world data, especially in biological-experienced patients, is scarce. We aimed to determine the treatment efficacy and persistence of Upadacitinib in treatment-experienced Crohn's disease (CD) patients Methods All patients treated for Crohn's disease in the IBD outpatient clinic of the University Hospital Frankfurt from 06/23-11/23 were retrospectively analyzed. Data on clinical (Harvey-Bradshaw index (HBI)) and biochemical disease activity (fecal calprotectin FC), as well as patient history, were collected. Patients were followed up for at least 12 weeks. Results Twenty patients with CD were included. All patients had already received at least one biological agent before starting upadacitinib. Six patients reported extraintestinal manifestations, most commonly arthralgia. Five patients had stenosis of the terminal/neoterminal ileum, and one patient underwent surgery during Upadacitinib induction. Five patients had preexisting fistulae; four reported fistulae activity at treatment initiation. The median Harvey-Bradshaw Index was 11. We report an HBI reduction after induction (8.5). The median FC level at induction was 719 ug/g. After the induction, the median FC was 216 ug/g. Nineteen of the twenty patients completed the induction period of 12 weeks at the time of this interim analysis. All patients continued with 30mg of Upadacitinib post-induction. The most common adverse event was acne. No significant changes in the patients' lipid status were observed. Conclusion We report preliminary real-world data on the treatment with upadacitinib. In our interim analysis, Upadacitinib is an effective and safe treatment in biological-experienced CD patients.

Lipid profile of parr and smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared in aquaculture under various lighting regimes

The study of the biochemical mechanisms of the effect of additional lighting on the growth and early development of salmonids in aquaculture allows to identify patterns of slow or accelerated growth, as well as the onset of the smoltification. In this study, the results of changes in lipid status in parr and smolts of Atlantic salmon after the “winter window” (December-January) are presented. These results were obtained from three experimental groups exposed to different lighting and feeding regimes at the fingerlings stage. The changes in lipid composition of the studied young salmon indicate the onset of smoltification in all experimental groups. However, this effect is the most pronounced in the fish previously reared under continuous lighting during the summer-autumn season.

Punicic acid ameliorates obesity-related hyperlipidemia and fatty liver in mice via regulation of intestinal flora and lipopolysaccharide-related signaling pathways.

Punicic acid (PA), mainly found in pomegranate seed oil (PSO), has attracted increasing attention due to its potential to mitigate obesity. The regulation of intestinal microflora was identified as a crucial factor and an effective strategy to reverse obesity-related hyperlipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To assess the impact of PSO on hyperlipidemia related to obesity, we investigated the hepatic lipid status and gut microbiota regulation in mice over 13 weeks of feeding a high-fructose high-fat diet (HFHFD). Serum lipid markers, including TG, TC and LDL-C, were markedly reduced in hyperlipidemic mice. PSO supplementation reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis, inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (including IL-6 and IL-1β), and restored the normal levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, PSO also alleviated oxidative stress and increased T-AOC and SOD activities, as well as GSH levels, while reducing the MDA content in the liver of HFHFD-fed mice. The activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and TLR4/IL-22/STAT3 signaling pathways in the liver due to the HFHFD was also evidently inhibited by PSO. Furthermore, supplementation of PSO ameliorated the HFHFD-induced dysbiosis of intestinal microflora, resulting in a markedly increased proportion of Muribaculaceae, a decreased ratio of Blautia, and elevated levels of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Moreover, the expression of tight junction proteins correlated with intestinal barrier function was notably restored in the colon. The collected results indicate that PSO may be an effective nutraceutical ingredient for attenuating lipid metabolic disorders.

Association between Iron Indices and Dyslipidemia among Patients with Iron Deficiency Anaemia: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is a major public health problem in India. Iron plays a role in hepatic lipogenesis, being an integral part of some enzymes and transporters involved in lipid metabolism. Since information on the association between iron metabolism and dyslipidemia in adults is limited, it is important to assess the lipid status in iron-deficient patients. Aim: To study the association of iron indices with the lipid profile among patients with iron deficiency anaemia. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Paramedical and Health Sciences, Parul Institute of Paramedical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, from December 2022 to May 2023. In the present study, 100 IDA patients aged between 25-45 years were included. All the participants underwent different tests including Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C), and Low Density LipoproteinCholesterol (LDL-C). Furthermore, the association between IDA patients and lipid levels was analysed. The data were statistically analysed using Pearson’s correlation test and Chi-square test. Results: In the present study, out of a total of 100 patients, 38 were males and 62 were females. The majority of IDA patients had lower levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C. Low levels of TC and LDL were found in 52 (83.87%) of females and 30 (78.94%) of males. A total of 28 (73.68%) of males and 52 (83.87%) of females had lower values for TG levels. In contrast to TC and TG, a substantial correlation between Haemoglobin (Hb) levels and HDL-C and LDL-C was found. However, Hb had a positive association with TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C and a negative correlation with TC. These results also suggest a substantial correlation between Serum Iron (SI) and TC, TG, and HDL-C, but not a significant correlation with LDL-C. Conclusion: When observed for dyslipidemia, IDA patients showed significantly lower levels of TC, TG, and HDL-C with respect to their SI levels.

Assessment of Lipid Profiles among Athletes and Non-Athletes in Kalar City

Regular and professional physical activity has a significant impact on general health, lipid status, and body composition., Lipid profiles and anthropometric measures are considered the main indicators for understanding body composition and cardiovascular risk factors among both athletes and non-athletes. The aim of this study was to assess the body composition and lipid profile of athletes and non-athlete college students at the University of Garmian. This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted on 45 endurance athletes and 30 sedentary male and female individuals. It took venous blood samples from the antecubital vein. Total blood cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-dense lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), Low-dense lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and very low lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) were determined by standard methods. It was found a significant difference in lipid profile and body mass index (BMI) between athletic and non-athletic individuals at different ages. A significant reduction in TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL concentrations was observed in athletes as compared to the control group. However, the HDL cholesterol and BMI of athletes were not significantly different when compared to the control group. Among athletes, BMI had a significant correlation with age, TC, and VLDL, but the same correlation was not significant in non-athletes. TG had a significant correlation with VLDL in athletes but not in non-athletes. According to this study, athletes had a better lipid profile than non-athletes, despite the slight difference in BMI, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The significant correlations of body composition (BMI) and age with body lipid profiles in athletes may be useful for assessing body health.

Methylprednisolone Does Not Enhance Paraoxonase 1 Activity During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery—A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

ObjectivesCardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is linked to systemic inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme with a cardioprotective role, whose activity is decreased in systemic inflammation, and in patients with acute myocardial and global ischemia. Glucocorticoids counteract the effect of oxidative stress by up-regulating PON1 gene expression. We aimed to determine the effect of methylprednisolone on PON1 activity during cardiac surgery on CPB. DesignProspective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. SettingThe study was conducted at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia. Participants40 adult patients, who underwent complex cardiac surgery on CPB between February 2016 and December 2017, were randomized into methylprednisolone and control group (n=20 each). InterventionsPatients in the methylprednisolone group received 1g of methylprednisolone in the CPB priming solution, while patients in the control group were not given methylprednisolone during CPB. Measurements and Main ResultsWe compared the effect of methylprednisolone from CPB priming solution with standard care during CPB on PON1 activity until the 5. postoperative day. Correlations of PON1 activity with lipid status, mediators of inflammation, and hemodynamics were analyzed as well. No significant differences existed between study groups for PON1 activity, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in any of the measurement intervals (p>0.016). Methylprednisolone group had significantly lower TNF-a (p<0.001), IL-6 (p<0.001), as well as CRP and procalcitonin (p<0.016) after surgery. No significant difference was found between groups for hemodynamic parameters. A positive correlation existed between PON1 and lipid status, whereas a negative correlation was found between PON1 activity and TNF-a, IL-6, as well as CPB duration. ConclusionsMethylprednisolone doesn't influence PON1 activity during cardiac surgery on CPB.

Current Status of Metabolic Compliance and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the Zhuang Population in China.

This study aimed to investigate the blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipid status in Zhuang patients with T2DM and to analyze the correlation between compliance with metabolic monitoring and cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 1975 Zhuang patients with T2DM were evaluated in four Class III Grade A hospitals in three prefecture-level cities in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region between January and August 2022. Laboratory indicators, lifestyle, and demographic characteristics were collected. The compliance rates for blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipids were 26.08%, 45.77%, and 30.58%, respectively, and only 5.06% of the patients reached the standard in all three indices. The compliance rates for blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipids in the CVD group were 32.92%, 21.74%, and 9.94%, respectively. In the CVD group, the usage rates of hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, and lipid-lowering drugs were 77.54%, 3.17%, and 4.11%, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that older age (OR = 1.033, 95% CI [1.016, 1.050]), female (OR = 0.402, 95% CI [0.260, 0.621]), smoke (OR = 1.994, 95% CI [1.361, 2.922]), blood pressure noncompliance + use of antihypertensive drugs (OR = 0.348, 95% CI [0.230, 0.527]), and blood lipid noncompliance + use of lipid-lowering drugs (OR = 0.244, 95% CI [0.142, 0.417]) were risk factors for CVDs, and moderate-intensity exercise (OR = 0.439, 95% CI [0.300,0.640]) was protective against CVD. Older age, female, smoke, blood lipid levels, and blood pressure noncompliance were risk factors for CVD while moderate-intensity exercise was observed to be protective.

Analysis of antipsychotic drugs prescribing in incarcerated persons in a Serbian correctional facility

PurposePrison settings have limited resources, and it is of particular interest to analyze which antipsychotics are commonly prescribed in these conditions and to determine the prevalence of the adverse effects.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional, epidemiological survey was used to measure the prevalence of antipsychotic prescribing among adult prisoners in Sremska Mitrovica Prison in 2020.FindingsThe prevalence of antipsychotic use was 7.58%. The most commonly prescribed antipsychotic was clozapine (45.36%), but also olanzapine, haloperidol and risperidone were prescribed. The incidence of extrapyramidal adverse effects was nonexistent and the metabolic parameters did not differ between participants using metabolic syndrome–inducing antipsychotics and those who were prescribed metabolically inert medications. The prescribed doses were lower compared with the recommended.Research limitations/implicationsThis research includes certain points that should be cautiously considered. First, the data were cross-sectional and the findings did not provide causal interpretations. Second, the data are from a single penitentiary institution, albeit the largest in the country; however, that may affect the generalizability of the findings. Third, because the included subjects were not hospitalized, some laboratory analyses were not available, according to the local regulations, and thus the prevalence of metabolic syndrome could not be precisely determined.Practical implicationsThe prevalence of the antipsychotic use in prison environment is significantly higher than in general population. The most frequently prescribed antipsychotics are clozapine and olanzapine. The prevalence of adverse effects is rare, however, that is possibly due to low doses of the prescribed antipsychotics. The list of therapeutic options available to the incarcerated persons in this facility is also limited. The list of available antipsychotics does not include some atypical antipsychotics with more favorable safety and tolerability profile, such as aripiprazole or cariprazine. Long-acting antipsychotic injectables were also not available to these patients. Laboratory analyses are not regularly conducted and do not include some essential parameters such as lipid status or differential blood count. Low-dose antipsychotics for behavioral symptoms appears to be well tolerated under prison conditions where adherence is assured. It is effective during the prison stay but long-term effects, especially after release from prison, had not been studied.Social implicationsThis paper advocates for better quality of health care in this correctional facility: more therapeutic options and better laboratory monitoring. The authors justify the use of clozapine in this settings due its benefits in reducing violence and aggression; however, further research would be necessary to clarify does the use of clozapine in incarcerated persons cause behavioral improvements that could result in shorter incarcerations, less recidivism and better quality of life.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first insight of the antipsychotic prescribing practice in Serbia. There is very limited data on prisoners’ health care, especially mental health care, in Balkan countries. The antipsychotic prescribing pattern in this sample is characterized with higher than expected clozapine use, but without expected adverse effects.

Harnessing Nanovaccines for Effective Immunization─A Special Concern on COVID-19: Facts, Fidelity, and Future Prospective.

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative pathway in vaccine research and delivery. Nanovaccines, encompassing lipid and nonlipid formulations, exhibit considerable advantages over traditional vaccine techniques, including enhanced antigen stability, heightened immunogenicity, targeted distribution, and the potential for codelivery with adjuvants or immune modulators. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements and applications of lipid and non-lipid-based nanovaccines in current vaccination strategies for immunization. The review commences by outlining the fundamental concepts underlying lipid and nonlipid nanovaccine design before delving into the diverse components and production processes employed in their development. Subsequently, a comparative analysis of various nanocarriers is presented, elucidating their distinct physicochemical characteristics and impact on the immune response, along with preclinical and clinical studies. The discussion also highlights how nanotechnology enables the possibility of personalized and combined vaccination techniques, facilitating the creation of tailored nanovaccines to meet the individual patient needs. The ethical aspects concerning the use of nanovaccines, as well as potential safety concerns and public perception, are also addressed. The study underscores the gaps and challenges that must be overcome before adopting nanovaccines in clinical practice. This comprehensive analysis offers vital new insights into lipid and nonlipid nanovaccine status. It emphasizes the significance of continuous research, collaboration among interdisciplinary experts, and regulatory measures to fully unlock the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing immunization and ensuring a healthier, more resilient society.

Effects of Antipsychotics on Bone Mineral Density in Schizophrenia

Abstract Previous researches have shown that patients with schizophrenia who were using antipsychotics in their treatment developed changes in Bone Mineral Density and body composition, leading to osteoporosis and modifications in weight, skeletal muscle mass index and percent of fat tissue. Results of many studies suggested that the use of antipsychotic causes hyperprolactinemia and consequently lower bone mineral density values were observed. Further, antipsychotics increase food intake and have possible effects on metabolism, causing changes in weight, glucose level and lipid status, all of which can be a risk for developing metabolic syndrome and result in changing of bone mineral density. Antipsychotics change cytokine profiles in patients with schizophrenia and on the other hand the influence of T cells, B cells and inflammatory cytokines on osteoclasts and on osteoblasts was also established. In assessing the effects of antipsychotic on bone metabolism very important is to consider the duration of the treatment and clinical course of the disease, but undeniable effect is careless life style and inadequate physical activity that patients with schizophrenia have. Our attempt is to give an overview of the newest findings in this field, regarding the direct effects of antipsychotics on the bone metabolism, but also through prolactine elevation, metabolic and immune changes. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of schizophrenia and changes in bone mineral density could improve our clinical practice: affect to choice of the individually most appropriate antipsychotic, point to the need to monitor possible immunmetabolic changes during the treatment and improvement of the life quality of this vulnerable population.

Metabolic profile in patients with prostate cancer

Purpose of the study. To evaluate the levels of metabolic markers in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) in comparison with patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Patients and methods. 108 patients were included in the study. The majority of patients had comorbidities: coronary heart disease, hypertension, and almost one third of patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Median (Me) age was 67 (64–74), body mass index was 25.9–34.7. The main study group included 54 patients with histologically verified prostate cancer, the comparison group consisted of 54 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The level of basic biochemical parameters, glomerular filtration rate, lipidogram, total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), total testosterone was determined in all patients.Results. When comparing anamnestic and biochemical parameters, the groups were not statistically significantly different. When comparing the groups by lipid status, it turned out that in the group with RPW, in contrast to the group of patients with BHP, statistically significantly higher levels of total cholesterol (5.13 (3.3–10,4) and 4.60 (2.5–6.3)) mmol/L, respectively, p = 0.023), low–density lipoproteins (2.93 (0.8–5.9) and 2.60 (0.9–4.2) mmol/L, respectively, p = 0.035), triglycerides (2.10 (1.0–8.0) and 1.70 (0.5–7.3) mmol/L, respectively, p = 0.048). In case of dyslipidemia, an increased risk of developing PCa was identified. Correlation analysis revealed a direct moderate relationship between total PSA levels and total cholesterol concentration (r = 0.51).Conclusion. Our study revealed that in the PCa group, there was a higher level of total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides, in contrast to the group of patients with BPH. Additionally, in the group of patients with BPH, dyslipidemia was a risk factor in the development of PCa, which should be taken into account in PCa prevention and diagnosis.

Triglyceride levels predict high-risk coronary artery plaque progression in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes and normal LDL cholesterol

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and a significant residual risk remains despite management of conventional risk factors. Purpose The purpose of the present study was to assess the association of triglycerides and high-risk plaque progression in patients with asymptomatic T2D without known CAD. Methods Asymptomatic patients with T2D and no history of CAD were studied with serial computed tomography angiography with an inter-scan interval of 13 ± 0.8 months. The total atheroma volume (TAV), and plaque composition (dense calcium, fibrous, fibrous-fatty, and necrotic core plaque) were assessed at baseline and at follow-up. Lipid status was assessed at baseline and after a one-year follow-up. Patients were divided into two groups depending on progression in triglyceride (TG) levels (TG+) and regression of TG levels (TG-). Results Of the 261 patients who were enrolled, 209 patients (157 men and 52 women) were included in the final analysis. Based on changes in TG levels, 107 patients were categorized as (TG+) and 102 patients were categorized as (TG-). The mean age was 62 ± 10 years, and the mean diabetes duration was 11 ± 8 years. At baseline, 76 % of the patients received lipid-lowering treatment, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was 2.0 ± 0.8 mmol/L. A significantly higher progression of TAV was observed in patients with TG+ compared to TG- (50.2 ± 144.3 vs. -28.5 ± 176.9 mm3, P&amp;lt;0.001). This observation was primarily driven by an increase of fibrous fatty plaque (8.6 ± 41.2 vs. -12.8 ± 39.2 mm3, P&amp;lt;0.001) and necrotic core plaque (-3.9 ± 51.4 vs. -23.7 ± 71.8 mm3, P=0.002). Furthermore, an increase in TG levels predicted rapid plaque progression independent of LDL and other risk factors (OR 1.36, 95% CI; 1.02 – 1.81, P=0.04). Conclusion Changes in TG levels are associated with the progression of total and high-risk plaque volumes in asymptomatic patients with T2D and well-controlled LDL cholesterol.Low attenuation plaque vs. triglycerides