Amount Of Lipids Research Articles

Bee bread from Anatolia: its chemical composition, phenolic and aromatic profiles, and antioxidant properties

This study investigated the botanical origin, chemical composition, phenolic and volatile aromatic profiles, and antioxidant activities of 11 bee bread samples from different regions of Anatolia, Turkey. The bee bread samples contained high amounts of proteins (19.61 g/100 g) and lipids (6.43 g/100 g). The bee breads were determined to have a rich mineral content. The antioxidant potential of the bee breads was predicted using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total condensed tannin (TCT) content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The TPC of the bee breads ranged between 2.041 ± 0.170 and 3.224 ± 0.006 mg GAE/g, while the TFC ranged from 0.323 ± 0.004 to 1.903 ± 0.017 mg QE/g. The FRAP assay showed antioxidant activity ranging from 17.778 ± 0.207 to 49.752 ± 0.856 µmol FeSO4.7H2O/g, and the DPPH values were between 1.054 ± 0.009 and 4.366 ± 0.014 SC50 mg/mL. Using 25 standards, RP-HPLC-PDA quantified the composition of the phenolic compounds, attributed to their antioxidant activity. The highest concentrations were detected for t-cinnamic acid, rutin, and p-coumaric acid. One hundred nineteen volatile aromatic compounds were determined in the bee breads by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The obtained values suggest that bee breads could serve as a potential source of nutrients and bioactive compounds for value-added food supplements and functional foods.

Investigation of the preference of marlin Kajikia audax sashimi with different lipid contents through sensory evaluation

Identifying the sensory properties of fish consumers is important for providing their preferred seafood. Odor, flavor, texture, and appearance affected the sensory preference for fish. Moreover, several compounds are involved in sensory preference. This study focused on lipids that affect preference for seafood and examined the lipid content preference in marlin Kajikia audax sashimi. First, lipid contents and fatty acid compositions of different individual sizes and body parts of marlin were compared. Next, the preference for overall, taste, texture, odor, aftertaste, and lipid content in marlin sashimi taken from different parts of the body with different amounts of lipids was investigated using the paired preference method. Then the relationship of lipid content preference with other preferences were also evaluated using the Chi-square test. The crude lipid of big-sized marlin (51.1–55.1 kg) was 9.5%−13.2%, and the crude lipid of small-sized marlin (23.5–30.0 kg) was 0.8%−1.2%. The dorsal parts of big-sized marlin had lipid contents in the anterior parts higher than those in the posterior parts (p < 0.05). Whereas no differences were observed in the fatty acid composition of different body parts. The lipid content preference for the anterior dorsal part (high lipid part) was higher than that for the posterior dorsal part (lower lipid part) (p < 0.05). However, no difference in overall preference was observed. Additionally, the relationship between lipid content preference and other preference were indicated that the high lipid content parts preferred group significantly preferred the high lipid content parts at overall and taste evaluation (p < 0.01). On the other hand, the low lipid content parts preferred groups showed opposite evaluation. Therefore, the lipid content was associated with the preference for marlin sashimi and be classified into two groups: one prefers high lipid sashimi and the other prefers low lipid sashimi.

Biochemical, functional and antioxidant dynamics potential of higher fungi cultivated on agro-industrial residues. Part I: Cultures on media supplemented with yeast extract, gypsum and commodity vegetable oils

Mushroom cultivation is an implementation of the industrial biotechnology in the valorization of various lignocellulosic materials. In the present study, common lignocellulosic residues (wheat straw - WS and barley and oats straw - BOS) were supplemented with ‘novel’ compounds (sunflower and corn oil, yeast extract and CaSO4⋅2H2O) and their impact on the biochemical properties (composition of intra-cellular polysaccharides - IPSs, proteins, lipids, glucans, tocopherol content, carbohydrates and fatty acids composition), total phenolic compounds (TPCs) and the antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii mushrooms, cultivated in ‘bag-logs’, was evaluated. Results revealed that supplements enhanced IPSs in carposomes cultivated on BOS substrates and the most positive were corn oil 2%, w/w and CaSO4⋅2H2O for P. ostreatus and P. eryngii, respectively (50.86 and 57.65%, w/w). In all treatments, there was a variety in the carbohydrate's composition and a great production of glucans (40.67–62.15%, w/w), especially of the bioactive β-glucans (32.10–61.93%, w/w) in the stipes of both species. Significant protein content was detected in P. ostreatus and P. eryngii carposomes grown on substrates with yeast extract (28.99 and 30.09%, w/w; WS and 29.49 and 24.94%, w/w; BOS). Although mushrooms presented a low lipid content in general, high values of fat content were observed for both species when cultivated on BOS substrate supplemented with sunflower and corn oil (4.54–6.58%, w/w). The nutritional value of mushrooms was comparable between the two flushes. The greatest amount of TPCs were detected in supplemented WS (22.31–35.30 mg gallic acid equivalents/g d.w.) and BOS (21.03–41.74 mg gallic acid equivalents/g d.w.) with CaSO4⋅2H2O, in all parts of mushrooms and a strong antioxidant activity and tocopherols production, in all treatments. A higher quantity of lipids, antioxidant activity and reducing power was present in the pilei rather than the stipes, while the latter were richer in IPSs, regardless of the supplement's presence. Therefore, the outlined supplemented substrates could be used to produce mushrooms with high nutritional and medicinal values.

Haliotis tuberculata coccinea grow-out performances according to diet and production systems

ABSTRACT Haliotis tuberculata coccinea is a candidate of growing interest to diversify aquaculture in the Canary Islands, principally based on fish production, to improve aquaculture development opportunities. The economic viability of commercial abalone farming depends largely on the rearing system employed and the feeding sources employed during the grow-out culture period. We studied the effects of two land-based culture systems on the growth performance of abalone and the nutritional quality of their tissues, in a crossed design. Recirculated (RAS) and open flow (FLOW) culture systems were compared. Fresh macro algae (FMA) (Gracilaria cornea and Ulva rigida) were compared to manufactured compound feed (CF) and a mixture of both (MIX). Survival rates were high (97–100%) regardless the treatments tested. MIX and FMA diets produced the best results for Shell Growth Rate, Specific growth rates for shell growth (SGRsl) and weight (SGRw) as well as Food Conversion Ratio (FCR). The highest value for feed intake was recorded for the MIX diet. A positive relationship has been observed between the amounts of protein and lipids in diets and the disposition of these in the viscera of animals fed such diets. The rearing system used had no significant effect on growth and nutritional parameters.

The integration of metabolic and proteomic data uncovers an augmentation of the sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway during T-cell differentiation

Recent studies have highlighted the significance of cellular metabolism in the initiation of clonal expansion and effector differentiation of T cells. Upon exposure to antigens, naïve CD4+ T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to meet their metabolic requirements. However, only few studies have simultaneously evaluated the changes in protein and metabolite levels during T cell differentiation. Our research seeks to fill the gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of changes in levels of metabolites, including sugars, amino acids, intermediates of the TCA cycle, fatty acids, and lipids. By integrating metabolomics and proteomics data, we discovered that the quantity and composition of cellular lipids underwent significant changes in different effector Th cell subsets. Especially, we found that the sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway was commonly activated in Th1, Th2, Th17, and iTreg cells and that inhibition of this pathway led to the suppression of Th17 and iTreg cells differentiation. Additionally, we discovered that Th17 and iTreg cells enhance glycosphingolipid metabolism, and inhibition of this pathway also results in the suppression of Th17 and iTreg cell generation. These findings demonstrate that the utility of our combined metabolomics and proteomics analysis in furthering the understanding of metabolic transition during Th cell differentiation.

Extraction, structural and functional properties of lipophilic protein isolated from peanut defatted powder

Peanut isolated protein (PIP), peanut arachin (ARA), and peanut lipophilic protein (PLP) were obtained from peanut defatted powder (PDP) by the isoelectric point precipitation method. and their chemical, structural, and functional properties were evaluated. Chloroform-methanol method disclosed that PLP contained largest amount of lipids (10.98 ± 0.34%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction detected that the four proteins had similar spectrum charateristics. However, PLP displayed the highest contents of α-helix and β-sheet indicating a more compact tertiary structure accompanied by significantly highest solubility, emulsifiability, and emulsion stability compared to other three protein components (P < 0.05). Both the water holding capacity and fat holding capacity of PLP were higher, but its gel forming capacity and gel stability were lower compared to ARA. Composition analysis demonstrated that PLP had similar amino acid pattern to that of PIP, and each 100g of PLP contained 7.24g unsaturated fatty acid which composed of 17 fatty acids. These results suggested that PLP was a lipid-rich protein in peanut which could be a potential functional ingredient in the food industry.

Study on Relationship of Socio Demographic, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Fast Food Intake among University of Cyberjaya Medical Students

Background and objectives: Fast food is defined as food which can be cooked quickly or is ready made to eat. Fast food restaurants have been mushrooming in all around the world even though fast food has been well known to have high amount of lipid, salt, sugar and food additives. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between fast food consumption in terms of socio demographic, knowledge, attitude and practice among medical students of University of Cyberjaya. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in Faculty of Medicine students from University of Cyberjaya (UoC) using an online form using convenience sampling method. Data was analyzed using JASP software. Results: Overall, out of 393 respondents, the majority of them were female (66.9%), single (99.2%), Malay (53.4%) and Malaysian (96.7%). Almost half of the respondents take fast food 0 to 5 times per month (53.9%) and most frequently have it together with friends (43.8%). All of the respondents have a high level of knowledge on fast food and 91.6% of the respondents have a positive attitude for fast food. Our study also found that there is a significant association between knowledge score and attitude score about fast food and intake pattern (p &lt;0.001, p = 0.008 respectively). We also found that race and estimated parent’s/caretaker/own monthly income have significant association with frequency of fast food intake (p = 0.003, p = 0.002 respectively). Besides, our study identified the significant factors that attract university students towards fast food is fast food being the first thought that comes into student’s minds and speed of fast food preparation is fast (p &lt;0.001, p &lt;0.001 respectively). Conclusion: The study result showed that the predominant factor that influences the university students to choose fast food at the very first line is their socio demographic factors.

Metabolic Contrasts: Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketone Bodies in Healthy Brains vs. Glioblastoma Multiforme

The metabolism of glucose and lipids plays a crucial role in the normal homeostasis of the body. Although glucose is the main energy substrate, in its absence, lipid metabolism becomes the primary source of energy. The main means of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix through β-oxidation. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of primary malignant brain tumor (45.6%), with an incidence of 3.1 per 100,000. The metabolic changes found in GBM cells and in the surrounding microenvironment are associated with proliferation, migration, and resistance to treatment. Tumor cells show a remodeling of metabolism with the use of glycolysis at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), known as the Warburg effect. Specialized fatty acids (FAs) transporters such as FAT, FABP, or FATP from the tumor microenvironment are overexpressed in GBM and contribute to the absorption and storage of an increased amount of lipids that will provide sufficient energy used for tumor growth and invasion. This review provides an overview of the key enzymes, transporters, and main regulatory pathways of FAs and ketone bodies (KBs) in normal versus GBM cells, highlighting the need to develop new therapeutic strategies to improve treatment efficacy in patients with GBM.

FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopy as a tools showing marker of platinum-resistant phenomena in women suffering from ovarian cancer

Platinum-resistant phenomena in ovarian cancer is very dangerous for women suffering from this disease, because reduces the chances of complete recovery. Unfortunately, until now there are no methods to verify whether a woman with ovarian cancer is platinum-resistant. Importantly, histopathology images also were not shown differences in the ovarian cancer between platinum-resistant and platinum-sensitive tissues. Therefore, in this study, Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectroscopy techniques were used to find chemical differences between platinum-resistant and platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer tissues. Furthermore, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and machine learning methods were performed to show if it possible to differentiate these two kind of tissues as well as to propose spectroscopy marker of platinum-resistant. Indeed, obtained results showed, that in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer tissues higher amount of phospholipids, proteins and lipids were visible, however when the ratio between intensities of peaks at 1637 cm−1 (FTIR) and at 2944 cm−1 (Raman) and every peaks in spectra was calculated, difference between groups of samples were not noticed. Moreover, structural changes visible as a shift of peaks were noticed for C–O–C, C–H bending and amide II bonds. PCA clearly showed, that PC1 can be used to differentiate platinum-resistant and platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer tissues, while two-trace two-dimensional correlation spectra (2T2D-COS) showed, that only in amide II, amide I and asymmetric CH lipids vibrations correlation between two analyzed types of tissues were noticed. Finally, machine learning algorithms showed, that values of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were near to 100% for FTIR and around 95% for FT-Raman spectroscopy. Using decision tree peaks at 1777 cm−1, 2974 cm−1 (FTIR) and 1714 cm−1, 2817 cm−1 (FT-Raman) were proposed as spectroscopy marker of platinum-resistant.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi alter soil food webs and the functional potential of bacterial communities.

Most of Earth's trees rely on critical soil nutrients that ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) liberate and provide, and all of Earth's land plants associate with bacteria that help them survive in nature. Yet, our understanding of how the presence of EcMF modifies soil bacterial communities, soil food webs, and root chemistry requires direct experimental evidence to comprehend the effects that EcMF may generate in the belowground plant microbiome. To this end, we grew Pinus muricata plants in soils that were either inoculated with EcMF and native forest bacterial communities or only native bacterial communities. We then profiled the soil bacterial communities, applied metabolomics and lipidomics, and linked omics data sets to understand how the presence of EcMF modifies belowground biogeochemistry, bacterial community structure, and their functional potential. We found that the presence of EcMF (i) enriches soil bacteria linked to enhanced plant growth in nature, (ii) alters the quantity and composition of lipid and non-lipid soil metabolites, and (iii) modifies plant root chemistry toward pathogen suppression, enzymatic conservation, and reactive oxygen species scavenging. Using this multi-omic approach, we therefore show that this widespread fungal symbiosis may be a common factor for structuring soil food webs.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding how soil microbes interact with one another and their host plant will help us combat the negative effects that climate change has on terrestrial ecosystems. Unfortunately, we lack a clear understanding of how the presence of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF)-one of the most dominant soil microbial groups on Earth-shapes belowground organic resources and the composition of bacterial communities. To address this knowledge gap, we profiled lipid and non-lipid metabolites in soils and plant roots, characterized soil bacterial communities, and compared soils amended either with or without EcMF. Our results show that the presence of EcMF changes soil organic resource availability, impacts the proliferation of different bacterial communities (in terms of both type and potential function), and primes plant root chemistry for pathogen suppression and energy conservation. Our findings therefore provide much-needed insight into how two of the most dominant soil microbial groups interact with one another and with their host plant.

Human benign Leydig cell tumor − Biochemical evaluation

Recently we reported expressional alterations in 219 genes and their transcripts in Leydig cell tumors but nowadays there is still a lack of full basic biochemical characteristics of these tumors. The discovery of potential biochemical markers for tumor management from early detection, treatments, and control of therapy results may markedly supplement genetic data. Leydig cell micronodules were obtained from patients with azoospermia who were qualified for testicular biopsy. The biochemistry of Leydig cell tumors was analyzed using histological staining and spectrophotometric measurements of total proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. In addition, the levels of calcium (Ca2 +), copper (Cu2 +), zinc (Zn2 +), and selenium (Se2 +) ions were measured. When compared to healthy testis we revealed, for the first time, that in the interstitial tissue with Leydig cell tumors, great amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and acids were dislocated from the seminiferous tubules. Measurements of organic compounds showed a decrease (P < 0.05) only in the Cu2 + content in Leydig cell tumors which may be related to their altered biochemical structure. This specific result may be promising for designing further approaches to manage this tumor based on combining morphological and molecular data.

Effect of Abhyantara Snehapana and Vamana Karma in Patients with Normal and Abnormal to Lipid Profile

In the recent years, India and other developing countries are witnessing a rapid escalation in lifestyle disorders like diabetes, coronary artery disease, obesity, hypothyroidism, etc. The prime causative factor for all the lifestyle disorders is hyperlipidemia or dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia is defined as a metabolic disorder that occurs due to abnormal blood lipid levels. This may lead to increase in the chances of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, stroke and other circulatory disorders. The abnormal lipid levels may include increase in triglycerides, VLDL, LDL and decrease in HDL. Vamana karma, a bio-purificatory emesis, being the major Panchakarma therapy has its greatest influence on almost all the lifestyle disorders. Lifestyle disorders aren’t possible without the involvement of Kapha dosha and Medho dhatu. Vamana is the first line of choice in the treatment of disorders caused by the aggravation of Kapha Dosha or Kapha associated with Pitta dosha. Vamana karma involves a pre-procedure called Snehapana, which include administration of high quantity of medicated lipids for a maximum period of seven days, followed by the bio-purificatory emesis or Vamana karma, a process of elimination of morbid Doshas from the oral route. Considering the high amounts of lipid usage in Snehapana, it becomes essential, to monitor its impact on lipid profile in patients undergoing Vamana karma for various etiologies. The present clinical study is of paramount importance as there were no previous studies on the impact of Sneha pana and Vamana in patients with both normal and abnormal lipid profiles. The statistical significance of results were quantitated by paired t test. Although Snehapana followed by Vamana, did not significantly alter levels of total cholesterol, and LDL, it did cause a significant reduction in triglycerides (p=0.0013) and VLDL (p=0.0038), improvement of HDL (P=0.02) in all the patients with abnormal lipid profile. However the values remained within the limit in patients with normal lipid parameters.

Characterization of whole seeds lipids, extracted lipids composition in bread wheat (T.aestivum L.) genotypes grown in Eskisehir province in Türkiye

Characterization of Whole Seeds Lipids, Extracted Lipids Composition in Bread Wheat (T.aestivum L.) Genotypes Grown in Eskisehir Province in Türkiye Murat OLGUN1, Arzu KÖSE2, Savaş BELEN2, Yaşar KARADUMAN1, Zekiye BUDAK BAŞÇİFTÇİ1, Nazife Gözde AYTER ARPACIOĞLU1, Metin TURAN3 ORCID: 0000-0001-6981-4545; 0000-0003-0675-8958; 0000-0001-7357-8127; 0000-0003-1306-3572; 0000-0002-4034-2537; 0000-0002-5121-4303; 0000-0002-4849-7680 1Osmangazi University, Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crop Department, Eskişehir 2Transitional Agricultural Research Institute, Eskişehir 3Yeditepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Agricultural Trade and Management, Istanbul Abstract In this study, chemical components of whole seeds lipids, extracted lipids in wheat genotypes were analysed and effective and important components in lysine, Zn, B6 vitamin and the rate of linoleic acid/linolenic that is important for nutritional quality were determined by decision tree analysis. Bread wheat genotypes, Tosunbey, Alpu 01, ES26, Reis, Nacibey, Altay2000, Bayraktar 2000 and Rumeli, were used. Chemical compositions of whole seeds and seed lipids were investigated. Mean rate of components in lipids to total amount of while seed almost ranges between 53-68%. This mean that rate in minerals, amino acids, fatty acids-enzymes-vitamins was about 53%, 63 and 68%, respectively. Besides, except Ca and the rate of linoleic acid/linolenic acid, differences between whole seeds and lipids in genotypes for the other components were determined as significant at 1%. Differences for Ca and the rate of linoleic acid/linolenic acid were insignificant and significant at 5%, respectively. A substantial amount of components is present in wheat lipid. The ratio of these amounts to the whole seed is approximately one third. Lipid amount and its content composition are important for bread quality. Therefore, consuming whole wheat flour containing embryo and bran provides a better quality nutrition. This rich content of wheat lipid makes it a valuable substance for the cosmetic industry. The results showed that Tosunbey-G1, Alpu 01-G2, ES26-G3 and Nacibey-G5 had the highest nutritional values and better activity. Mn, tryptophan, Na, N and Ca were found as effective components in the shaping and activity of lysine. SOD, Ca, Mg, N, Fe, Na and K were concluded as significant components in Zn activity. Significant components were found in whole seed and lipid as linoleic, glutamine, N, Na and K for B6. In linoleic/linolenic rate, linolenic, N, Na were important components. Key Words: Bread wheat, genotype, minerals, amino acids, whole seeds lipid, extracted lipid, enzymes, vitamins, biplot, decision tree, lysine, Zn, B6 vitamin, rate of linoleic acid/linolenic acid

A comparison of five methods to maximize RNA and DNA isolation yield from adipose tissue.

Adipose tissue in the human body occurs in various forms with different functions. It is an energy store, a complex endocrine organ, and a source of cells used in medicine. Many molecular analyses require the isolation of nucleic acids, which can cause some difficulties connected with the large amount of lipids in adipocytes. Ribonucleic acid isolation is particularly challenging due to its low stability and easy degradation by ribonucleases. The study aimed to compare and evaluate five RNA and DNA isolation methods from adipose tissue. The tested material was subcutaneous porcine adipose tissue subjected to different homogenization methods and RNA or DNA purification. A mortar and liquid nitrogen or ceramic beads were used for homogenization. The organic extraction (TriPure Reagent), spin columns with silica-membrane (RNeasy Mini Kit or High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit), and the automatic MagNA Pure system were used for the purification. Five combinations were compared for RNA and DNA isolation. Obtained samples were evaluated for quantity and quality. The methods were compared in terms of yield (according to tissue mass), purity (A260/280 and A260/230), and nucleic acid degradation (RNA Integrity Number, RIN; DNA Integrity Number, DIN). The results were analyzed statistically. The average RNA yield was highest in method I, which used homogenization with ceramic beads and organic extraction. Low RNA concentration didn't allow us to measure degradation for all samples in method III (homogenization with ceramic beads and spin-column purification). The highest RNA quality was achieved with method IV using homogenization in liquid nitrogen and spin column purification, which makes it the most effective for RNA isolation from adipose tissue. Required values of DNA yield, purity, and integrity were achieved only with spin column-based methods (III and IV). The most effective method for DNA isolation from adipose tissue is method III, using spin-columns without additional homogenization.

Lipid A in outer membrane vesicles shields bacteria from polymyxins.

The continuous emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens poses a major global healthcare challenge, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being a prominent threat. We conducted a comprehensive study on K. pneumoniae's antibiotic resistance mechanisms, focusing on outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and polymyxin, a last-resort antibiotic. Our research demonstrates that OMVs protect bacteria from polymyxins. OMVs derived from Polymyxin B (PB)-stressed K. pneumoniae exhibited heightened protective efficacy due to increased vesiculation, compared to OMVs from unstressed Klebsiella. OMVs also shield bacteria from different bacterial families. This was validated ex vivo and in vivo using precision cut lung slices (PCLS) and Galleria mellonella. In all models, OMVs protected K. pneumoniae from PB and reduced the associated stress response on protein level. We observed significant changes in the lipid composition of OMVs upon PB treatment, affecting their binding capacity to PB. The altered binding capacity of single OMVs from PB stressed K. pneumoniae could be linked to a reduction in the lipid A amount of their released vesicles. Although the amount of lipid A per vesicle is reduced, the overall increase in the number of vesicles results in an increased protection because the sum of lipid A and therefore PB binding sites have increased. This unravels the mechanism of the altered PB protective efficacy of OMVs from PB stressed K. pneumoniae compared to control OMVs. The lipid A-dependent protective effect against PB was confirmed in vitro using artificial vesicles. Moreover, artificial vesicles successfully protected Klebsiella from PB ex vivo and in vivo. The findings indicate that OMVs act as protective shields for bacteria by binding to polymyxins, effectively serving as decoys and preventing antibiotic interaction with the cell surface. Our findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying antibiotic cross-protection and offer potential avenues for the development of novel therapeutic interventions to address the escalating threat of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.

High-throughput lipidomic profiles sampled with electroporation-based biopsy differentiate healthy skin, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

The incidence rates of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) skin cancers are rising, while the current diagnostic process is time-consuming. We describe the development of a novel approach to high-throughput sampling of tissue lipids using electroporation-based biopsy, termed e-biopsy. We report on the ability of the e-biopsy technique to harvest large amounts of lipids from human skin samples. Here, 168 lipids were reliably identified from 12 patients providing a total of 13 samples. The extracted lipids were profiled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) providing cSCC, BCC, and healthy skin lipidomic profiles. Comparative analysis identified 27 differentially expressed lipids (p<0.05). The general profile trend is low diglycerides in both cSCC and BCC, high phospholipids in BCC, and high lyso-phospholipids in cSCC compared to healthy skin tissue samples. The results contribute to the growing body of knowledge that can potentially lead to novel insights into these skin cancers and demonstrate the potential of the e-biopsy technique for the analysis of lipidomic profiles of human skin tissues.

The phycosphere and its role in algal biofuel production

Oleaginous microalgae have become a focus for large-scale biofuel production due to their ability to accumulate large quantities of lipids. However, production is currently limited by cost and predation. At present, algal biofuel cultivation is optimized through starvation, supplementing media with nutrients, or genetic engineering; these methods can often be costly with little to no increase in lipid production or the culture’s defense. Investigating the phycosphere of algal-bacterial interactions may overcome these current barriers to large-scale production. The phycosphere of algal-bacterial interactions have formed over millions of years through mutualistic and symbiotic relationships and can provide a more direct source of nutrients compared to adding the nutrients in bulk. The most promising of these interactions include the production of phytohormones and quorum signaling compounds that alter the behaviors of the consortia. Phytohormones can improve algal growth rates, lipid production, and stress resistance. Quorum signaling could create consortia capable of warding off invaders—such as rotifers—while self-regulating and altering behavior based on population density. Mechanisms within the algal phycosphere present many opportunities for the development of novel engineering strategies to further improve algal lipid production and operational costs. This review outlines previous preliminary phycosphere research as well as posing possible opportunities to be pursued in future biofuel production.

Toward the Exploitation of Sustainable Green Factory: Biotechnology Use of Nannochloropsis spp.

Securing food, energy, and raw materials for a growing population is one of the most significant challenges of our century. Algae play a central role as an alternative to plants. Wastewater and flue gas can secure nutrients and CO2 for carbon fixation. Unfortunately, algae domestication is necessary to enhance biomass production and reduce cultivation costs. Nannochloropsis spp. have increased in popularity among microalgae due to their ability to accumulate high amounts of lipids, including PUFAs. Recently, the interest in the use of Nannochloropsis spp. as a green bio-factory for producing high-value products increased proportionally to the advances of synthetic biology and genetic tools in these species. In this review, we summarized the state of the art of current nuclear genetic manipulation techniques and a few examples of their application. The industrial use of Nannochloropsis spp. has not been feasible yet, but genetic tools can finally lead to exploiting this full-of-potential microalga.

What are the growth kinetics and biochemical compositions of microalgae isolated from diverse aquatic ecosystems in Morocco, France, and Tunisia?

Thirty-six microalgae belonging to five taxonomic groups (Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyceae, Diatomophyceae, Euglenophyceae, and Eustigmatophyceae) were identified from six freshwater ecosystems in Morocco, two treatment stations in Etueffont landfill in France and three hot spring waters in Tunisia. Investigations on species growth kinetics and growth rates showed that the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya gelatinosa exhibited both the highest biomass and growth rate with 4 g DW L-1 and 0.282 day-1, respectively. A significant protein production (more than 40% DW) was observed across the studied species. Cyanobacteria and chlorophytes stood out for their increased protein production with a maximum (66.63 ± 3.84% DW) attained by the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. Chlorophytes produced substantial amounts of carbohydrates (more than 20% DW). Euglenophytes including Phacus orbicularis and Euglena ehrenbergii along with the chlorophyte Graesiella sp. accumulated significant amounts of lipids (up to 31.12% DW).

Biochemical, functional and antioxidant potential of higher fungi cultivated on agro-industrial residues. Part II: Cultures on mixtures of spent mushroom substrates and mushroom cropping by-products

Novel substrates consisted of different fresh agro-industrial residues, their corresponding and commercial spent mushroom substrates (i.e. SMS deriving from laboratory-scale experiments and SMS deriving from industrial-scale experiments by Green Zin S.A. - SMS GZ) and Pleurotus waste (PW; stipes/mishappen mushrooms) were used in blends for a new cultivation cycle of Pleurotus ostreatus and P. eryngii mushrooms in bags. Their impact on the biochemical properties (intra-cellular polysaccharides - IPSs, protein, lipid, total phenolic compounds - TPCs, individual carbohydrates composition of the IPSs) in the first- and second-flush whole mushrooms, pilei and stipes, as well as the fatty acids composition, the antioxidant activity (in the first-flush mushroom parts) and glucan content of stipes were examined. Both species produced satisfactory IPSs quantities in all substrates (28.69–46.38 %, w/w) and significant protein amounts (18.37–26.80 %, w/w). The further SMS addition (80 %, w/w instead of 40 %, w/w) in the cultivation substrates affected positively the mushroom IPSs values, whereas the highest protein content was detected in mushroom's parts cultivated on substrates consisted of fresh agro-industrial residues. Mushroom's lipid content was affected differently by the various substrate combinations, with SMS presence resulting in mushrooms with a lower fat content than those produced in substrates with PW addition. Fresh substrates with PW and those with coffee residue were the most favorable for TPCs production. Regarding production flushes, the nutritional value of mushrooms was comparable between them, only a slight increase in TPCs of second-flush carposomes was detected. Glucose was the predominant monosaccharide of the produced IPSs, combined with a significant production of total and β- glucans. SMSs and PW addition had a positive impact on antioxidant activity, too. A higher quantity of lipids, TPCs and significant antioxidant activity were detected in all Pleurotus pilei than stipes, whereas the latter were richer in IPSs. Both pilei and stipes had a significant protein amount. Hence, the data obtained by this study support the positive effect of different types of SMS and mushroom waste on P. ostreatus and P. eryngii nutritional value.