Lipid Profile Tests Research Articles

Assessment of post-myocardial infarction lipid levels and management: Results from a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan.

Lipid treatment practices and levels in post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients, which are crucial for secondary prevention. To evaluate the lipid treatment practices and lipid levels in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed patients who had experienced their first AMI event in the past 3 years. We assessed fasting and non-fasting lipid profiles, reviewed statin therapy prescriptions, and examined patient compliance. The recommended dose was defined as rosuvastatin ≥ 20 mg or atorvastatin ≥ 40 mg, with target total cholesterol levels set at < 160 mg/dL and target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at < 55 mg/dL. Among 195 patients, 71.3% were male, and the mean age was 57.1 ± 10.2 years. The median duration since AMI was 36 (interquartile range: 10-48) months and 60% were diagnosed with ST-segment elevation MI. Only 13.8% of patients were advised to undergo lipid profile testing after AMI, 88.7% of patients were on the recommended statin therapy, and 91.8% of patients were compliant with statin therapy. Only 11.5% had LDL-C within the target range and 71.7% had total cholesterol within the target range. Hospital admission in the past 12 months was reported by 14.4%, and the re-admission rate was significantly higher among non-compliant patients (37.5% vs 5.6%). Subsequent AMI event rate was also significantly higher among non-compliant patients (43.8% vs 11.7%). Our study highlights that while most post-AMI patients received the recommended minimum statin therapy dose, the inadequate practice of lipid assessment may compromise therapy optimization and raise the risk of subsequent events.

The Acute Coronary Syndrome Risk in Medically Managed Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Is the ASCVD Risk Score Failing Here?

Type 2 Diabetics have elevated risk for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The current management algorithm focuses on atherosclerotic cardiovascular (ASCVD) risk score to stratify this risk. However, in medically managed subjects, this algorithm may not be accurate. This study compares the ASCVD risk score in an Indian population with T2DM under medical supervision and the actual incidence of ACS. It also compared the ASCVD risk scores in cases with T2DM who developed ACS to controls and tried to estimate whether the ASCVD risk score is different in the two subsets, evaluating the utility of the ASCVD risk score in predicting ACS. This is an electronic medical record (EMR) based case-control study. Only records of subjects with T2DM where details of age, sex, body mass index, blood pressure, duration of diabetes, family history of ACS, lipid profile, renal and liver function tests were included. The incidence of ACS was calculated in the selected records, and the records of subjects with ACS were compared with age and sex-matched subjects without ACS. Data are summarized as median and interquartile range (IQR). Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for checking differences in continuous variables and Pearson's Chi-squared test for categorical data. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to check the effect of ASCVD scores and other variables on the occurrence of ACS.Statistical data analyses were performed using JASP, version 0.16.4 (JASP Team [2022]) for MS Windows. Of the 1226 EMRs included in the analysis, 207 had ACS. The actual incidence of ACS was 16.85% in 6 years, higher than the mean predicted 10-year incidence of 14.56 percent (p <0.05). The cases were age and sex-matched with controls and the ASCVD incidence was estimated in the two groups. The mean ASCVD score in the cases was 14.565 ± 8.709 (Min: 1.5, Max: 38.3) and controls 13.114 ± 8.247 (Min: 1.4, Max: 45). The chance of development of ACS increases with elevated systolic blood pressure (per mmHg rise OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.06; p <0.001), positive family history (OR: 5.70, 95% CI: 3.41, 9.77; p <0.001), statin use (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.46, 3.52; p <0.001), and longer duration of diabetes (for every year increase OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.25; p <0.001). The ASCVD risk score underestimates the ACS risk in subjects with T2DM under medical supervision and may not differ in those who developed and did not develop ACS. We also conclude that factors like a negative family history (30% less risk), longer duration of diabetes, and higher SBP are relevant in those who developed ACS.

Continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients with hypertension

Aims: To assess the prevalence and general characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients with hypertension, investigate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and blood pressure, and the effectiveness of continuous positive pressure ventilation treatment after 1 month in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study with follow-up after 1 month in hypertensive patients treated at the Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital with respiratory polygraphy from January 2021 to June 2023. Patients were given history, clinical examination, anthropometric measurements, Lipid profile test, intravenous glucose, Epworth scale assessment, CPAP treatment and re-evaluated after 1 month. Results: 134 patients were registered for the study from 01/2021 to 06/2023. Hypertensive patients with OSAS were 73.13%. BMI in the OSAS (+) group was 22.84 ± 3.04 kg/m2 and was statistically significantly greater than the OSAS (-) group: 22.79 ± 3.07 kg/m2 (p&lt;0.05). Neck circumference in the OSAS (+) group was 37.45 ± 2.44 cm, which was statistically significantly larger than the OSAS (-) group: 36.36 ± 1.57 cm (p&lt;0.05). The rate of loud snoring during sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness in the OSAS patient group was statistically significantly higher than in the group without this syndrome (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.01). The average systolic blood pressure in the OSAS (+) group was 154.79 ± 13.32 mm Hg and was statistically significantly higher than the OSAS (-) group (p&lt;0.01). AHI has a moderate positive correlation with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.45, p&lt;0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.34, p&lt;0.01). CPAP treatment improved systolic and diastolic blood pressure and symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness. Conclusion: There is a relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypertension. CPAP treatment improves blood pressure and daytime sleepiness.

Phytoconstituents of Nymphaea rubra flowers and their anti-diabetic metabolic targets

Nymphaea rubra (N. rubra) flowers are prevalent in subtropical regions for both dietary and traditional medicinal purposes, attributing to their beneficial properties in supporting overall health. This study first time provides descriptions of the antidiabetic and dyslipidemic properties employing STZ induced high fat diet fed diabetic rats and inhibition of α-amylase enzyme activity first by in vitro analyses, followed by a confirmatory in silico study to create a stronger biochemical rationale. Furthermore, in 3 T3-L1 cells, this extract promoted the suppression of adipogenesis. GC–MS investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of N. rubra flowers revealed the presence of marker compounds of N. rubra, Nuciferine, and Apomorphine, which were the focus of molecular docking studies. The acquired concentrations of Nuciferine (22.39%) and 10, 11-dimethoxy-Apomorphine (1.47%) were detected. Together with other alkaloids identified by GC–MS analysis from this extract, mechanistically suggested that it might be caused by the synergistic impact of these bioactive chemicals. Molecular docking has been done to check the binding affinities of various isolated phytochemicals with HPAA, the dose-response effect of 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg of flower extract after 30 days showed a significant effect on body weight, food, water intake, serum insulin, FBG, OGTT, lipid profile, glycated haemoglobin, liver and kidney function test. Kidney histopathology results show a significant effect. These findings offer a strong foundation for the potential application of the ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract from Nymphaea rubra flowers and its bioactive constituent in an in vivo system for the treatment and control of diabetes and its associated condition dyslipidemia.

ARTERIAL STIFFNESS ASSOCIATES WITH MALNUTRITION IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH CONCOMITANT CHRONIC PANCREATITIS

Objective: The association between pancreatitis and cardiovascular diseases remains incompletely understood. Malnutrition in chronic pancreatitis may be associated with an increase in arterial stiffness in hypertension. Objective: to evaluate interaction between malnutrition markers and arterial stiffness in patients with hypertension and chronic pancreatitis. Design and method: Methods: 70 non-diabetic patients with 1st degree hypertension with concomitant chronic pancreatitis (median age – 52,4 [43,8;63,7] years) were included in the study. We divided all included patients into two groups: 1st group – 41 patients with malnutrition, 2nd group – 29 patients without malnutrition. Standard laboratory blood tests, haematological parameters, lipid profile, glucose, renal and liver function tests, pancreatic fecal elastase-1, total protein, serum albumin, serum iron, vitamin 25(OH)D, serum zinc and magnesium detection were performed for all patients. The groups were comparable in terms of age, gender structure, functional state of the kidneys. Non-parametric methods were used for statistical data analysis. To determine the prognostic significance, the ROC analysis was performed. Significant differences were considered when the p-value was p&lt;0.001 Results: In patients with a combined course of hypertension and chronic pancreatitis with established malnutrition, an increase in arterial stiffness was significantly more often compared to patients with normal nutritional status - 83% and 62%, respectively (p&lt;0.001). A significantly lower level of brachial artery augmentation index was established by 43% (p&lt;0.001) in the first group. It was established that patients with malnutrition had a significantly higher caritid-femoral pulse wave velocity by 17.5% (p&lt;0.001). Correlations were established between brachial artery augmentation index and serum levels of zinc (R=0.63, p&lt;0.001), magnesium (R=0.66, p&lt;0.001), albumin (R=0.58, p&lt;0.001), vitamin 25(OH)D (R=0.68, p&lt;0.001) in patients with the combined course of hypertension and chronic pancreatitis. ROC analysis revealed that serum zinc level had an excellent diagnostic power for arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients with chronic pancreatitis (AUC = 0.910). Serum albumin had very good diagnostic power for arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients with chronic pancreatitis (AUC = 0.859). Conclusions: Arterial stiffness may be associated with malnutrition in hypertensive patients with concomitant chronic pancreatitis.

Nurses' practice of metabolic monitoring for patients on antipsychotics in Lesotho.

Severe mental illness is associated with higher physical health morbidities and reduced life expectancy, with an estimated 14.3% of global deaths attributed to mental disorders. Antipsychotic medications (APs) used in treatment contribute to physical health issues, including metabolic and cardiovascular effects. The aim of this study was to assess nurses' practices regarding metabolic monitoring for patients prescribed antipsychotic medications at Mohlomi Hospital in Lesotho. The study was conducted at Mohlomi Hospital, the primary psychiatric facility in Lesotho. Using a cross-sectional design, 44 nurses from Mohlomi Hospital participated in the study. A structured questionnaire assessed nurses' metabolic monitoring practices. Most of the respondents were female (n = 30, 75%), and minority were male (n = 10, 25%). The academic qualifications of respondents were distributed as follows: 40% (16) held a nursing assistant certificate and 22.5% (9) held an advanced nursing diploma, among others. The average age of all respondents was 39.05 (s.d. 8.9), with an average of 8 years of experience in psychiatry (s.d. 7.6). The overall rate of nurses' practices of metabolic monitoring for patients taking antipsychotic medications showed variability, with a mean score of 2.83 (s.d. 0.524). However, only 20% performed ECG tests, 22.5% measured blood pressure, 27.5% tested for glucose abnormalities and 17.5% conducted lipid profile testing. Results revealed a significant gap in the practice of metabolic monitoring among nurses with various aspects of metabolic monitoring, not being adequately monitored. The study's findings shall inform policy and guidelines for monitoring patients on antipsychotic medications while guiding future research.

Screening for familial hypercholesterolemia in Sri Lanka: A laboratory-based multicenter study

Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic lipid disorder characterized by increased concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the circulatory system, resulting in a markedly increased vulnerability in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease at an early age. The prevalence of FH in a Sri Lankan setting was identified in a tertiary hospital laboratory and a primary care family practice laboratory by performing opportunistic screening for index cases using laboratory criteria as a starting point. Methodology: This study assessed the prevalence of FH using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) Criteria score. The evaluation was conducted over 6 months in both a tertiary hospital laboratory and a primary care laboratory. Once patients were identified by high LDL, the patients were recruited to the study and assessed clinically. Secondary causes were excluded, and clinical evaluations of the patients were done to see if they had clinical features of FH. Results: Of the total of 3039 serum lipid profiles that were reviewed, there were 42 (1.38%) lost to follow-up. There were 72 samples with high LDL (190 mg/dL) ≥4.9 mmol/L (190 mg/dL). Of the patients with LDL &gt;4.9 mmol/L, 16 (0.52%) cases with identified secondary causes (untreated hypothyroidism [n = 13], nephrotic syndrome [n = 3], and no secondary investigations [n = 14]) were excluded. In total, the point prevalence of likely phenotypical FH based on DLCN (probable or confirmed) and an LDL-C &gt;4.9 mmol/L was calculated as approximately 14/3039 (1:217). Conclusions: The point prevalence of FH in patients undergoing lipid profile testing in a tertiary hospital laboratory and a primary care laboratory was 1:217 which is comparable with the prevalence of FH in the general population in the world (based on 1 in 200–250). Based on the laboratory criteria, initiating screening for FH in resource-limited settings could be an effective screening strategy to identify patients with FH. Until national screening programs are established, the laboratory as an avenue to trigger screening for FH is useful in lower-middle-income countries like Sri Lanka.

Evaluation of Hyperlipidemia in Patients with Gallstones

Introduction: Gallstone disease is one of the biggest global public health problems. The most common complications associated with gallstone disease include cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and cholangitis. The current study aimed to show that serum lipids have a significant role in the etiology of cholelithiasis. Methods: Before surgery, all patients had blood samples taken. Lipid profile tests including very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) were performed on the serum, which was collected using standard procedures. Results: The results showed that mean serum lipid levels were significantly different (P&lt;0.001) between the patients and the control group. In addition, the study revealed statistically significant differences between the genders (P&lt;0.001); in other words, significant differences were found between males and females in patients and controls in mean serum TC, HDL, and TG levels. On the other hand, the findings of the study indicated a notable rise (P&lt;0.001) in serum TC, triglyceride, and HDL levels in the age category 40-59 years, followed by the age category≥60 years and the age category 29-39 years. Conclusion: Overall, changes in serum lipid profile are a possible consequence of the presence of gallstones; in other words, serum TC, HDL, and TG levels were significantly higher in patients with gallstone disease compared to the control group.

First Iranian guidelines for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of hyperlipidemia in adults.

This guideline is the first Iranian guideline developed for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of hyperlipidemia in adults. The members of the guideline developing group (GDG) selected 9 relevant clinical questions and provided recommendations or suggestions to answer them based on the latest scientific evidence. Recommendations include the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) threshold for starting drug treatment in adults lacking comorbidities was determined to be over 190 mg/dL and the triglyceride (TG) threshold had to be >500 mg/dl. In addition to perform fasting lipid profile tests at the beginning and continuation of treatment, while it was suggested to perform cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk assessment using valid Iranian models. Some recommendations were also provided on lifestyle modification as the first therapeutic intervention. Statins were recommended as the first line of drug treatment to reduce LDL-C, and if its level was high despite the maximum allowed or maximum tolerated drug treatment, combined treatment with ezetimibe, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, or bile acid sequestrants was suggested. In adults with hypertriglyceridemia, pharmacotherapy with statin or fibrate was recommended. The target of drug therapy in adults with increased LDL-C without comorbidities and risk factors was considered an LDL-C level of <130 mg/dl, and in adults with increased TG without comorbidities and risk factors, TG levels of <200 mg/dl. In this guideline, specific recommendations and suggestions were provided for the subgroups of the general population, such as those with CVD, stroke, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, elderly, and women.

Clinical Studies on Diabetic and Non- Diabetic Patients with Respect to Lipid Profile Test

Introduction; Dyslipidemia is one of the major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and plays an important role in the progress of atherosclerosis. The prevalence of Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes is double with respect to the general population. These are more complex abnormalities that are caused by the interrelation among obesity, insulin resistance and hyper insulin. It is worth to emphasize that the fatty tissue is exclusively related to risk factors, such as the altered insulin and lipid profile, which can contribute to the development of the insulin resistance syndrome, which comprises several risk factors for the emergence of cardiovascular complications. In patients with type 2 diabetes, which is equivalent most commonly characterized by elevated TG and reduced HDL-C. These abnormalities can be present alone or in combination with other metabolic disorders. Material and Method : This project was conducted by the department of Biochemistry at Asian Diagnostic lab from two month period of time on 300 patients belongs Bangalore urban district (kalasipalya) were Selected. Blood glucose, lipid profile, kidney function and liver function estimation was done by Uv test of Enzymatic reference method. COBASc311 ANALYSE Roche/Hitachi Cobas c 311 analyzer is an automated software controlled system for clinical chemistry analysis both qualitative and quantitative analysis determination

From Klinefelter Syndrome to High Grade Aneuploidies: Expanding the Gene-dosage Effect of Supernumerary X Chromosomes.

High-grade aneuploidies of X and Y sex chromosomes (HGAs) are exceedingly rare and complex conditions. We aimed to investigate the effect of supernumerary X chromosomes (extra-Xs) on the clinical, hormonal, metabolic, and echocardiographic features of patients with HGAs. In a cross-sectional study, we compared 23 subjects with HGAs and 46 age-matched subjects with 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome (KS), according to the number of extra-Xs: two (47,XXY and 48,XXYY), three (48,XXXY and 49,XXXYY), or four supernumerary Xs (49,XXXXY). A second cohort consisting of 46 pubertal stage-matched KS subjects was employed for validation. Clinical, hormonal, metabolic and ultrasonographic parameters were collected and analyzed. The increase in the number of extra-Xs was associated with a progressive adverse effect on height, pubertal development, testicular volume and function, adrenal steroidogenesis, and thyroid function. A progressive linear increase in ACTH and a decrease in cortisol/ACTH ratios were found. Weight and body mass index, Sertoli cell function, lipid profile, and glucose tolerance post-oral glucose tolerance test were all worse in the HGA cohort compared to KS. Cardiac evaluation revealed a linear association with reduced left and right end-diastolic diameters and reduced ejection fraction. The increase in the number of extra-Xs is associated with a "dose-dependent" progressive impairment in steroid producing glands, thyroid function, cardiac structure, and performance.

Effect of treadmill exercise on the liver, kidney health, and serum IL-10 levels in high-fat diet-induced obese male Wistar rats

This study investigated the impact of treadmill exercise on liver and kidney health in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD), alongside serum IL-10 levels. Rats were divided into normal control, HFD, HFD with atorvastatin, and HFD with exercise groups. Obesity was induced over 11 months via the HFD, while the exercise group underwent treadmill training three times per week for 90 days. Parameters measured included body weight, lipid profile, liver and kidney function tests, rat interleukine-10, and histopathology of the liver and kidney. Significant increases in body weight, lipid profile, and liver and kidney function tests, alongside decreased IL-10 levels, were observed in the HFD groups, indicating obesity-associated complications. After 90 days of exercise, significant reductions in body weight and lipid profile, alongside improved liver and kidney functions were noted, accompanied by increased IL-10 expression. The exercise group exhibited occasional liver micro vesicular fat droplets but an otherwise healthy liver and kidney appearance. Treadmill exercise demonstrated beneficial effects on liver and kidney health in male obese rats with HFD-induced obesity, primarily through the amelioration of IL-10 levels.

Therapeutic Effects of Nigella sativa Oil and Whole Seeds on STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats: A Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Study.

Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increasing health problem that has negative impacts on patients and healthcare systems, worldwide. The development of new therapies with better efficacy, fewer side effects, and lower prices are urgently needed to treat this disease. To evaluate and compare the therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) seed and oil on the biochemical parameters and regeneration of pancreatic islets (or islets of Langerhans) of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The diabetic rat model was prepared by administering a single dose of STZ (35 mg/kg body weight). The whole seed or the oil of N. sativa was administered to the diabetic and control groups for a period of 28 days, but not to the negative and STZ controls. Serum blood glucose, liver enzymes, lipid profile, and renal function tests (uric acid, albumin, total protein, urea, and creatinine) were measured in all groups. After the rats were euthanized, their pancreases were extracted, and then sectioned and fixed on slides in preparation before staining with H&E stain and immunohistochemical study. Treatment of STZ-diabetic rats with N. sativa seeds or oil significantly improved their serum glucose levels, lipid profiles, and liver and renal functions as well as preserved the integrity of pancreatic β cells. N. sativa seeds and oil demonstrate significant therapeutic improvement effects on DM and its related complications including effective protection of islets of Langerhans. The therapeutic benefits of N. sativa seeds and oil on DM and its related complications are comparable.

Atherogenic Indices as Early Predictors of Cardiovascular Diseases among Patients with Subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Karnataka: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a common health issue that decreases the functional ability of life. It is strongly associated with altered levels of serum lipids, leading to an increased risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Lipid profile and Atherogenic Indices (AIs) can serve as better markers for evaluating CVD risk. Aim: The aim of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the role of dyslipidaemia and AIs as predictors of CVD risk among patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism (SCH) and Overt Hypothyroidism (OH) compared to euthyroid controls. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted at the Clinical Biochemistry Section of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences in Mandya, Karnataka, India from August to September 2019. A total of 150 subjects aged between 25-60 years were enrolled. Fasting lipid profile and Thyroid Function Test (TFT) were analysed. Based on TFT results, subjects were categorised into SCH, OH, and euthyroid groups. Data on anthropometry {(height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Blood Pressure (BP)}, lipid profile, Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), Castelli Risk Index-I (CRI-I), CRI-II, and Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s correlation and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Out of the 150 subjects, 104 (69.3%) were females and 46 (30.7%) were males, with a mean age of 41.08±11.24 years. Both the SCH and OH groups showed statistically significant dyslipidaemic changes and elevated AIs compared to euthyroid controls. Among OH patients, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between TSH and Total Cholesterol (TC) (r=0.463), Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (r=0.448), CRI-I (r=0.414), CRI-II (r=0.412), and AC (r=0.411). Conversely, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between fT3 and TC (r=-0.393), LDL-c (r=-0.363), CRI-I (r=-0.300), CRI-II (r=-0.301), and AC (r=-0.298). Among the AIs, AIP showed the maximum Area Under the Curve (AUC) in both the SCH (0.707) and OH (0.747) groups. Conclusion: AIs aid in the better assessment of dyslipidaemia and CVD risk compared to lipid profile alone in hypothyroid subjects. Incorporating AIs enables early prediction of high-risk individuals for CVD risk.

المؤشرات الاثيروجينية في مرضى الغدة الدرقية ومخاطر امراض القلب والاوعية الدموية

The body's energy metabolism can be significantly affected by thyroid diseases, making them a prime concern for medical professionals. Despite this, traditional lipid profile tests are still commonly used by physicians to diagnose these conditions. The aim of the current study is to assess the efficacy of several atherogenic indices in predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease among patients with thyroid dysfunction, including the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli's risk index I and II (CRI-I and II), the atherogenic coefficient (AC), and the cholesterol index (CHOL index).Methods: A100 woman was involved in this study which diagnosed with thyroid dysfunction, and their thyroid hormone levels were used to divide them equally into two groups: Hyperthyroidism patients (n=50) with aged 18-60 years old and Hypothyroidism with patients (n=50) with aged 18-75 years old. Additionally, 30 healthy women between the ages of 18 and 70 were included as a control group. To collect data, demographic and clinical measurements were taken, including body mass index (BMI), age, weight, lipid profile and atherogenic indices such as AIP, CRI-I, CRI-II, AC, and CHOL index. Thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3 and T4, freeT3, freeT4) were also recorded for all participants. Results: The calculated atherogenic indices of the patients and controls revealed the presence of significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in these indices in both thyroidism patients groups when compared with that of control group. Conclusions: These results suggest that patients with thyroidism are at high risk to cardiovascular diseases and the regular monitor for dyslipidemia is very important in order to start an early treatment and advise them for changing their life style.

Does Fried Street Food (Kokor) affect Lipid Profiles and bodyweight? The Finding from Swiss Albino Mice

Background: Foods fried in palm oil on the streets change the oil composition and produce toxic byproducts. Even though the health implications of fried street food are not fully understood, Ethiopians frequently consume these items. Therefore, this study evaluated the impact of street kokor fried in palm oil on mice's lipid profiles and body weight. Methods: The experiment involved 32 Swiss Albino male and female mice, which were randomly separated into four groups with equal male and female subgroups. The experimental groups, Group II, Group III, and Group IV, got 10%, 20%, and 30% of the daily food intake, respectively. In contrast, the control group (Group-I) received only pellets and a vehicle (water). The mice were killed at the end of the sixth weeks after recieving a diethyl ether anesthetic. Once their blood was drawn through a heart puncture, lipid profile tests were performed on it. Results: In this experiment, the amount of street kokor cooked in palm oil had a significant impact on the mice' body weight [F (3, 24) = 13.841, p = 0.001] and all of the mice in the experimental groups had significantly lower body weights than the mice in Group I (the control group) (P 0.05). Similarly, the dose of palm oil fried street kokor had a significant effect on serum triglyceride (TG) [F (3, 24) = 17.72, p = 0.001], serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) [F (3, 24) = 90.344, p = 0.001], serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) [F (3, 24) = 25.38, p = 0.001] and serum total cholesterol (TC) level of the mice [F (3, 24) = 257.480, p = 0.001]. The experimental group mice's lipid profiles, except serum HDL level, were increased significantly compared with the control group mice (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Mice's body weight fell and serum lipid profiles were affected by palm oil-fried street kokor. This study found that palm oil-fried street kokor dramatically decreased mice's body weight. Furthermore, ingesting kokor cooked in palm oil significantly and proportionally elevated mice's serum lipid profiles (TG, LDL, and TC), but it also dramatically and inversely decreased HDL levels.

Comparison between the effect of Empagliflozin and Pioglitazone added to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Background/aimsNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as the accumulation of >5% fat in the liver, is the most frequently co-exist disease with diabetics up to 70%. Current study was conducted to compare efficacy of combination therapy of empagliflozin (EMPA) or pioglitazone (PGZ) with metformin (MET) in patients with T2DM and NAFLD. MethodsIn this open label, prospective clinical trial, sixty patients were randomly assigned to receive EMPA 10 mg/day or PGZ 30 mg/day in combination Metformin (at least 1500 mg) for six months. NAFLD grade and liver stiffness were defined and measured at the beginning and after 6 months. As the secondary outcomes, anthropometric characteristics, lipid profile, plasma glucose test, and liver enzymes test were measured at the baseline and endpoint. ResultsThe results showed that both combination therapy with EMPA+ MET or PGZ+MET significantly reversed fibrosis stage of NAFLD (P<0.05). Significant reduction in lipid profile test, and liver enzymes test were seen in both groups (P<0.05). However, the greater reduction in waist circumference was observed in EMPA groups compared to PGZ (-4.4 ± 2.39 vs -2.05±1.28, p<0.001), meanwhile weight and BMI decreased significantly only in the patients receiving EMPA (-5.78 ± 3.6 kg vs 0.93 ± 0.33 kg and -2.01± 3.19 kg/m2 vs 0.33 ± 0.12 kg/m2, respectively, P<0.001). Conclusioncombination of EMPA or PGZ with metformin equally improved liver fibrosis stage and stiffness in T2DM patients with NAFLD. The improvements of laboratory tests were observed in the both groups, while, regarding weight reduction, only the regimen containing EMPA was effective.

The impact of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha drugs on lipid profile of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or seronegative spondyloarthropathy

Background: Inflammatory arthritis is associated with abnormal levels of lipoprotein. The cause is considered to be inflammation. Recently, the use of biologic drugs in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis, especially rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and seronegative spondyloarthropathy, has increased. There are different results of the effect of these drugs on fat profile. Evaluate the impact of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha drugs on lipid profile of patients with RA or seronegative spondyloarthritis. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis or seronegative spondyloarthritis, who were candidates for TNF alpha treatment, were included in the study. After obtaining written consent, a checklist was completed for all patients including demographic information such as age, sex, height, weight, place of residence, level of education, type of disease, and lipid profile test results including total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were recorded. Then the patients were treated and evaluated for fat profile after 3, 6, 9 months after receiving the relevant treatment regimen. The test results were recorded in checklists. After completing the study, the data were entered into the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) 24 software and analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients was 46.38±14.33 years. 54% of patients were female. 54% of patients had rheumatoid arthritis. 62% of patients were treated with Sinora. The results of this study showed that serum triglyceride levels increased during the study period and this increase was statistically significant but the trend of changes in serum cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels was not statistically significant. However, serum LDL levels measured in the ninth month increased significantly compared to the initial measurement. Conclusions: Results showed that there was a significant relationship between lipid profile changes and anti-TNF alpha consumption. Although decreased inflammation appears but other mechanisms may be involved in dyslipidemia.

Effect of Regular Exercise on Low-Density Lipoprotein Level

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is called bad cholesterol. High LDL level leads to a build-up of cholesterol in arteries, which may elicit heart disease. Therefore, it is necessary to keep under controlled LDL levels for the safety of life. The researchers in this study investigate whether exercise may lead to decreasing the LDL level. A total of sixty undergraduate willing female students, with a mean age (of 22+1 years), were conveniently selected from two populations and divided into two groups: the exercise group (n=30) and the wait-for-list control group (n=30). A total of four hours per day and six days per week of exercise and games were practiced for twelve weeks by the exercise group. The Hitachi 704 analyzer conducted a lipid profile test during pre and post-intervention. The level of LDL was decreased by 32.48% after twelve weeks in the exercise group. It can be explained that the physiological process of fat loss occurs when fats are liberated from adipocytes and other areas into circulation to supply the needed energy during exercise.

The Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs5883 in The CETP Gene with Oxidized-LDL Level in Coronary Atherosclerosis Patients

Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory disorder of the arterial wall and can affect any artery in the body. When it occurs in the heart (Coronary atherosclerosis), it can cause MI, angina, and even sudden death; in the brain, stroke, and transient ischemic attack; and in the limbs causing claudication and critical limb ischemia. CETP plays a role in transferring the cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver through the collection of triglycerides of VLDL and LDL for exchange by the cholesteryl ester of HDL. Therefore, it has a role in HDL metabolism by converting it to LDL and increasing the risk of incident atherosclerosis.Aim of the study: To investigate the rs5883 genotypes and their association with the coronary atherosclerosis and to study the impact of this SNP on the CETP gene with the lipid profile including the OX-LDL in patients and controls.Patients and method: All patients underwent angiography to confirm diagnosis in a case- control study, comparing 60 volunteers as the control group. The lipid profile test was measured by colorimetric method, Ox-LDL was measured by ELISA technique and the CETP SNP genotypes by RT-PCR technique.Results: There was a significant difference in genotypes in the rs5883 SNP, the heterozygous genotype (TC) was much more frequent in patients (20%) than controls (3.7%) with a significant difference (OR= 6.5, 95%CI=1.38-30.55). There was no association of this SNP with lipid profile, there was a significant impact of rs5883 with Ox-LDL, the medians of CT carriers significantly higher than CC genotypes.