Lipid Production Research Articles

Optimization of Lipid Production from Paddy Straw Using Dilute Acid Pretreatment and Fermentation by Rhodosporidium Toruloides

<p style="margin-top:1px; text-align:justify; text-indent:14.2pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Among the </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">lignocellulose wastes Paddy Straw is the most abundant one which have the ability of being used as a feedstock for production of biofuel. In this work, paddy straw is subjected to dilute acid pretreatment, detoxification and fermentation processes for the production of lipids. Rhodosporidium Toruloides, an oleaginous yeast strain is used for fermentation and produce biomass and lipids. Straw of paddy is pre-processed with 2% (v/v) the sulfuric acid at 121<sup>o</sup> C for an hour that is 60 minutes and then detoxified. Fermentation process has to be optimized in order to achieve higher lipid yields and higher cellulose content. In this study, optimization is carried out by using response surface process and <a name="_Hlk175385141">Box Behnken Design (BBD) </a>for learning impact of concentration of inoculum, pH and temperature on fermentation. During hydrolysis and fermentation processes, sugar concentration is analysed using </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">dinitro salicylic </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">acid reagent and standard curve of glucose. Observations show that highest yield of sugar from the dilute acid pre-treatment is 3.3 g/L. Optimum conditions for lipid yield from fermentation process is 10.88 g/L at a pH of 6, at a temperature of 25°C and at 10% inoculum loading.</span></span></span></p>

Regulating the metabolic flux of pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass to enhance lipid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

To achieve high efficiency in microbial cell factories, it is crucial to redesign central carbon fluxes to ensure an adequate supply of precursors for producing high-value compounds. In this study, we employed a multi-omics approach to rearrange the central carbon flux of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) bypass, thereby enhancing the supply of intermediate precursors, specifically acetyl-CoA. This enhancement aimed to improve the biosynthesis of acetyl-CoA-derived compounds, such as terpenoids and fatty acid-derived molecules, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Through transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses, we identified ALD4 as a key regulatory gene influencing lipid metabolism. Genetic validation demonstrated that overexpression of the mitochondrial acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene ALD4 resulted in a 20.1% increase in lipid production. This study provides theoretical support for optimising the performance of S. cerevisiae as a “cell factory” for the production of commercial compounds.

Optimal algae species inoculation strategy for algal-bacterial granular sludge: Sludge characteristics, performance and microbial community

The algal-bacterial granular sludge (ABGS) system is emerging as a promising technology for future wastewater treatment. This study assessed the impact of different algae species inoculation on granulation, performance, and microbial communities within ABGS systems. The experimental setup included single-species inoculations (Chlorella sp. (R1), Scenedesmus sp. (R2), and Desmodesmus sp. (R3)) and a mixed-species inoculation strategy (R4). Results revealed that R4 achieved the fastest completed granulation process (15 days) with the largest average granule diameter (772.93 μm) and highest physical strength (2.24 ± 0.26%) in the end of the experiment. The relative abundance of extracellular polymeric substances secreting bacteria of R4 maintained high level in whole operation time. Algae assimilation capacity and the abundance of functional bacteria can also influence removal performance. In mature stage, only the average effluent total nitrogen (3.15 ± 2.87 mg/L), total phosphorus (0.37 ± 0.27 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (25.25 ± 2.98 mg/L) concentration in R4 was lower than that of Grade I discharge standard of municipal wastewater treatment plants in China. The best inorganic carbon utilization and lipid production ability were observed in R4 and R3, respectively. The choice of inoculated algae species was identified as a key factor for bacterial community dynamics. Overall, above results demonstrated that mixed algae species inoculation can be selected as the optimal algae inoculation strategy due to its excellent granulation, performance, and acceptable carbon utilization and lipid production.

Evaluation of lipid production efficiency using palm oil mill effluent as a carbon source by Lipomyces starkeyi

Evaluation of lipid production efficiency using palm oil mill effluent as a carbon source by Lipomyces starkeyi

Effect of nitrogen on lipid production of Chlorococcum novae-angliae

Effect of nitrogen on lipid production of Chlorococcum novae-angliae

Environmental impact assessment in microalgal lipid production: carbon footprint and net emissions

This study focuses on analyzing the role of microalgae in mitigating climate change through CO2 capture and lipid production, which can be used in the development of energy products and commercially relevant products. The objective was to evaluate the net CO2 emissions in three lipid production scenarios from microalgae, in addition to analyzing the impact of various biomass pretreatment technologies before lipid extraction. For this purpose, only the emissions directly generated by energy consumption in the process and the amount of CO2 that can be captured by microalgae cultivation were considered. In all three scenarios, CO2 capture during biomass cultivation and emissions associated with maintaining the process in operation were evaluated. The results show that the emissions generated by energy consumption were 3.56 kg-CO2/kg-oil, 2.19 kg-CO2/kg-oil, and 2.36 kg-CO2/kg-oil in scenarios 1, 2, and 3, respectively, while the CO2 emissions captured in microalgae cultivation were three to four times higher, ultimately resulting in negative emissions in all scenarios. The efficiency of CO2 capture per kilogram of oil produced varies between scenarios, suggesting that the choice of technology and process conditions significantly influence the overall environmental impact. This analysis identifies areas of opportunity to improve microalgal biomass utilization processes, highlighting the stages of the process with the greatest impact on the carbon footprint and enabling the comparison of different technologies on the same basis.

Influence of multi-stress factors on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus abundans using response surface methodology.

This study evaluated the biofuel production potential of two algal species, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus abundans, under stress conditions induced by nutrient supplementation or starvation at varying light intensities. Central composite face-centered design response surface methodology (CCFD-RSM) was employed to optimize stress conditions by varying the sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4), cultivation time, and light intensity. The study included both C. pyrenoidosa and S. abundans, which presented increased biomass yields when subjected to nutrient starvation. Under the optimized conditions, the dry biomass yield was 98.26mg/L for C. pyrenoidosa and 110mg/L for S. abundans. Lipid yields were approximately 22.47% for C. pyrenoidosa and 29.06% for S. abundans under these optimized growth conditions. The optimized parameters for maximum biomass and lipid production were identified as C. pyrenoidosa, and the optimized conditions required 0.805g/L NaNO3, 0.052g/L K2HPO4, 0.099g/L KH2PO4, 17days of culture, and 5168.39lx of light intensity. For S. abundans, the optimal conditions were 1.065g/L NaNO3, 0.071g/L K2HPO4, 0.058g/L KH2PO4, 22days of cultivation, and 2897lx of light intensity. Overall, both C. pyrenoidosa and S. abundans have emerged as promising candidates for sustainable biodiesel production, highlighting their potential under stress conditions induced by nutrient modulation and variable light intensities.

Enhancing fatty acid and omega-3 production in Schizochytrium sp. using developed safe-harboring expression system

BackgroundSchizochytrium, a group of eukaryotic marine protists, is an oleaginous strain, making it a highly promising candidate for the production of lipid-derived products such as biofuels and omega-3 fatty acids. However, the insufficient advancement of genetic engineering tools has hindered further advancements. Therefore, the development and application of genetic engineering tools for lipid enhancement are crucial for industrial production.ResultsTransgene expression in Schizochytrium often encounters challenges such as instability due to positional effects. To overcome this, we developed a safe-harbor transgene expression system. Initially, the sfGFP gene was integrated randomly, and high-expressing transformants were identified using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Notably, HRsite 2, located approximately 3.2 kb upstream of cytochrome c, demonstrated enhanced sfGFP expression and homologous recombination efficiency. We then introduced the 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (KR) gene at HRsite 2, resulting in improved lipid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production. Transformants with KR at HRsite 2 exhibited stable growth, increased glucose utilization, and a higher lipid content compared to those with randomly integrated transgenes. Notably, these transformants showed a 25% increase in DHA content compared to the wild-type strain.ConclusionThis study successfully established a robust homologous recombination system in Schizochytrium sp. by identifying a reliable safe harbor site for gene integration. The targeted expression of the KR gene at this site not only enhanced DHA production but also maintained growth and glucose consumption rates, validating the efficacy of the safe-harbor approach. This advancement in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering paves the way for more efficient biotechnological applications in Schizochytrium sp.

Novel three-stage microalgal cultivation system for lipid production utilizing nutrients derived from refinery waste

The pollution and transformation of refineries are receiving increasing attention. The carbonic anhydrase in Tetradesmus obliquus was found exhibiting a hysteresis phenomenon in response to periodic changes in the composition of external carbon sources, with a surge in inorganic carbon concentration stressing the carbonic anhydrase activity to increase by 6–9 times. On this basis, a novel three-stage culture system of T. obliquus was proposed, which mainly uses refinery waste as the nutrients. By controlling the nutrient content in the environment, especially the composition of carbon sources, microalgae could sequentially complete rapid biomass accumulation, efficient inorganic carbon assimilation, and oil production. Compared to a single-environment culture system, the biomass yield increased by 1.34 times, the oil content increased by more than 6%, and the oil productivity increased by 2.08 times. Above findings may lay a partial theoretical foundation for the future evolution of traditional refineries towards “fossil–algal-biomass” hybrid refineries.

Integrating azo dye degradation and lipid accumulation by Candida tropicalis and Pichia kudriavzevii along with insights into underlying metabolomics for treatment of textile effluents

Azo compounds, extensively utilized across various industries, contribute to the release of toxic effluents that are detrimental to both the environment and human health. Traditional methods for azo dye removal often result in harmful byproducts or concentrated sludge, complicating disposal efforts. This study explores the potential of two yeast strains, Candida tropicalis and Pichia kudriavzevii, to effectively decolorize azo dyes (TD4, TD5, and TD6) while simultaneously accumulating lipids. The cultures achieved 80–90 % decolorization of the selected dyes during incubation, with Pichia showing higher efficiency across multiple dyes compared to Candida. Lipid profiling identified valuable fatty acids, such as palmitic acid and oleic acid, with potential applications in biofuels and other industries. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis revealed a reduction in TOC, indicating degradation and mineralization of the dyes by the yeasts. Metabolic profiling via LC-MS confirmed the degradation, showing the presence of intermediates such as azoles, azolines, isoquinolines, pyridines, and benzopyrans in dye-supplemented cultures. Additionally, pathways related to energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, drug metabolism (cytochrome P450), degradation of aromatic compounds, and steroid biosynthesis were enriched in the dye-treated cultures. Lipid output in the presence of dyes ranged from 40 % to 90 %. The study thus demonstrates a proof of concept for economically viable lipid production combined with efficient dye removal, presenting a sustainable solution to environmental and industrial challenges.

Growth potential, biochemical properties and nutrient removal efficiency of some freshwater microalgae and their consortia from wastewater

Impact of varying nitrate (NO3-N) and phosphate (PO4-P) concentrations and sewage water (SW) on the growth, nutrient removal, lipid accumulation, enzymatic antioxidant activity and phytochemical contents of the microalgae Scenedesmus dimorphus, Coelastrella tenuitheca, Chroococcus turgidus and Parachlorella kessleri under monoculture and their consortia have been investigated. High growth rates were observed for all the four algae in both mono and mixed culture conditions at enhanced concentrations of N (1500 mg/L NO3-N) and P (40 mg/L PO4-P). The species Scenedesmus dimorphus outperformed other microalgae growing in SW in efficiently removing nitrogen. The algal consortia of mixed species was found to be more effective in phosphorus removal. The carbohydrate and protein contents were highest in Parachlorella kessleri, about 37% and 44%, respectively, in SW cultivation. The algal consortia demonstrated highest starch content (4%) in nitrogen deprived growth medium. Highest lipid production (43%) was observed in the SW culture. The species Coelastrella tenuitheca, Chroococcus turgidus and Scenedesmus dimorphus irrespective of the growth media indicated significant accumulation of phenol, flavonoid and tannin. The DPPH, catalase and ascorbic peroxidase assay showed pronounced antioxidant activity. Nutrient (N and P) enrichment exhibited enhanced antioxidant enzymatic activity and accumulation of cell storage products.

Adaptive laboratory evolution of Lipomyces starkeyi for high production of lignin derivative alcohol and lipids with comparative untargeted metabolomics-based analysis.

Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is an impactful technique for cultivating microorganisms to adapt to specific environmental circumstances or substrates through iterative growth and selection. This study utilized an adaptive laboratory evolution method on Lipomyces starkeyi for high tolerance in producing lignin derivative alcohols and lipids from syringaldehyde. Afterward, untargeted metabolomics analysis was employed to find the key metabolites that play important roles in the better performance of evolved strains compared to the wild type. Lignin, a prominent constituent of plant biomass, is a favorable source material for the manufacture of biofuel and lipids. Nevertheless, the effective transformation of chemicals produced from lignin into products with high economic worth continues to be a difficult task. In this study, we exposed L. starkeyi to a series of flask passaging experiments while applying selective pressure to facilitate its adaptation to syringaldehyde, a specific type of lignin monomeric aldehyde. Using ALE, we successfully developed a new strain, DALE-22, which can synthesize syringyl alcohol up to 18.74 mM from 22.28 mM syringaldehyde with 41.9% lipid accumulation. In addition, a comprehensive examination of untargeted metabolomics identified six specific crucial metabolites linked to the improved tolerance of the evolved strain in the utilization of syringaldehyde, including 2-aminobutyric acid, allantoin, 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, 2-aminoethanol, tryptophan, and 5-aminovaleric acid. The results of our study reveal how L. starkeyi adapts to using substrates produced from lignin. These findings offer important information for developing strategies to improve the process of converting lignin into valuable products for sustainable biorefinery applications.

Cell wall alterations occurring in an evolved multi-stress tolerant strain of the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula toruloides

The oleaginous yeast species Rhodotorula toruloides is a promising candidate for applications in circular bioeconomy due to its ability to efficiently utilize diverse carbon sources being tolerant to cellular stress in bioprocessing. Previous studies including genome-wide analyses of the multi-stress tolerant strain IST536 MM15, derived through adaptive laboratory evolution from a promising IST536 strain for lipid production from sugar beet hydrolysates, suggested the occurrence of significant modifications in the cell wall. In this study, the cell wall integrity and carbohydrate composition of those strains was characterized to gain insights into the physicochemical changes associated to the remarkable multi-stress tolerance phenotype of the evolved strain. Compared to the original strain, the evolved strain exhibited a higher proportion of glucomannans, fucogalactomannans, and chitin relative to (1→4)-linked glucans, and an increased presence of glycoproteins with short glucosamine derived oligosaccharides, which have been found to be associated to ethanol stress tolerance and physical strength of the cell wall. Furthermore, the evolved strain cells were found to be significantly smaller than the original strain and more resistant to thermal and mechanical disruption, consistent with higher proportion of beta-linked polymers instead of glycogen, conferring a more rigid and robust cell wall. These findings provide further insights into the cell wall composition of this basidiomycetous red yeast species and into the alterations occurring in a multi-stress tolerant evolved strain. This new information can guide yeast genome engineering towards more robust strains of biotechnological relevance.

Enhancement of Growth and Lipid Production in Microalgae Using Aggregation-Induced Emission Based Luminescent Material for Sustainable Food and Fuel.

AIEbased nanomaterials are progressively gaining momentum owing to their evolvement into an interdisciplinary field ranging from biomass and biomolecule yield to image-guided photodynamic therapy. This study focuses on a novel strategy to enhance growth, lipid accumulation, and in vivo fluorescence visualisation in green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using AIE nanoparticles to quantify radical changes. The absorption of AIE photosensitiser, TTMN was recorded from 420 to 570 nm with a peak at 500 nm, and the emission ranged from 550 to 800 nm with a peak at 650 nm. As a ROSmolecule, H2O2 generation of TTMN in C. reinhardtii cells was detected with AIE nanoprobes TPE-BO. H2O2 accumulation increased with the increase of TTMN concentrations. The maximum growth was observed at 10 µM TTMN-exposed C. reinhardtii cells. Significant lipid accumulation was found in both 10 and 15 µM TTMN-treated cells. For lipid visualisation, an AIE nanoprobe, 2-DPAN was used, and superior fluorescence was determined and compared with the traditional BODIPY dye. Cytotoxicity analysis of 10 µM TTMN on the HaCat cell line with 86.2% cell viability revealed its high biocompatibility on living cells. This AIE-based nanotechnology provides a novel approach for microalgae-derived sustainable biomass and eco-friendly biofuel production.

N:P ratio and salinity as keys: A study on optimizing biomass and lipid production in marine Chlorella sp. NITT 02 and Picochlorum sp. NITT 04 for biodiesel production

A first study on nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) supply ratio with different N sources (NaNO3, urea, and L-Asparagine) and salinity within the cultivation medium of microalgal species towards biomass and lipid enhancement is demonstrated. Among the three nitrogen sources, L-Asparagine at N:P supply ratio of 75:1 and 100:1 gave the highest biomass concentration for the tested microalgal species. For chlorella sp. NITT 02, the DCW of 1.257 ± 0.003 g L−1 at N:P = 100:1 and 1.256 ± 0.005 g L−1 at N:P = 75:1 was obtained for L-Asaparagine, followed by urea (N:P = 100:1 → 0.842 ± 0.002 g L−1; N:P = 75:1 → 0.843 ± 0.004 g L−1). The DCW of Picochlorum sp. NITT 04 with L-Asparagine (N:P = 100:1 → 0.964 ± 0.026 g L−1; N:P = 75:1 → 0.965 ± 0.034 g L−1) and urea (N:P = 100:1 → 0.911 ± 0.012 g L−1; N:P = 75:1 → 0.908 ± 0.01 g L−1) was attained maximum than NaNO3. The systematic exploration of the interaction between N:P ratio and salinity towards lipid content enhancement were performed by RSM-CCD approach. The optimal N:P ratio of 1.4:0.6 and salinity of 7.5 ppt resulted in maximum lipid content of 49.252 ± 0.187 % for Chlorella sp. NITT 02 with the total FAME content of 93.49 %. For Picochlorum sp. NITT 04, the optimal N:P ratio of 1.4:0.6 and salinity of 24 ppt resulted in maximum lipid content of 49.717 ± 0.073 % with the total FAME content of 91.71 %. The FAME analysis confirms the use of tested microalgal species towards biodiesel production and concurrent use of residual biomass for biorefinery applications.

Potential of oleaginous microbes for lipid accumulation and renewable energy generation.

Biocomponents (such as lipids) accumulate in oleaginous microorganisms and could be used for renewable energy production. Oleaginous microbes are characterized by their ability to accumulate high levels of lipids, which can be converted into biodiesel. The oleaginous microbes (including microalgae, bacteria, yeast, and fungi) can utilize diverse substrates. Thus, in this study, commercially viable oleaginous microorganisms are comparatively summarized for their growth conditions, substrate utilization, and applications in biotechnological processes. Lipid content is species-dependent, as are culture conditions (such as temperature, pH, nutrients, and culture time) and substrates. Lipid production can be increased by selecting suitable microorganisms and substrates, optimizing environmental conditions, and using genetic engineering techniques. In addition, the emphasis on downstream processes (including harvesting, cell disruption, lipid extraction, and transesterification) highlights their critical role in enhancing cost-effectiveness. Oleaginous microorganisms are potential candidates for lipid biosynthesis and could play a key role in meeting the energy needs of the world in the future.

Effect of UV-C Irradiation on Growth, Photosynthetic Pigments, and Lipid Profile of Chlorella sorokiniana.

Chlorella sorokiniana holds significant industrial relevance owing to its lipid profile. Consequently, the objective of this investigation was to enhance growth, lipid content, and photosynthetic pigment production through the application of UV-C irradiation. The growth parameters of microalgae demonstrated an increase in response to concentration. After 35days of incubation, cells exposed to UV-C for 8min produced the most biomass at 2.2g/l. Additionally, the chlorophyll content demonstrated a comparable pattern, with the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a (4.99mg/l), chlorophyll b (6.22mg/l), and total chlorophyll (11.21mg/l) observed in cells incubated for 35days and exposed to UV-C for 8min. The lipid profile, nevertheless, demonstrated minor fluctuations. Specifically, the relative abundance of frequently occurring lipid compounds was found to be greater in cells treated with UV-C compared to the control group, and the most significant increase was obtained in 15-day culture exposed to UV-C for 8min. However, after 35days of incubation, this abundance decreased in cells exposed to UV-C for more than 4min. Additionally, the observation of specific lipid compounds presented solely in cells obtained from algal cultures treated with UV-C was made. Consequently, drawing from the results obtained in the current investigation, it is possible to deduce that UV-C can be utilised to augment the overall development and yield of significant metabolites in microalgae. Furthermore, these microalgae can be converted into single-cell bioreactors to facilitate the production of lipids utilised in a variety of applications, a process that could be refined to cater to industrial demands.

Pretreated sugarcane bagasse matches performance of synthetic media for lipid production with Yarrowia lipolytica

Engineered strains of Yarrowia lipolytica with modified lipid profiles and other desirable properties for microbial oil production are widely reported but are almost exclusively characterized in synthetic laboratory-grade media. Ensuring translatable performance between synthetic media and industrially scalable lignocellulosic feedstocks is a critical challenge. Yarrowia lipolytica growth and lipid production were characterized in media derived from two-step acid-catalyzed glycerol pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. Fermentation performance was benchmarked against laboratory-grade synthetic growth media, including detailed characterization of media composition, nitrogen utilization, biomass and lipid production, and fatty acid product profile. A Yarrowia lipolytica strain modified to enable xylose consumption consumed all sugars, glycerol, and acetic acid, accumulating lipids to 34–44 % of cell dry weight. Growth and lipid content when grown in sugarcane bagasse-derived media were equivalent to or better than that observed with synthetic media. These sugarcane bagasse-derived media are suitable for transferable development of Yarrowia lipolytica fermentations from synthetic media.

Unveiling significant roles of phytohormone 6-benzylaminopurine in empowering Phaeodactylum tricornutum for high-salinity wastewater treatment and bioresource recovery

High-salinity presents significant challenges in microalgal wastewater treatment and bioresource recovery due to salinity stress. This study explored the use of salt-tolerant microalgae in conjunction with phytohormone regulation. 1 µM 6-benzylaminopurine increased the biomass of Phaeodactylum tricornutum by 38.3 % and enhanced lipid production by 36.8 %. 6-benzylaminopurine significantly improved the removal of inorganic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus by 85.2 %, 27.4 %, and 31.9 %. Specifically, 6-benzylaminopurine improved K+ transportation by 71.0 %, increased the activity of Ca2+ transport ATPase and Ca2+ sensors by 49.0 %–83.0 %, optimized osmotic balance, and alleviated salt-induced damage. The contents of proline and extracellular polymers increased by 34.8 % and 35.5 %. A 38.4 % reduction in reactive oxygen species indicated that high-salinity stress was mitigated. The analysis of Sustainable Development Goals showed a 56.2 % improvement in Affordable and Clean Energy. Overall, these findings further highlighted the promising application of the phytohormone 6-benzylaminopurine in microalgal high-salinity wastewater treatment and lipid production.

Integration of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) and algal PhotoBioReactors (aPBR) for achieving carbon neutrality in wastewater treatment

Carbon neutrality is a primary goal for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), as they are responsible for significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as unpleasant odour emissions.The paper shows a new modular biotechnology that enables simultaneous treatment of gaseous emissions and biofixation of CO2.A comparative assessment of system performances in removing target pollutants (toluene, p-xylene and hydrogen sulphide) was implemented. Results showed that the highest removal efficiency (RE) was recorded for the toluene, equaling 99.9 ± 0.1 %, for an inlet load (IL) of 9.91 ± 3.44 g m−3 d−1. During the experimental tests regarding hydrogen sulphide removal, the system recorded the highest CO2 assimilation, equal to −3.03 ± 0.93 g m−3 d−1. However, this assimilation rate did not correspond to the maximum volumetric biomass productivity (MVBP), equal to 1.3 g L−1 d−1, recorded with toluene treatment, with a maximum lipid productivity (MLP) of 450 mg L−1 d−1.The results demonstrated the complete adaptability of the investigated system, which can help to fill the gaps in the current technological landscape, providing an innovative biotechnology that can be directly implemented and environmentally sustainable.