Lipid Fractions Research Articles

The Effect of Low Temperature Storage on the Lipid Quality of Fish, Either Alone or Combined with Alternative Preservation Technologies.

Marine foods are highly perishable products due to their high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can be readily oxidized to form peroxides and secondary oxidation products, thus conferring such foods undesirable organoleptic characteristics and generating harmful compounds that are detrimental to the health of consumers. The use of preservation methods that minimize lipid oxidation is required in the fishing and aquaculture industries. Low temperature storage (chilling or freezing) is one of the most commonly used preservation methods for fish and seafood, although it has been shown that the oxidation of the lipid fraction of such products is partially but not completely inhibited at low temperatures. The extent of lipid oxidation depends on the species and the storage temperature and time, among other factors. This paper reviews the effect of low temperature storage on the lipid quality of fish, either alone or in combination with other preservation techniques. The use of antioxidant additives, high hydrostatic pressure, irradiation, ozonation, ultrasounds, pulsed electric fields, and the design of novel packaging can help preserve chilled or frozen fish products, although further research is needed to develop more efficient fish preservation processes from an economic, nutritional, sensory, and sustainable standpoint.

Association of lipid levels with motor and cognitive function and decline in Parkinson's disease.

Most studies have focused on comparing blood lipid biomarkers between Parkinson's disease (PD) and normal controls (NC). However, further research is necessary to explore the impact of blood lipid levels on motor and cognitive function, as well as the progression of motor dysfunction and cognitive decline over time. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between blood lipid biomarkers and these indicators in individuals with PD. The cohort study enrolled 157 PD patients and 146 NC from the Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from September 2017 to September 2019. Serum lipid fractions were detected in fasting serum samples. PD patients were followed up at 2 ± 0.6 years for clinical assessment. PD patients exhibited lower serum triglyceride (TG) levels as compared to NC (P = 0.008). PD male patients exhibited lower serum lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) levels than female patients (LDL-C: P = 0.034; TC: P = 0.019). Serum TG levels correlated significantly with Unified PD Rating Scale III, Hoehn and Yahr stage and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores in PD patients. Additionally, serum TG levels were associated with follow-up motor function decline and cognitive decline in adjusted regression models in PD patients. To summarise, the study findings suggest that decreased serum TG levels are significantly associated with greater motor dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction and the greater deterioration of the two indicators.

A Comparative Study of Serum Lipid Profiles in Diabetic Patients with and without Clinically Significant Macular Oedema

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health hazard today. Clinically significant macular oedema (CSME) is the most frequent cause of decreased vision in diabetic patients. The aim of our study was to determine whether CSME in subjects with type 2 DM is associated with lipid profile abnormalities and to compare them with lipid profiles of type 2 diabetics without CSME. Method: This was a cross-sectional case-control study. Hundred consecutive type 2 diabetic patients, 50 patients with and 50 without CSME, who attended the Retina outpatient clinic of a tertiary eye hospital over a one-year period, were included. Determination of the presence of CSME and staging of diabetic retinopathy was done according to modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study guidelines, by a single investigator using slit-lamp biomicroscopy. After obtaining informed consent, blood was drawn from the subjects after overnight fasting. Investigations done were lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood urea, and blood pressure measurement. Results: In our study, only two systemic factors weighed in as predictors of macular oedema: Systolic hypertension and serum lipids. Subanalysis of the lipid fractions yielded two significant correlates of CSME: Total cholesterol and serum triglycerides. Conclusion: A multifaceted healthcare team approach is essential for the management of diabetic patients. Ophthalmologists should evaluate the lipid profile of all diabetic macular oedema (DME) patients. Physicians should promptly refer diabetic patients with deranged lipid profiles to ophthalmologists to look for DME and provide appropriate ophthalmic care.

Composition of fatty acids of higher aquatic plants in Lake Kotokel as valuable biological raw materials

Fatty acids, as part of cell membranes, determine their fluidity and dielectric constant. In addition, they play an important role in human and animal nutrition. This work examines the composition and fatty acid content of dried higher aquatic plants from Lake Kotokel (Republic of Buryatia, Russia) and their potential as a raw material for the production of feed and biologically active food supplements. A modified Bligh-Dyer method was used to extract lipid fraction. Fatty acids in the form of their methyl esters were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Palmitic C16:0 acid was the main saturated fatty acid found in Myriophyllum sibiricum, Elodea canadensis, Persicaria amphibia and Potamogeton perfoliatus in Lake Kotokel. The main unsaturated acid found in plants, regardless of their type, was the α-linolenic C18:3-ω3 acid. In addition, a relatively high content of stearic C18:0, myristic C14:0 and pentadecanoic C15:0 acids was noted. Branched acids (i-C14:0, i-C15:0, i-C16:0, i-C17:0, i-C20:0, a/i-C15:0, a/i-C17:0 and 10Me-C16:0) and odd carbon numbered acids (C13:0, C15:0, C17:0, C19:0, C21:0 and C23:0) were identified. An analysis of the authors’ and literature data revealed that the studied species of higher aquatic plants in reservoirs in the Asian part of Russia are characterised by a high content of α-linolenic C18:3-ω3 (up to 56%) and a low content of oleic C18:1-ω9 (up to 1.81%) acids. The content of α-linolenic C18:3-ω3 acid in plants from reservoirs in the European part of Russia was lower (up to 42%), while that of oleic acid C18:1-ω9 was higher (up to 14%).

Ways of Import-Substituting Proteins of Collagen Group and Possibilities of Express-Methods of Research

The article provides new data concerning the structure and features of biopolymers that form the basis of by-product collagen-containing raw materials of meat processing industry and the sector of primary treatment of collagen-containing raw materials. In order to resolve the problem of import-substitution, analysis of the structure and features of complicated proteins the author analyzed briefly the economic situation, showed results of investigating certain properties of protein systems and put forward recommendations on the subject development. Theoretical findings can be used for the development of food additive technologies, lipid fraction substitutions, food toppings, food with non-conventional structure and properties, specialized nutrition, including additives of the sport group. According to the author, product groups in demand will include matters, ingredients, food with high biological activity, bio-compatible or modified gels, combined gels, cosmetic preparations, remedy for stimulating growth and development in plants, animals, nano- and bio-structures, polymers with shape memory meant for robotized constructions, etc. Unfortunately, there is no systemized principle for developing the necessary knowledge base for home or overseas products in this segment, however, the author can recommend theoretical and methodological approaches to protein system production, control over their quality, database and academic site development.

RETRACTED: Effect of derivatization method (KOH and BF3) on fatty acid profile data of boiled Tetracarpidium conophorum, and egusi pudding oils

Fatty acids are present in many foods, either free or esterified. Their presence helps to characterize and classify the food. The nature of these fatty acids is also associated with the treatments applied. To assess the fatty acid profile of these matrices, extractions are carried out using different solvents that influence the nature and lipid profile. The subsequent derivatization of fatty acids to more volatile fatty acyl methyl esters (FAMEs) prior to determination of the fatty acid profile takes into account the nature of the extraction solvent. Thus, the present work proposes to determine the fatty acid profile by Gas Chromatography Flame Ionisation Detector (GC-FID) of two lipid extracts derivatized by the MeOH/KOH and Hexane/MeOH/MeOH-BF3 procedures. Freshly harvested Tetracarpidium conophorum nuts from fields in the Fombap locality were brought to the laboratory where they were boiled (95 °C; 30 min), shelled, cut into small cubes and dried for 48 h at 45 °C. The dried seeds were ground and the resulting paste macerated in hexane for 48 h. The liquid fraction obtained was concentrated using a rotavapor, and the lipid extracts were stored at -15 °C. The egusi pudding was obtained by mixing 100 g of egusi seed paste with 0.50 g of white Piper nigrum powders, then packed in bulrush leaves and steamed for 120 min. After cooking, the product was stored for 4 days at room temperature and reheated twice a day. At the end of the last day, the lipid fraction oil was extracted following the methodology of Bligh and Dyer [1], then concentrated and preserved as before. The lipid extracts were then methylated using MeOH/KOH and Hexane/MeOH/MeOH-BF3 methods before injection into a GC-FID equipped with a Stabil Wax®-DA column. Supelco's standard mix of 37 FAMEs was used to identify and quantify the fatty acids present in the various samples. The results obtained enable us to identify the different fatty acids according to the retention time of their corresponding FAMEs and to quantify them. The fatty acids obtained were classified as saturated and unsaturated (mono and polyunsaturated). These analyses showed that the rapid derivatization method (MeOH/KOH) identified the same number of fatty acids as the Hexane/MeOH/MeOH-BF3 method in the lipid extract from the egusi pudding, whereas the Hexane/MeOH/MeOH-BF3 method identified four more fatty acids in the lipid extract coming from Tetracarpidium conophorum. Although the number of fatty acids was similar, the derivatization method influenced the nature of the fatty acids in the egusi pudding lipid extract. Overall, polyunsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant in the different oils. Omega-3 were the majority subclass in Tetracarpidium conophorum nuts, while omega-6 were in egusi pudding. The derivatization method did not influence the majority fatty acid (alpha linolenic) in Tetracarpidium conophorum nuts, whereas derivatization with BF3 gave trans linoleic and KOH cis linoleic in egusi pudding. These results show that the choice of derivatization method for fatty acid profiling and quantification is very important and depends on the technique and extraction solvents used.

Abstract 4449: Hepatic steatosis induced by bioactive lipids

Abstract Introduction: HCC is the most common form of liver cancer and is the sixth most common cancer globally. Despite the clinical advancement of immune checkpoint inhibitors, median survival continues to be less than twenty months and most patients develop resistance making it one of the deadliest malignancies. The rate of liver cancer continues to rise, which is coupled to the high prevalence of steatosis and steatohepatitis that accounts for about 25% in the general population. Pathologically, 80% of liver cancer occurs in patients with an underlying liver disease that displays liver steatosis. Thus, it is paramount to better characterize the transition from steatosis to HCC. Methods: Utilizing a Pten deleted mouse model (PtenloxP/loxP; Alb-Cre+) that recapitulates HCC progression, protein and lipid fractions were isolated to explore differentially expressed proteins and their correlations with bioactive lipid metabolism. Global untargeted differential proteomics was done with fractionation using a qExactive. Lipid fractions were analyzed using a Sciex 6500 for targeted lipidomic analysis. In addition, genetic knockout hepatocyte cell lines of each AKT isoform were used to explore the involvement of the PI3K/AKT signal. Further, a phosphoproteomic enrichment was performed to discover downstream signaling targets. Results: The PTEN regulated PI3K/AKT signal is induced in 54% of all liver cancers and represents the dominant signaling pathway regulating liver cancer progression. Untargeted differential proteomic analysis of Pten deleted mice livers revealed significant dysregulation in oxidative stress and eicosanoid metabolism among the top enriched disease and biological functions when the phenotype progressed from steatosis to HCC. Analysis of publicly available liver cancer patient samples from the NCI Proteomic Data Commons further shows strong correlation between PTEN protein abundance and the expression of enzymes involved in eicosanoid metabolism. Our analysis using a bio-active lipid multi reaction monitoring panel of Pten deleted mouse livers further validates significant decreases in resolving eicosanoid levels along with increases in proinflammatory eicosanoid precursors as steatosis progress to HCC. These data suggest a potential hepatic AKT-dependency in regulating the shift towards proinflammatory eicosanoids. Primary isolated hepatocytes from mouse livers lacking either AKT1 or AKT2 were analyzed to elucidate AKT’s regulatory role in hepatic eicosanoid metabolism. Proteomic and lipidomic analysis of these hepatocytes supported a unique AKT isoform specific role in the regulation of eicosanoids via potential isoform specific signaling interactions with MAPK. Conclusion: Eicosanoid metabolism dysregulation plays a key role in the progression from steatosis to HCC and appears to be regulated in an AKT isoform specific manner via interactions with MAPK signaling. Citation Format: Mario Alba, Ielyzaveta Slarve, Brandon Ebright, Yiren Zhou, Whitaker Cohn, Yunyi Jia, Elizabeth Elton, Jared Khan, Aditi Datta, Lina He, Qi Tang, Pranav Pammidimukkala, Taojian Tu, Phillip Nguyen, Jonathan Katz, Julian Whitelegge, Stan Louie, Bangyan Stiles. Hepatic steatosis induced by bioactive lipids [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4449.

PROFIL KWASÓW TŁUSZCZOWYCH I ZAWARTOŚĆ TŁUSZCZU W RYBACH, METODY MODYFIKACJI I MOŻLIWOŚCI WYKORZYSTANIA W ŻYWIENIU PSÓW I KOTÓW

Fish are rich in high-quality protein. Additionally, they are known for their high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA. This review aims to provide an overview of the lipid fraction of selected fish species, exploring methods of manipulating fatty acid content and discovering the resulting health benefits for dogs and cats. The article discusses innovative methods used to manipulate fatty acid content in fish, including nutritional strategies, selective breeding and new technologies. Based on the current scientific literature, the article synthesizes knowledge on the impact of these manipulation methods on the nutritional quality of fish. Additionally, literature data were presented indicating the positive aspects of including fish in the diet of dogs and cats. EPA and DHA are responsible for a number of health benefits, including supporting the circulatory system, cognitive functions and the learning process, an element of diet therapy in the treatment of cancer, and alleviating pain associated with degenerative joint diseases.

Optimization of Esterification in the Synthesis of Surfactants Feedstock from Polar Lipid Fraction of Crude Palm Oil

Optimization of Esterification in the Synthesis of Surfactants Feedstock from Polar Lipid Fraction of Crude Palm Oil

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СПОСОБА ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ЖИРА ИЗ ОТХОДОВ ИКОРНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

The purpose of the study is to substantiate a rational method for isolating fat from caviar production waste to obtain a biologically active lipid composition. Objectives: to conduct an experimental substantiation of a rational method for isolating lipids from caviar production waste; to develop an experimental installation for the extraction of the lipid part from the studied secondary fish raw materials. The research material is caviar production waste generated and collected during the punching of chum salmon shells at a fish processing plant located in the Khabarovsk Region. Sampling of raw materials and their preparation for analysis were carried out according to standard methods (GOST 31339-2006, GOST 7631-2008). Protein content was carried out according to GOST 7636-85 “Fish, marine mammals, marine invertebrates and their processed products. Methods of analysis". The mass fraction of lipids was determined using the Bly and Dyer method. Fatty acids were determined on a capillary gas-liquid chromatograph Shimadzu GC-16A (Supelcowax-10). The choice of an extraction method for separating fat from biologically valuable secondary raw materials of caviar production, which is waste after punching Pacific salmon caviar, is justified. The created experimental setup, operating according to the Soxhlet method, made it possible to obtain a lipid fraction from secondary raw materials of salmon using an extraction method using two solvents (polar and non-polar). The quality of the resulting fat was assessed by fatty acid and fractional composition. Analysis of the results obtained showed some differences between the fat of the initial secondary raw materials and the fat obtained using the extraction method in an experimental installation. In the isolated fat, the content of physiologically valuable extremely unsaturated fatty acids and triglycerides is lower than in the original raw material. In general, the quality of the resulting lipid fraction did not change significantly as a result of long-term extraction processing of secondary raw materials. In the future, ways to improve the developed and presented method for separating fat from caviar production waste are proposed.

Effect of replacing olive oil with oil blends on physicochemical and sensory properties of taralli

SummaryEdible fats and oils are usually considered in the production of bakery products for technological and sensory reasons, but the nutritional and economic aspects and the oxidative stability of the final product must also be taken into account. Four different oil blends (high oleic sunflower oil, 87.5% extra virgin olive oil + 12.5% sunflower oil, 75% extra virgin olive oil + 25% rice oil and 87.5% high oleic sunflower oil + 12.5% coconut oil) were used in the production of taralli as an extra virgin olive oil alternative. The lipid fraction, texture and sensory characteristics, and oxidative evaluation of the final products were studied. The use of the oil blend made of 75% extra virgin olive oil and 25% rice oil gave the best compromise for the content of sterols and tocols resulting in a combination that was able to achieve an induction period, in the accelerated oxidation test, that was comparable to that of the reference control made with extra virgin olive oil only.

Comparative dynamic optimization study of batch hydrothermal liquefaction of two microalgal strains for economic bio-oil production

This work presents dynamic optimization strategies of batch hydrothermal liquefaction of two microalgal species, Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 and Nannochloropsis sp. to optimize the reactor temperature profiles. Three dynamic optimization problems are solved to maximize the endpoint biocrude yield, minimize the final time, and minimize the reactor thermal energy. The biocrude maximization and time minimization problems demonstrated 11% and 6.18% increment in the optimal biocrude yields and reduction of 78.2% and 61.66% in batch times compared to the base cases for the microalgae with higher lipid and protein fractions, respectively. The energy minimization problem revealed a significant reduction in the reactor thermal energies to generate the targeted biocrude yields compared to the biocrude maximization. Therefore, the identified optimal temperature trajectories outperformed the conventional fixed temperature profiles and could improve the overall economics of the batch bio-oil production from the algal-based biorefineries by significantly enhancing the reactor performance.

Calculated Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level is A Predominant Predictor for New Onset of Ischemic Heart Disease.

A high level of directly measured small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) is a strong risk factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, it remains unclear whether estimated sdLDL-C level is a predictor for IHD. We investigated the associations of new onset of IHD with levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, triglycerides (TG), LDL-C and calculated sdLDL-C by Sampson's equation. After exclusion of subjects with IHD or those with TG ≥ 800 mg/dL, a total of 18,176 subjects (men/women: 11,712/6,464, mean age: 46 years) were recruited among 28,990 Japanese individuals who received annual health checkups. During the 10-year follow-up period, 456 men (3.9%) and 121 women (1.9%) newly developed IHD. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses after adjustment of age, sex, obesity, smoking habit, family history of IHD, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hypertension and diabetes mellitus at baseline showed that the hazard ratio (HR) (1.38 [95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.85]) for new onset of IHD in subjects with the 4th quartile (Q4) of sdLDL-C (≥ 42 mg/dL) was significantly higher than that in subjects with the 1st quartile (Q1) (≤ 24 mg/dL) as the reference, though the adjusted HRs in subjects with Q2-Q4 of TC, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, LDL-C and TG were comparable with those in subjects with Q1 of the respective lipid fractions. The adjusted HR with a restricted cubic spline increased with a higher level of calculated sdLDL-C as a continuous value at baseline. sdLDL-C level calculated by Sampson's equation is a predominant predictor for the development of IHD in a general Japanese population.

Intraperitoneally injected d11-11(12)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid is rapidly incorporated and esterified within rat plasma and peripheral tissues but not the brain

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EpETrEs) are bioactive lipid mediators of arachidonic acid cytochrome P450 oxidation. In vivo, the free (unbound) form of EpETrEs regulate multiple processes including blood flow, angiogenesis and inflammation resolution. Free EpETrEs are thought to rapidly degrade via soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH); yet, in many tissues, the majority of EpETrEs are esterified to complex lipids (e.g. phospholipids) suggesting that esterification may play a major role in regulating free, bioactive EpETrE levels. This hypothesis was tested by quantifying the metabolism of intraperitoneally injected free d11-11(12)-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (d11-11(12)-EpETrE) in male and female rats. Plasma and tissues (liver, adipose and brain) were obtained 3 to 4 min later and assayed for d11-11(12)-EpETrE and its sEH metabolite, d11-11,12-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (d11-11,12-diHETrE) in both the free and esterified lipid fractions. In both males and females, the majority of injected tracer was recovered in liver followed by plasma and adipose. No tracer was detected in the brain, indicating that brain levels are maintained by endogenous synthesis from precursor fatty acids. In plasma, liver, and adipose, the majority (>54 %) of d11-11(12)-EpETrE was found esterified to phospholipids or neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesteryl esters). sEH-derived d11-11,12-diHETrE was not detected in plasma or tissues, suggesting negligible conversion within the 3–4 min period post tracer injection. This study shows that esterification is the main pathway regulating free 11(12)-EpETrE levels in vivo.

The Lipid Fraction of Organic Matter in Chestnut Soils and Quasi-Gley Chernozems in the Western Transbaikal Region

The Lipid Fraction of Organic Matter in Chestnut Soils and Quasi-Gley Chernozems in the Western Transbaikal Region

New Forms of Neuroactive Phospholipids for DHA Enrichment in Brain.

Low levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the brain have been related to neurological disorders, like Alzheimer's disease (AD). After ingestion, dietary DHA must cross the blood-brain barrier, where it is absorbed as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), due to its role as a preferential DHA carrier in the brain. This work aimed at the production of LPC-DHA extracts to be used in supplementation/food fortification intended neural enrichment in DHA. As it is rich in DHA, especially its phospholipids (PL), Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus, caught in Spring/2022) was used as a raw material. The polar lipids fraction was separated and hydrolysed with Rhizomucor miehei lipase, to enzymatically convert phosphatidylcholine (PC) into LPC. The fish (muscle and by-products) lipids fraction was used for total lipids (TL) content, lipid classes (LC) and fatty acid (FA) profile evaluation, whilst polar lipids extracts were studied for LC production and FA analysis. Muscle TL ranged between 1.45 and 4.64 g/100 g (WW), while by-products accounted for 7.56-8.96 g/100 g, with the highest contents being found in March. However, PL were more abundant in muscle (22.46-32.20% of TL). For polar lipids extracts, PL represented 50.79% of TL, among which PC corresponded to 57.76% and phosphatidylethanolamine to 42.24%. After hydrolysis, nearly half of this PC was converted into LPC. When compared to the initial PC, DHA relative content (33.6% of total FA) was significantly higher after hydrolysis: 55.6% in PC and 73.6% in LPC. Such extract, obtained from this undervalued species, may represent a promising strategy to increase DHA uptake into brain cells while allowing this species to upgrade.

Instability of membranes containing ionizable cationic lipids: Effects of the repulsive range of headgroups and tail structures

The stability of membranes formed by ionizable cationic lipids, which constitute the primary components in lipid nanoparticles capable of endosomal escape, is explored using coarse-grained dissipative particle dynamics. Three types of ionizable model lipids with different tail structures are considered. Endosome acidification causes the ionization of lipids, leading to an increased repulsive range between their headgroups. When electrostatic repulsion is modeled as a conservative force with a long-range cutoff distance (rc,HH), the membrane and vesicle experience a loss of structural integrity and develop holes as rc,HH is beyond a critical value, which varies with the tail structure. When Coulombic repulsion is explicitly incorporated and intensified, a fully ionized lipid membrane undergoes a loss of structural integrity, displaying a qualitative similarity to the effect observed with the increase in rc,HH on the membrane stability. Qualitatively similar results are obtained for partially ionized membranes as the fraction of charged lipids increases. The stability of a mixed lipid membrane containing both ionizable and conventional lipids is also investigated. The disruption of the bilayer structure occurs for a sufficiently high charged fraction. The membrane instability can be attributed to the decrease in the packing parameter, which significantly deviates from unity as the interaction range increases.

Bilayer Charge Asymmetry and Oil Residues Destabilize Membranes upon Poration.

Transmembrane asymmetry is ubiquitous in cells, particularly with respect to lipids, where charged lipids are mainly restricted to one monolayer. We investigate the influence of anionic lipid asymmetry on the stability of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), minimal plasma membrane models. To quantify asymmetry, we apply the fluorescence quenching assay, which is often difficult to reproduce, and caution in handling the quencher is generally underestimated. We first optimize this assay and then apply it to GUVs prepared with the inverted emulsion transfer protocol by using increasing fractions of anionic lipids restricted to one leaflet. This protocol is found to produce highly asymmetric bilayers but with ∼20% interleaflet mixing. To probe the stability of asymmetric versus symmetric membranes, we expose the GUVs to porating electric pulses and monitor the fraction of destabilized vesicles. The pulses open macropores, and the GUVs either completely recover or exhibit leakage or bursting/collapse. Residual oil destabilizes porated membranes, and destabilization is even more pronounced in asymmetrically charged membranes. This is corroborated by the measured pore edge tension, which is also found to decrease with increasing charge asymmetry. Using GUVs with imposed transmembrane pH asymmetry, we confirm that poration-triggered destabilization does not depend on the approach used to generate membrane asymmetry.

Use of Various Sugarcane Byproducts to Produce Lipid Extracts with Bioactive Properties: Physicochemical and Biological Characterization.

Sugarcane, a globally cultivated crop constituting nearly 80% of total sugar production, yields residues from harvesting and sugar production known for their renewable bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties. Despite previous studies, the intricate interplay of extracts from diverse sugarcane byproducts and their biological attributes remains underexplored. This study focused on extracting the lipid fraction from a blend of selected sugarcane byproducts (straw, bagasse, and filter cake) using ethanol. The resulting extract underwent comprehensive characterization, including physicochemical analysis (FT-IR, DSC, particle size distribution, and color) and chemical composition assessment (GC-MS). The biological properties were evaluated through antihypertensive (ACE), anticholesterolemic (HMG-CoA reductase), and antidiabetic (alpha-glucosidase and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV) assays, alongside in vitro biocompatibility assessments in Caco-2 and Hep G2 cells. The phytochemicals identified, such as β-sitosterol and 1-octacosanol, likely contribute to the extract's antidiabetic, anticholesterolemic, and antihypertensive potential, given their association with various beneficial bioactivities. The extract exhibited substantial antidiabetic effects, inhibiting α-glucosidase (5-60%) and DPP-IV activity (25-100%), anticholesterolemic potential with HMG-CoA reductase inhibition (11.4-63.2%), and antihypertensive properties through ACE inhibition (24.0-27.3%). These findings lay the groundwork for incorporating these ingredients into the development of food supplements or nutraceuticals, offering potential for preventing and managing metabolic syndrome-associated conditions.

Compositional, volatile, and structural features of Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) flours: The effect of population and life stages

The scope of the present study was to study the effect of different populations of Hermetia illucens, commonly known as black soldier fly (BSF), on the major components and volatile composition of the derived freeze-dried flours. Potential differences in the composition of different life cycle stages of BSF, i.e., larvae and pupae, were also investigated. The flours obtained from larvae of two BSF populations from Greece (GR) and Portugal (PO) (L-GR and L-PO, respectively) demonstrated similar major chemical compositions. Pupae (Pu-PO) were richer in chitin compared to larvae. Differences were spotted in their fatty acid profiles and volatile fractions. The saturated/unsaturated lipid fraction ratio was 1.5 in L-GR, higher in L-PO (2.5), and even higher in the case of Pu-PO (4.0). Seventeen (17) compounds were detected in the volatile fraction of the Pu-PO samples and 24 in the volatile fraction of the L-GR and L-PO samples. Notably, dodecanoic acid ethyl ester was the predominant volatile compound in all samples. The proteins of both larvae and pupae were dominated by β-sheet structures. The present study's findings are valuable for designing food or feed products based on BSF components and could be important for applying suitable manufacturing and processing procedures.