Lip Prints Research Articles

Lip Prints: An Adjunct to Gender Prediction? A Study of 450 Nigerians Resident in Port Harcourt

Lip Prints: An Adjunct to Gender Prediction? A Study of 450 Nigerians Resident in Port Harcourt

Matching of Iris Pattern using Image Processing

Personal identification is very vital in this digital era for simpler mobile phone unlocking to criminal identification in the scene of crime. There are various methods of personal identification ranging from non-invasive methods of presence of moles in the visible parts of the body to the invasive DNA karyotyping. Other in the spectrum being fingerprinting, lip print, foot print, tongue print, palate print etc. As age advances there might be slight variations in finger print, ear biometric etc, where as in iris the amount of pigmentation might vary but the pattern remains almost same from birth to death, unless otherwise there is any injury to the iris which is very remote. Iris pattern recognition is a non-invasive method of biometric identification. Iris architecture is not only complex but also unique to an individual. In this article a methodology is been proposed to match iris pattern.

Aid for Personal Identification: Stereomicroscopic Morphological Patterns of Lip Print

The lip prints being uniform throughout the life and characteristics of person can be used to verify the presence or absence of a person from the crime, provided there has been consumption of beverages, drinks, usage of cloth, tissues or napkin etc., at the crime scene. The objectives of this study were to find out the distribution of different lip print patterns among Myanmar males and females and to determine the relationship between lip prints and blood group. Thin layer of lip-stick was applied on the lips of these subjects. The hinged portion of a folded paper was inserted between the lips and the sub-jects were asked to press their lips onto it. Only middle 10 mm of both upper and lower lips were taken as study area. The lip prints, thus obtained were studied on the basis of Tsuchihashi’s classification. There was significant difference between male and female lip print patterns. Type II was most common in both gender. Type I was more common in male and Type II, III and IV were more common in female. The most common lip print patterns in left lower quadrant was Type III and Type II pattern was most common in other three quadrants. The least common pattern was Type V in all quadrants for both gender. No correlation was found between lip print patterns and ABO blood group system. Lip print pattern can be used as an additional tool for personal identification and gender determination. Further work on the subject can help to make cheiloscopy a practical reality in the forensic identification process.

Lip Prints: The Underestimated Identifiers in the Combat against Crime

Crime is prevalent in our modern society and there does not appear to be an escape from it. It is not restricted to particular sections of the world, but occurs all over the globe. Through the years, excellent progress has been made in crime-combating methodologies and technologies; yet, there does not seem to be an ideal deterrent to crime. It is therefore paramount that the criminal justice system is equipped with the best possible tools to accurately identify and bring offenders to justice. A method that has crystallised in the accurate identification of offenders is the use of fingerprint evidence.Fingerprints are well known for their high probative value. Every human being possesses unique fingerprints and, for that reason, can be associated with such prints to a high degree of certainty when they are found on a particular object and/or surface. There exist various databases that store records of fingerprints for the purposes of comparison in criminal or other investigations.However, what happens when no fingerprints are available in a particular situation, but there is another type of print, like a lip print? Can a positive identification be made from a lip print? Is there a database of lip prints that can be accessed for the purpose of comparisons? What is the probative value of a lip print? These are important questions because, in cases of murder, rape and burglary, lip prints (sometimes accompanied by tooth marks) may be present at the crime scene or on the clothes or body of a victim.In this article, the probative value of lip prints, classified as body-prints, is examined and evaluated. This is a necessary examination, as lip-print evidence has not been used much in the court system. Cheiloscopy, a forensic investigative technique, is also discussed. This technique concerns the identification of a human being from his or her lip traces. Lip prints are also compared to fingerprints in order to determine their probative value. The question is whether there should be a database of lip prints in order to facilitate the identification of suspects in cases where no fingerprints, other body-prints or any other identifying features are present and possible. Furthermore, this article also investigates whether DNA extraction is possible from lip prints; if possible, this would have a profound influence on the success rate of the criminal justice system in identifying offenders and bringing them to justice.In this article, reference to the masculine gender refers also to the feminine gender, and vice versa.

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Prevalence of Type I Lip Print among Medical Students in a Medical College of Nepal

Lip prints, due to their unique patterns are typical to an individual, hence, used for personal identification. They vary in predominance, gender and race among different populations. The objective is to study their distribution among medical students and identify the predominant type. The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the medical students of Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, from April 2019 to May 2019 after the ethical approval. Convenience sampling was used. The prints were classified according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi. The collected data was entered in SPSS to determine the frequency and percentage. Sub group analysis was done on basis of gender and types of lip print. Out of 205 participants, prevalence of type I lip print among medical students is 70 (34.1%). Type I lip print was found to be most common followed by Type II in 57 (27.8%) and Type V in 6 (2.9%). One hundred forty one (68.8%) were male and 64 (31.2%) were female. The predominating pattern in RUQ; LUQ; LLQ; RLQ among male and female is Type I 46 (32.6%) and Type I 39 (27.7%); Type II 39 (27.7%) and Type II 44 (31.2%); Type I 19 (29.7%) and Type II 19 (29.7%); Type I 31 (48.4%)and Type I 27 (42.2%) respectively. Type I was the most common while Type V was the least common lip print. However, there was variation in its frequency and distribution according to the quadrant and sex.

Sexual dimorphism in the lip print pattern and size among Ugandan, Kenyan and Somali population

BackgroundLip prints are essential identification tools in forensics. Lip prints are individually unique and inheritable which makes them possible for personal identification. AimWe studied sexual differences in print patterns and sizes among Ugandans, Kenyans and Somalis. MethodIn this descriptive study of 180 adults (60 from each country) clear lip print impressions were made on clean pieces of white plain papers. Lip prints were divided into quadrants and we used Suzuki and Tsuchihashi (1974) classification to study the patterns. Lip length and width were measured in centimeters. ResultsLip print Type I and I’ were dominant in a range of 60–100% in both males and females of all countries. Kenyans had more of Type II (males 26%; females 40%) while Somalis exhibited more of Type IV males 56%; females 46%. However, Ugandans had the least number of Type IV pattern 6.6% males and 13% females. There was no Type V in all the participants. Statistical analysis using a 2-way ANOVA showed statistical significance in the lip print patterns among the different population groups. In the male subjects, Ugandans had wider lips (5.48cm±0.50) while Kenyans had longer lips (5.14cm±0.85). In the females group; Ugandans had wider lips (4.99cm±0.59) while Kenyans had longer lips (4.36cm±0.71). Statistically significant difference was observed between the means of lip sizes. ConclusionThis study shows that the lip print pattern and lip size varied significantly among the different population groups. This variation can help to narrow the search gap in criminal investigations and forensic purposes.

LIP FORENSICS; CHEILOSCOPIC PATTERN AMONG POPULATION OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN.

Introduction: Personal identity is an attribute of a mankind which makes him or her unique. Cheiloscopy is one of the sciences which is used to study and examine the lip prints pattern in order to establish the personal identity in Forensic Medicine. Objectives: To categorize lip patterns in female population of different divisions of Punjab, Pakistan according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi’s classification. Study Design: Descriptive, Cross-sectional study. Setting: The present study was conducted on 357 female students of 1st, 2nd and 3rd year of University Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad in the department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. Period: March-June, 2018. Methods: After obtaining informed consent students were asked to stand erect and their lip prints were taken on the glass slide. Next carbon black powder was dispensed on the slide and the latent lip print pattern was obtained. The slide was preserved by using cellophane tape and lip prits patterns were scanned. These patterns were then categorized according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi’s classification by using Software Adobe Photoshop version 6.0. Results: The results showed that most participants were from central Punjab (70%) followed by Southern Punjab (19%), Western Punjab (9.6%) and Northern Punjab (1.4%). The most common lip print pattern was Type I (66%), second was Type II (17.3%), then Type IV (7.1%), after that Type III (5.1%), Type Iʹ(2.5%) & last was Type V (1.7%). Conclusion: The most common lip print pattern in females of Punjab, Pakistan is Type I while the least common is Type V.

Digital Approach for Lip Prints Analysis in Malaysian Malay Population (Klang Valley): Photograph on Lipstick-Cellophane Tape Technique

Personal identification in forensic investigation is not an easy process. Lip print analysis is one of the techniques that can be used to assist in human identification. This study was conducted to investigate the sex based on lip print pattern among Malaysian Malay population in Klang Valley, using photograph on lipstick-cellophane tape technique and the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. A total of 360 subjects (180 males and 180 females) aged 15 and above were included in this study. The lip print was taken by pressing a cellophane tape to the lipstick applied on lip, pasted it onto a plain A4 paper and then photographed using a smart phone camera (OPPO F1). The images were then analysed using Adobe Photoshop software. A lip print image were divided into six sections: upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower right, lower middle and lower left. The Pearson chi-square test showed that there are significant differences between sexes in each section except for the upper middle section. Type V (irregular pattern) was the dominant pattern for the upper left, upper right, lower right and lower left sections (ranging from 71.1% to 86.7% for males and 80.6% to 83.9% for females) while type IV (reticular pattern) was mostly found in upper middle and lower middle section. Malaysian female displayed type V as the dominant lip print pattern in every section (ranging from 39.4% to 83.9%) except upper middle section and for Malaysian male, type V dominated the lip print pattern in all section (ranging from 71.1% to 86.7%) except for the upper and lower middle section. The result of this study can be applied in assisting the human identification for forensic science investigation.

A study on distribution and gender wise predilection of lip print pattern

Background: Lip prints are considered as very useful and are to be important forms of transfer evidence like finger prints. Studies have shown that even lip prints are unique for an individual and hence have the potential for personal identification.
 Aims and Objectives: To correlate the distribution of lip print pattern and its gender wise predominance.
 Material and Methods: The study comprised of 100 Nepalese medical students (50 males; 50 females). A photographic method was adopted rather than the old traditional lipstick method. The photographed lip prints were transferred into a computer to identify the character/lip print pattern. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS (version 23.0) software package and Chi-square test was applied to evaluate the existence of correlation of lip print pattern with gender.
 Results: Type- II lip print pattern was frequently observed in all the four quadrants of both the sexes. This was followed by in order Type-I’>Type-I> Type-IV and Type-III lip patterns. There was a difference in gender wise distribution of lip prints.
 Conclusion: Further specific population based and gender specific studies on lip prints with larger sample size are required for comparison of lip prints with gender, so that a database could be created and used for representing sex differentiation.

Perbandingan Pola Bentuk Sidik Bibir Antara Suku Asli Mentawai dan Suku Campuran Mentawai

One of studies that plays a role in human identification in disaster and crime is forensic odontology. There are several methods of identification in forensic odontology, one of the alternative methods is cheiloscopy which is used to identify lip print pattern. Lip print pattern is identical in each person, lip print can identify gender and human race. Mentawai ethnic is a part of Proto-Melayu race which dominates Mentawai island district area. Familial relationship in Mentawai ethnic is patrilineal the tribe is derived from father’s tribe. This study aimed to compare the shape of lip print pattern between Mentawai original ethnic and Mentawai mixed ethnic. This study is a descriptive study with cross-sectional approach. The samples in this study were 16 pairs of Mentawai ethnic and 16 pairs of mixed Mentawai ethnic, the sample were selected using purposive sampling method. Lip print in study models were marked using colour pen, and the shape pattern of lip prints were observed and measured according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. Results of this study showed that there are differences in the pattern of lip prints between Mentawai ethnic and mixed Mentawai ethnic. Mentawai ethnic has dominan type of lip prints is type I, type II, and type IV while mixed Mentawai ethnic has dominan type of lip prints is type IV, type I, dan type III. The conclusion is there is a difference pattern of lip prints due to racial factors.

A Comparative Study to Assess the Inter-Relationship of Lip Prints with Facial Index and Cephalic Index

A Comparative Study to Assess the Inter-Relationship of Lip Prints with Facial Index and Cephalic Index

Preliminary Research: Description of Lip Print Patterns in Children and Their Parents among Deutero-Malay Population in Indonesia.

Introduction Human identification is vital not only in legal medicine but also in criminal inquiries and identification. Cheiloscopy is the study of lip prints which are unique, individual, and heritable that is used for personal identification purposes in forensic odontology. Objective The aim of this study is to identify the possibility of the child to inherit the lip print patterns from their parents and also to describe the lip print patterns in children and their parents among the Deutero-Malay population. Method The descriptive research used lip samples of 90 individuals including father, mother, and a child who are biologically related and their age ranges from 12 to 60 years old. The samples chosen are from the Deutero-Malay ethnic in Indonesia at least for the past two generation who obeys all the exclusion criteria of this research. Purposive nonrandom sampling method was used to collect samples by photography technique using a digital camera, and the data obtained were then analysed using Adobe Photoshop CS3 software. Grooves and wrinkles of primary quadrants one, three, six, and seven of lips were studied according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification in 1971. Result In the present study, it is found that Type I′ (30.28%) is the most dominant lip print pattern and Type I (1.39%) is the least dominant among the Deutero-Malay population. Besides, this study has shown that the similarity of lip print pattern between mother and the child (57.89%) is greater compared to the father and the child (42.22%). Conclusion Based on this, we can conclude that lip print can be inherited and dissimilar for every population of race; likewise, the Deutero-Malay population has the Type I′ as the most dominant lip print pattern.

Assessment of Lip Print Patterns among the People of Bihar

Assessment of Lip Print Patterns among the People of Bihar

Lip Print Characteristics in Anatolian Population: Baskent University Sample

Background: Identification is of importance for any crime investigation. Among several other methods, lip prints, if available, should also be evalu-ated to point out the relationship between the individual and the committed crimes. Lip print evaluation is known as “cheiloscopy” and important for forensic anthropologists in identification process since they are unique for each individual as fingerprints. Sex estimation is from lip print. Methods: 143 male and 291 female, a total of 434 students, were participated to the study. Lip prints were taken from each individual by using a dark colored lipstick and cellophane tape and fixed on a white sheet of paper. Lip prints were evaluated after separated into six quadrants (upper lip and lower were divided into three quadrants). The print patterns in each quadrant were classified according to Tsuchihashi method. Results: Sex estimation was done by using binary logistic regression analysis. Forked grooves both in right and left upper quadrants and reticular grooves in the upper middle quadrant were the most commonly observed lip print patterns. The lower lip forked grooves in both lateral quadrants and complete vertical grooves in the middle quadrant were the most commonly observed patterns both in males and females. Statistical analysis indicated that by binary logistic regression equations sex could be estimated with an accuracy of 72.6%. Lip prints give good predictability in determining sex, but cannot be used as the key tool in sex identification.

Determination of Relationship between Lip Prints and Skeletal Malocclusion in Children of Age 9-14 Years.

ABSTRACTAimTo determine the relationship between lip prints and sagittal skeletal jaw relation in children of age 9–14 years.Materials and methodsThe lateral cephalograms of a total of 90 children were analyzed cephalometrically to categorize as skeletal class I, II, or III jaw relation groups. Each group had 30 patients. Lip prints of each sample were recorded and analyzed.Statistical analysisThe data obtained were statistically analyzed (Z test) to compare lip print patterns among patients of different sagittal skeletal jaw relations.Results(1) Type IV lip print pattern was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in occurrence on lower lip of class III group males when compared to males of class I group; (2) The proportion of type I lip print pattern on lower lip was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in overall subjects having class II jaw relation; (3) Type II lip print pattern on upper lip and type I lip print pattern on lower lip were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in females of class II group as compared to class III group; (4) Type III upper lip print pattern was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in females of class III group as compared to class II group.ConclusionIn the present study, type I lip print pattern on lower lip was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in overall subjects having class II jaw relation; some interrelations between lip print patterns and malocclusions were found especially in skeletal class II and III jaw relation groups. No definite lip print pattern could be associated with any particular sagittal skeletal jaw relation.Clinical significanceLips prints and craniofacial skeleton develop at the same embryonic period. Developmental factors that cause malocclusions might also reflect in the lip print patterns.How to cite this articleAllani S, Setty JV, Srinivasan I, et al. Determination of Relationship between Lip Prints and Skeletal Malocclusion in Children of Age 9–14 Years. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(6):494–499.

Cheiloscopy: Association of lip prints in different skeletal malocclusions

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the association between lip print pattern and different types of skeletal malocclusion. Materials and Methods: A sample of 60 individuals (18–30 years old) with skeletal Class I, Class II Division 1, Class II Division 2, and Class III malocclusion as confirmed by Angle between point A and point B. angle were taken for the study and were named as Groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Lip print was recorded by lipstick-paper method and was classified according to Tsuchihashi classification as Type I, Type I', Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type V. Results: It was seen that partial vertical groove (PVG) lip pattern was most prevalent for all the groups. In skeletal Class I, PVG lip pattern was most prevalent, whereas in skeletal Class II Division 1, intersecting groove, in skeletal Class II Division 2, PVG, and in skeletal Class III, complete vertical groove were prevalent. The difference between the four malocclusion groups of each type of lip print was significant except for Type II. Conclusion: Lip print will help in sorting out participants in more reliable manner in cases of mass disaster or criminal investigations. Furthermore, they help in predicting type of malocclusion beforehand for the successful execution of preventive and interceptive orthodontic procedures.

Cheiloscopy and dermatoglyphics as screening tools for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aim:The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of cheiloscopy (the study of lip prints) and dermatoglyphics (the study of fingerprints) in screening diabetic patients.Materials and Methods:The study sample comprised 100 individuals in the age group of 17–60 years, of which fifty were diabetics and fifty controls who reported to the Department of Oral Medicine, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital. Lip prints were collected and categorized based on the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi system. Fingerprint patterns were obtained and classified according to the Henry's system of classification.Results:Type II and IV lip print patterns were predominant in diabetic patients and Type I lip print patterns in controls. The difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in fingerprint patterns between the study groups. Gender-wise analysis for lip print and fingerprint patterns did not yield significant results.Conclusion:Cheiloscopy is a potential screening tool for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dermatoglyphics cannot be used as a screening tool in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Cheiloscopy: An Early Indicator of Class I &amp; Class II Malocclusion

This study was done to determine &amp; correlate the lip print patterns in Skeletal Class I &amp; Class II malocclusions. A sample of 160 individuals (80 skeletal Class I &amp; 80 skeletal Class II malocclusion) aged 12 years and above, were selected for the study. A dark coloured lipstick was applied onto the cleaned &amp; dried lips with a single stroke. A lip impression was made on a transparent cellophane tape strip which was removed &amp; stuck to a white bond paper. Lip print patterns were analysed based on the Tsuchihashi classification i.e. Type I, Type I’, Type II, Type III, Type IV &amp; Type V. The field of observation was confined to 10mm on either side of the quadrant from the midline and the pattern was resolved by counting highest number of lines in this area. Statistical analyses indicated that the prevalence of Type I &amp; Type II lip pattern was significantly higher in Skeletal Class I &amp; Class II malocclusion subjects respectively. The results showed a significant correlation between lip prints and skeletal sagittal malocclusion. Cheiloscopy can act as an early indicator of skeletal malocclusions, but further research is required for the evaluation of lip prints in a larger sample with distinctinherited malocclusions.

A comparative evaluation between cheiloscopic patterns and the permanent molar relationships to predict the future malocclusions.

BackgroundTo assess the correlation between different cheiloscopic patterns with the permanent molar relationships.Material and Methods300 children who are 14-16 years old with completely erupted 2nd permanent molars upto occlusal table were recruited and the pattern of molar terminal plane was recorded in the proforma. Lip prints of these subjects were recorded with lipstick-cellophane method and middle 10mm of lower lip was analysed for the lip print pattern as suggested by Sivapathasundharam et al. The pattern were classified based on Tsuchihashi and Suzuki classification.ResultsType II (branched) pattern was the most predominant cheiloscopic pattern. The predominant patterns which related to the Angle’s classification were; type I (complete vertical) pattern for class I, type IV (reticular) pattern for class II and presence of type IV (reticular) pattern and absence of type I’ (incomplete vertical) pattern for class III. In class III molar relationship, males showed an increased type II (branched) pattern and females showed an increased type IV (reticluar) pattern.ConclusionsLip prints can provide an alternative to dermatoglyphics to predict malocclusions in permanent dentition. Further studies with larger sample size are required to provide an insight into its significant correlations. Key words:Cheiloscopy, Angle’s classification, malocclusion.