Linseed Oil Cake Research Articles

To Standardise Parameters for Preparation of Extruded Feed Using Various Conventional and Non-Conventional Ingredients

The purpose of this research was to optimise extruder parameters for the preparation of floating fish diets with appropriate physicochemical qualities. The impact of temperature (90-120oC), moisture content (15%-30%), die diameter (2.0-4.0 mm) and pre-conditioning duration (15-30 m) on physical properties of the pellets such as bulk density, floatability, expansion ratio and water stability, were examined. Accordingly, four iso-nitrogenous (crude protein 35%) experimental diets were formulated for GIFT tilapia advance fry by replacing 50% of GNOC protein of the control diet (T0) by sunflower oilcake (SFOC) (T1), by linseed oilcake (LSOC) (T2) and by fish based silage (T3) protein. The pellets extruded using a combination of 120 oC extruder barrel temperature, 25% moisture content of feed mix, 2.0 mm die diameter and 30 minute of pre-conditioning duration gave most required pellet floatability (90-100%), expansion ratio (1.43-1.61), water stability (95-99%) and bulk density (0.8 - 0.9 g/cm3) for T1 and T2. However, fish silage when incorporated in the feed mix, it affected negatively in all the physical characteristics of a floating feed and resulted in higher bulk density and lower floatability, expansion ratio and also water stability.

The use of linseed oil cake in the diets of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), after solid-state fermentation with a fish gut bacterium, Bacillus pumilus (KF640221): an appraisal on growth, digestibility, body composition, and hematobiochemical profile

IntroductionLinseed or flaxseed (Linum usitassimum L.) contains a prospective source of protein and energy to be utilized in animal feed. This study aimed at re-cycling and value-addition of Linseed Oil Cake (LOC) for formulation of non-conventional carp diets. MethodsThe LOC was bio-processed through solid state fermentation (SSF) with a fish gut bacterium, Bacillus pumilus (KF640221). Nine experimental sets of diets were formulated using raw (R1-R4) and SSF-processed (F1-F4) LOC at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% levels substituting fishmeal as well as other ingredients in a reference diet, and rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings (2.08±0.03 g) were fed for 70 days feeding trial. Growth, carcass composition, activities of digestive enzymes, digestibility and haemato-biochemical parameters were studied following standard methodologies.ResultsSSF significantly (P< 0.05) improved crude protein along with amino acids, whereas crude fibre and antinutritional factors were reduced considerably. Experimental diets were isocaloric (4.8 kcal) and isonitrogenous (36%). Diets with bio-processed LOC had significantly better performance than the raw LOC. Fish fed diet F3 with 30% fermented LOC resulted in the highest weight gain (6.25 ± 0.09 g), specific growth rate (% day -1) and carcass protein deposition (16.77±0.34%). Activities of the digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase and protease) were also significantly (P<0.05) higher in fish receiving diets containing fermented LOC. Analyses of blood parameters revealed that haemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasma lipid, total plasma protein, albumin and globulin contents were increased, while plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels were decreased in fish fed bio-processed LOC supplemented diets.ConclusionThe present study might propose substitution of fish meal along with other conventional ingredients by incorporation of 30% SSF-processed LOC in the diets of rohu with no negative effect to the growth performance, carcass composition and feed utilization.

EFFECT OF REPLACING MUSTARD OILCAKE BY LINSEED OILCAKE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758)

This study was done to explore the effect of replacing mustard oilcake by linseed oilcake in feed on the growth performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Mustard oilcake (MOC) was replaced by linseed oil cake (LOC) at three different level 0%, 50% and 100% to prepare three different types of diets. Diets were prepared with about 18% analyzed crude protein content. Fingerlings were kept in three happa with three replications for each diet in completely randomized design (CRD). Fish of average weight 5.31 g were stocked in happa having size 1.5m×1.5m×1.2m. The experimental fish were fed 3% of their body weight per day, once in the morning for five months continuously. No significant difference (p>0.05) in final mean weight, final total weight, average daily weight gain (DWG), survival rate, extrapolated gross fish yield (GFY), extrapolated net fish yield (NFY) and apparent feed conversion ratio (AFCR) among different treatments were observed. Hence, linseed oilcake can be used as the substitute in the feed of tilapia, if it is locally available. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2017, 22 (1): 10-16

Effect of mixing events on the production of a thermo-tolerant and acid-stable phytase in a novel solid-state fermentation bioreactor

Abstract Mixing constitutes a critical design parameter in solid-state fermentation (SSF) bioreactor and its effect on heat and water transport, and microbial growth in substrate bed can significantly influence overall productivity. Effect of mixing events on the production of a thermo-tolerant and acid stable phytase, by Rhizopus oryzae, was studied in a novel SSF bioreactor, using optimized growth medium containing wheat bran and linseed oil cake (1:1) as main substrate. A critical mixing phase was identified, in the absence of which fungal growth led to the onset of heat accumulation and subsequent bed drying. The tensile strength of hyphal bonds between two substrate particles, at this critical phase, was estimated and related to the mixing intensity in the bioreactor that resulted in an optimum working value of 15 rpm. Effect of mixing time on bioreactor performance was also investigated where a 3 min mixing duration, at every 6 h, increased biomass and phytase productivity to 2.2- and 4.5-fold, respectively, in comparison to packed bed bioreactor (PBR). The proposed bioreactor system with intermittent mixing gave superior performance than PBR and tray bioreactor, in terms of maximum bed temperature, axial bed temperature and biomass gradient, average bed moisture content, biomass and phytase productivity.

Bio-processing of Linseed Oil-Cake through Solid State Fermentation by Non- Starch Polysaccharide Degrading Fish Gut Bacteria

Cellulose and hemicellulose (xylan) are the most common Non-Starch Polysaccharides (NSPs) present in plant ingredients that exhibit anti-nutritional effect. Degradation of cellulose and xylan has been investigated under solidstate fermentation (SSF) using oil-cakes, viz., groundnut oil-cake (GOC), mustard oil-cake (MOC), sunflower oilcake (SOC), sesame oil-cake (SeOC) and linseed oil-cake (LOC) as substrates. Finally LOC was considered in the present study as it contained maximum amount of cellulose (17.51 ± 0.87 g 100 g-1) and xylan (13.02 ± 0.66 g 100 g-1). Bio-processing of LOC was carried out through SSF in two different combinations utilizing efficient cellulaseand xylanase-producing strains, Bacillus pumilus KF640221 (Set-I) and Bacillus tequilensis KF640219 (Set-II), isolated previously from the proximal intestines of rohu, Labeo rohita and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, respectively. Analysis of the fermentation sets revealed that B. pumilus KF640221 in Set-I was most effective in reducing the cellulose and xylan contents of LOC. Besides, SSF under optimized conditions caused considerable increase in crude protein, crude lipid, total free amino acids and total free fatty acids along with reduction in the contents of other anti-nutritional factors, e.g., crude fiber, tannins, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of raw and fermented LOC of Set-I indicated that concentrations of methionine, histidine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, threonine were increased considerably. Further research is inevitable to explore the possibilities for utilization of SSF-processed LOC to set up a strategy for sustainable utilization of low cost oil-cakes as animal feed ingredients.

Enhanced production of α-amylase by Penicillium chrysogenum in liquid culture by modifying the process parameters

In this paper, we have assessed the role of changing physicochemical parameters and substrate types on the production of α-amylase enzyme from Penicillium chrysogenum, with a view to determining the optimal conditions required for its maximum production. The findings of this research revealed that, at pH 6 using linseed oil cake as substratum, α-amylase enzyme production was maximum (550.0 U/mL), when the fungi was incubated for 6 days at 30 °C in 0.1 M acetate buffer. Further, reasonably good production of the α-amylase enzyme was also observed at pH 9 with all the experimented carbon sources as substrates. Moreover, statistical analysis, using analysis of variance (ANOVA) carried out to study the impact of different studied parameters on the α-amylase enzyme production revealed that incubation period of 6–18 days is highly significant (p = 0.01) factor in amylotic activity of the P. chrysogenum. Under the researched out optimal conditions, P. chrysogenum is an economically viable option for the industrial and biotechnological production of α-amylase enzyme.

Utilization of mustard and linseed oil cakes: novel biosorbents for removal of acid dyes

In this research study, the biosorption of Synolon red 3HF and Synolon black HWF-FS dyes onto novel biomasses mustard oil cake and linseed oil cake, respectively, was investigated in the batch mode using different process parameters like pH, particle size, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature. Maximum biosorption capacity was observed at pH 1 for Synolon red 3HF onto mustard oil cake and pH 2 for Synolon black HWF-FS onto linseed oil cake. The biosorption capacity was efficient at the smallest particle size of biosorbent. The amount of dye sorbed (mg/g) decreased with the decrease in biosorbent dose and increased with increase in initial dye concentration and temperature. The Freundlich isotherm model was best fitted to experimental data. The biosorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model suggesting a chemisorption mechanism. An increase of biosorption capacity with temperature shows an endothermic nature of the process. In this research, the influence of electrolytes, heavy metals, and surfactants on the removal of dyes was also examined.

Optimization of process parameters for enhanced production of lipase by Penicillium notatum using agricultural wastes

In this study, cultural conditions were optimized for enhanced production of lipase byPenicillium notatum. Different agricultural wastes including canola oilseed cake, sesame oilseed cake, linseed oil cake, cotton oilseed cake, rice bran and wheat bran were used as substrates for their potential to be used for the production of lipase under solid state fermentation conditions. Among these, the canola oil seed cake proved to be the best substrate for production of lipase under solid state fermentation conditions. A maximum lipase activity of 5335 U/g dry substrate was observed after 96 h of incubation period using 60% moisture content, at pH 5, incubation temperature of 30°C and olive oil of 3%. Enrichment with maltose as carbon source enhanced the lipase production significantly, while nitrogen supplementation did not affect the lipase production significantly. The optimization of conditions led to two-fold enhancement of lipase activity as compared to the initial enzyme activity. Key words: Fermentation, Penicillium notatum, olive oil, lipase, culture conditions

Production of phytase under solid-state fermentation using Rhizopus oryzae: Novel strain improvement approach and studies on purification and characterization

Present study introduces linseed oil cake as a novel substrate for phytase production by Rhizopus oryzae. Statistical approach was employed to optimize various medium components under solid state fermentation (SSF). An overall 8.41-fold increase in phytase production was achieved at the optimum concentrations (w/w, mannitol, 2.05%; ammonium sulfate, 2.84% and phosphate, 0.38%). Further enhancement by 59% was observed due to a novel strain improvement approach. Purified phytase (∼34kDa) showed optimal temperature of 45°C, dual pH optima at 1.5 and 5.5 and possesses high catalytic efficiency (2.38×106M−1s−1). Characterization study demonstrates the phytase as highly thermostable and resistant to proteolysis, heavy metal ions, etc. Furthermore, an improved HPLC method was introduced to confirm the ability of phytase to degrade phytic acid completely and was found to be an efficient method.

Removal of Basic Blue 41 dye from aqueous solution by linseed cake

The use of linseed oil cake as an adsorbent for selected dyes was examined. The cake did not adsorb Acid Blue 158 or Reactive Red 184. However, it was an effective sorbent for Basic Blue 41. The Langmuir equation described the adsorption well. The enthalpy of adsorption was found to be endothermic and the capacity of the linseed cake for the dye decreased with increasing temperature. The linseed cake was compared with peat and it was found that it had a greater capacity for the dyestuff than peat. Although the Freundlich equation described the adsorption of the dye by peat, the data for the linseed cake gave curved relationships.

Comparative study on the effects of low cost oil seed cakes and fish meal as dietary protein sources for <i>Labeo rohita</i> (Hamilton) fingerling

A trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of combination of soybean meal (SBN), mustard oilcake (MOC), sesame oilcake (SOC) and linseed oilcake (LOC) as alternative for dietary fish meal (FM) protein for Labeo rohita fingerling for a period of 56 days. Six experimental diets were formulated by replacing 30, 50, 60, 70 and 100% (2 diets) of the total dietary fish meal protein by the combination of FM, SBM, MOC, SOC, and LOC. The combinations of the protein sources were as diet 1 (FM 100%), diet 2 (FM:SBM:MOC::70:15:15), diet 3 (FM:SBM:SOC:LOC::50:20:20:10), diet 4 (FM:SBM:SOC:LOC::40:20:20:20), diet 5 (FM:SBM:SOC:LOC::25:30:15:30), diet 6 (SBM:MOC:SOC:LOC::25:25:25:25) and diet 7 (SBM:SOC:LOC::40:30:30). The performances of these six test diets were compared with the diet 1 (control). All diets were iso-nitrogenous containing about 30% protein. The growth trial was conducted in a flow through system under laboratory condition with three replications for each treatment. On the basis of the growth response, food conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) diet 7 showed better performance followed by diet 1, diet 2, diet 5, diet 3, diet 4 and diet 6 respectively but those were not significantly different (P>0.05). The diet 6 produced the lowest performance. The apparent protein digestibility (APD) values for all the experimental diets were very nearer but significantly different (P0.05) in diets even from control one which were formulated to evaluate the effects of combination of low cost oil seed cakes as dietary protein source for Labeo rohita fingerling. Hence, it might be concluded that from the economic point of view, that all the low cost oil seed cakes which are locally available can be used in combination form as the alternative protein source for the feed of Labeo rohita. Key words: Oil seed cakes, Labeo rohita, fingerling, protein source. Â doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1949 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 25-30

Effect of certain flavonoids on the pituitary-adrenal axis.

Oral administration of a number of flavonoids to animals and humans has been shown to result in the urinary excretion of a variety of hydroxy aromatic acids (1,2,3). This finding suggested that, through the medium of their metabolites, flavonoids might influence the pituitary-adrenal axis in a manner comparable to that reported for salicylic acid and related compounds(4,5). The present report concerns an investigation of this possibility with the flavonoids quercetin, dihydroquercetin, and eriodictyol.Methods. Albino rats from a colony maintained in this laboratory since 1931 were used. Young rats were weaned at about 21 days of age, weighed individually, and sexes segregated. Overweight and underweight rats were discarded. When selected rats were not more than 4 weeks old they were fed for 1 to 4 weeks a basal diet with or without addition of a flavonoid. The basal diet had the following percentage composition: corn meal 73, casein 10, linseed oil cake meal 10, alfalfa meal 2, cod liver oil 3, bone ash 1...

EFFECTS OF CERTAIN SUPPLEMENTS AND METHODS OF FEEDING DURING LATE PREGNANCY ON LAMB AND WOOL PRODUCTION OF MATURE EWES

A 3-year study compared the effects on lamb and wool production of methods of feeding different supplements to ewes during the last 6 to 9 weeks of pregnancy. The four treatments were: 0.56 lb. barley and 3.5 lb. hay per head daily; 0.5 lb. linseed oilcake and 3.5 lb. hay per head daily; 3.5 lb. linseed oilcake and 24.5 lb. hay per head once weekly; 3.5 lb. hay per head daily.No significant treatment differences in birth weight of single lambs were found. However, the ewes fed linseed oilcake gave birth to heavier twin lambs than the ewes receiving no supplement (P < 0.01). There were no significant treatment differences in weaning weight of single or twin lambs, although the average weaning weights of the lambs in the supplemented groups were slightly higher than those in the control group. Of the ewes giving birth to twin lambs, those receiving linseed oilcake daily weaned more pounds of lamb than the control ewes (P < 0.05).The ewes supplemented with linseed oilcake produced more grease wool and lost less body weight than the control group (P < 0.01). There were no significant treatment differences in clean fleece weight.Weekly feeding offers some possibilities, either as a method of saving labour or as a means of supplying supplement to ewes when deep snow or cold weather prevents grazing.

Relationships among Diet Composition, Fleshing, Fatness, and Edible Quality of Female Roasting Turkeys: Part 2. Fish Products in Starters; Cereal Grains and Oilcake Meals in Growers

ABSTRACT INCLUDED in this report are the following data obtained in experiment 1 (1938) and experiment 2 (1939) on fat grade, breast type, flavor, juiciness, and tenderness: of 64 turkeys reared on growing diets high in cereal grains, respectively, corn, oats, wheat, or barley; of 64 turkeys on growing diets high in edible oilcake meals, respectively, corn gluten, soybean, peanut, or cottonseed; and of 40 turkeys on 4 growing diets high in linseed oilcake meal. Included also are data on juiciness and tenderness of 64 turkeys reared on growing diets containing fish meals and of 24 “controls,” the flavor data for which were reported in Part 1. As described in Part 1 for experiments 1 and 2, small-type crossbred female turkeys 26 to 34 weeks old were tested for the effects of the various all-mash growing diets fed following the two all-mash starting diets given for the first 8 weeks. EXPERIMENTAL . . .

Comparative Chronic Toxicities of Fluorine Compounds.

The minimal dose capable of producing chronic intoxication in the albino rat has been determined for sodium fluoride, sodium fluosilicate, barium fluosilicate, and sodium aluminum fluoride (natural cryolite). Male rats ranging in weight from 30 to 60 gm. were placed on a basic diet consisting of corn meal 73 gm., linseed oil cake meal 10 gm., alfalfa 2 gm., casein 10 gm., codliver oil 3 gm., bone ash 1 1/2 gm., sodium chloride 1/2 gm. For each compound studied 6 control rats were placed on this diet, and for each dosage level 6 rats were placed on the same diet to which a weighed amount of the fluorine compound had been added and evenly distributed by means of a mechanical mixer. Analyses showed even distribution of the toxic agent throughout the basic diet. For each compound a series of dosage levels was employed, each dose being one-half the preceding dose.The criterion of toxic action was bleaching of the upper and lower, especially the lower, incisor teeth. Table I summarizes the data. In the case of ...