Linoleic Content Research Articles

Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera) Oil and Evaluation as Biodiesel

Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared in high yield by transesterification of osage orange (Maclura pomifera L.) seed oil. The crude oil was extracted using supercritical CO2 and was initially treated with mineral acid and methanol to lower its content of free fatty acids, thus rendering it amenable to homogeneous, alkali-catalyzed methanolysis. The principle components identified in osage orange methyl esters (OOMEs) were methyl linoleate (76.4%), methyl oleate (11.9%), methyl palmitate (7.0%), and methyl stearate (2.4%). As a result of the high content of methyl linoleate, OOMEs exhibited cetane number (44.9) and induction period (IP; 2.4 h) values below the ranges specified in the biodiesel standards ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. The addition of 500 ppm tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) resulted in a higher IP (6.4 h) compliant with the biodiesel standards. Furthermore, the high content of methyl linoleate resulted in an iodine value (IV; 144 g of I2/100 g) in excess of the maximum limit specified in EN 14214....

Effect of pre-sowing γ-irradiation of sea buckthorn seeds on the content and fatty acid composition of total lipids in the seeds of the first plant generation

Absolute content and FA-composition of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed lipids were studied. The seeds of cvs. Vitaminnaya and Zyryanka belonging to the Siberian climatype and also the seeds of the first generation (M1) plants grown from the seeds subjected to pre-sowing γ-irradiation (60Co) at the doses of 50 and 100 Gy (cv. Vitaminnaya) and 100, 250, and 500 Gy (cv. Zyryanka) were used in analyses. In all treatments, irradiation resulted in the reduced seed weight in M1 plants, which was sharper in cv. Vitaminnaya. In contrast, oil content declined strongly in cv. Zyryanka seeds, especially after irradiation with 500 Gy, whereas this index remained almost unchanged in cv. Vitaminnaya. Control and treated plants were close by their FA qualitative composition and by the total content of unsaturated FAs (88–90%). Pre-sowing seed irradiation resulted in the rise of the unsaturation index of lipids and linolenic acid concentration; at lower irradiation doses, this rise was more pronounced. With the increase of irradiation dose, the content of linolenic acid reduced in both cultivars, whereas the content of linoleic acid increased. As distinct from cv. Vitaminnaya, in cv. Zyryanka irradiation increased the content of linoleate and reduction in the level of oleate. The conclusion is that pre-sowing γ-irradiation of sea buckthorn seeds could affect substantially on the basic quantitative indices characterizing seeds of M1 plants. The range and direction of induced changes depend on both the dose of irradiation and cultivar genotype.

Effects of linoleate on cell viability and lipid metabolic homeostasis in goose primary hepatocytes

Studies have shown linoleate could not only promote cell viability but also affect lipid metabolism in mammals. However, to what degree these effects are mediated by steatosis in goose primary hepatocytes is unknown. In this study, the effect of linoleate on the lipid metabolic homeostasis pathway was determined. We measured the mRNA levels of genes involved in triglyceride synthesis, lipid deposition, β-oxidation, and assembly and secretion of VLDL-TGs in goose ( Anser cygnoides) primary hepatocytes. Linoleate significantly increased goose hepatocyte viability, and linoleate at 0.125 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM all showed a significant effect on TG accumulation. However, with increasing linoleate concentrations, the extracellular TG concentration and extracellular VLDL gradually decreased. DGAT1, DGAT2, PPARα, PPARγ, FoxO1, MTP, PLIN and CPT-1 mRNA was detected by real-time PCR. With increasing linoleate concentrations, the changes in DGAT1, DGAT2, PPARα and CPT-1 gene expression, which regulates hepatic TG synthesis and fatty acid oxidation, first increased and then decreased. Additionally, FoxO1 and MTP gene expression was reduced with increasing linoleate concentrations, and the change in PLIN gene expression was increased at all concentrations, similar to the regulation of intracellular TG accumulation. In conclusion, linoleate regulated TG accumulation and increased hepatocyte viability. The data suggest that linoleate does promote goose hepatocyte viability and steatosis, which may up-regulate TG synthesis-relevant gene expression, suppress assembly and secretion of VLDL-TGs, and increase fatty acid oxidation properly to function of goose primary hepatocytes.

Genetic and Chemical Evaluation of Trypanosoma brucei Oleate Desaturase as a Candidate Drug Target

BackgroundTrypanosomes can synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids. Previously, we have shown that they possess stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and oleate desaturase (OD) to convert stearate (C18) into oleate (C18:1) and linoleate (C18:2), respectively. Here we examine if OD is essential to these parasites.MethodologyCultured procyclic (insect-stage) form (PCF) and bloodstream-form (BSF) Trypanosoma brucei cells were treated with 12- and 13-thiastearic acid (12-TS and 13-TS), inhibitors of OD, and the expression of the enzyme was knocked down by RNA interference. The phenotype of these cells was studied.Principal FindingsGrowth of PCF T. brucei was totally inhibited by 100 µM of 12-TS and 13-TS, with EC50 values of 40±2 and 30±2 µM, respectively. The BSF was more sensitive, with EC50 values of 7±3 and 2±1 µM, respectively. This growth phenotype was due to the inhibitory effect of thiastearates on OD and, to a lesser extent, on SCD. The enzyme inhibition caused a drop in total unsaturated fatty-acid level of the cells, with a slight increase in oleate but a drastic decrease in linoleate level, most probably affecting membrane fluidity. After knocking down OD expression in PCF, the linoleate content was notably reduced, whereas that of oleate drastically increased, maintaining the total unsaturated fatty-acid level unchanged. Interestingly, the growth phenotype of the RNAi-induced cells was similar to that found for thiastearate-treated trypanosomes, with the former cells growing twofold slower than the latter ones, indicating that the linoleate content itself and not only fluidity could be essential for normal membrane functionality. A similar deleterious effect was found after RNAi in BSF, even with a mere 8% reduction of OD activity, indicating that its full activity is essential.Conclusions/SignificanceAs OD is essential for trypanosomes and is not present in mammalian cells, it is a promising target for chemotherapy of African trypanosomiasis.

Hydrogen rich gas production by the autothermal reforming of biodiesel (FAME) for utilization in the solid-oxide fuel cells: A thermodynamic analysis

The thermodynamics of the autothermal reforming (ATR) of biodiesel (FAME) for production of hydrogen is simulated and evaluated using Gibbs free minimization method. Simulations are performed with water-biodiesel molar feed ratios (WBFR) between 3 and 12, and oxygen-biodiesel molar feed ratio (O XBFR) from 0 to 4.8 at reaction temperature between 300 and 800 °C at 1 atm. Yields of H 2 and CO are calculated as functions of WBFR, O XBFR and temperature at 1 atm. Hydrogen rich gas can be produced by the ATR of biodiesel for utilization in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The best operating conditions for the ATR reformer are WBFR≥9 and O XBFR = 4.8 at 800 °C by optimization of the operating parameters. Yields of hydrogen and carbon monoxide are 68.80% and 91.66% with 54.14% and 39.2% selectivities respectively at the above conditions. The hydrogen yield from biodiesel is higher than from unmodified oils i.e., transesterification increases hydrogen yield. Increase in saturation of the esters, results in increase in methane selectivity, while an increase in unsaturation results in a decrease in methane selectivity. Increase in degree of both saturation and unsaturation of esters, increases coke selectivity. Similarly an increase in the linoleic content of esters, increases coke selectivity.

Experimental evidence of the reciprocal oxidation of Bovine Serum Albumin and Linoleate in aqueous solution, initiated by HO • free radicals

An investigation of radiation-induced oxidation of aqueous bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the presence of linoleate (LH) at pH 10.5 has been carried out in order to better understand the respective oxidative processes involved in both lipid and protein phases. Solutions containing BSA (15 μmol L −1) and linoleate (15–600 μmol L −1) below the critical micellar concentration (cmc = 2000 μmol L −1), have been irradiated by γ-rays ( 137Cs) at radiation doses ranging from 10 to 400 Gy (dose rate 9.5 Gy min −1). It can be noticed that, in the absence of BSA, the main hydroperoxides formed from HO •-induced linoleate oxidation below the cmc, do not exhibit a conjugated dienic structure. This was also verified in the presence of BSA. Selected chemical markers of oxidation have been monitored: non-conjugated dienic hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes (without hydroperoxide function) for linoleate oxidation, and carbonyl groups for BSA oxidation. We have shown that for the lowest linoleate concentration (15 μmol L −1) in the presence of BSA (15 μmol L −1), the formation of conjugated dienes was not observed, meaning that LH was not exposed to HO • radicals attack. However, non-conjugated dienic lipid hydroperoxides were simultaneously detected, indicating that LH was secondarily oxidised by BSA oxidised species. Moreover, the oxidation of linoleate was found to be enhanced by the presence of BSA. For the highest linoleate concentration (600 μmol L −1), the expected protection of BSA by LH was not observed, even if LH monomers were responsible for the total scavenging of HO • radicals. In this latter case, the formation of non-conjugated dienic lipid hydroperoxides was lower than expected. Those results showed that BSA was not oxidised by the direct action of HO • radicals but was undergoing a secondary oxidation by non-dienic lipid hydroperoxides and/or lipid radical intermediates, coming from the HO •-induced linoleate oxidation.

Effects of karaya saponin and Rhodobacter capsulatus on yolk cholesterol in laying hens

1. It has been reported that karaya saponin and Rhodobacter capsulatus individually have hypocholesterolaemic activity in laying hens. This study focuses on the effect of adding karaya saponin with R. capsulatus to hen's diet with regard to serum and egg yolk cholesterol and triglycerides. 2. A total of 56 Boris Brown laying hens were divided into 7 groups at 20 weeks of age. Combinations of 25, 50, 75 mg kg−1 karaya saponin and R. capsulatus 200 and 400 mg kg−1 were used as treatment groups. 3. After 8 weeks of supplementation, the effects of all the combinations of karaya saponin and R. capsulatus on serum and egg yolk cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were greater than either karaya saponin or R. capsulatus alone. The combination of karaya saponin 50 mg kg−1+ R. capsulatus 400 mg kg−1 exhibited the greatest reduction of serum (32⋅5%) and yolk (22⋅5%) cholesterol and the greatest increase of faecal, liver bile acids and yolk fatty acid (oleic, linoleic and linolenic) concentrations. In addition, egg production and yolk colour were significantly improved by the combined use of karaya saponin and R. capsulatus supplementation. 4. Therefore, the dietary supplementation of karaya saponin and R. capsulatus may lead to the production of a low-cholesterol egg, with production performance maintained at a standard level.

Tocopherol Content of Soybean Lines with Mid‐oleate and 1%‐Linolenate

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil is an important commercial source of tocopherol (vitamin E). Some genetic modifications of the fatty ester makeup of soybean oil have resulted in changes in the content of total tocopherol and its components. The objective of this study was to determine if increases in the oleate content of soybean lines would alter their content of total tocopherol or its components compared with conventional soybean lines. There were 20 soybean lines with mid‐oleate and 1%‐linolenate (MO) content and 20 lines with conventional‐oleate and 1%‐linolenate (CO) content selected from each of three segregating populations. The lines were evaluated in three Iowa environments during 2007. The average total tocopherol content in oil across populations was 1790 mg kg−1 for the MO type and 1780 mg kg −1 for the CO type. Although the average total tocopherol was similar between the two types, the average proportion of α‐tocopherol was 27.6 mg kg−1 greater, γ‐tocopherol was 76.5 mg kg−1 less, and δ‐tocopherol was 56.2 mg kg−1 greater for the MO than the CO type. There was significant variation among MO lines for total tocopherol and the three components, which indicated that it should be possible to develop cultivars with tocopherol contents that are best suited to the needs of the end user.

Oil concentration and fatty acid profile of wild Helianthus species from the southeastern United States

Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) oil has the potential to be improved for industrial and nutritional purposes through selection and breeding. The narrow genetic base of cultivated sunflower has been broadened and agronomic traits have been enhanced by the infusion of genes from wild species. Interest in using wild species in breeding programs has increased, but information about oil concentration and fatty acid composition is lacking for a number of rare and threatened species. The objective of this study was to evaluate achenes of seven wild sunflower species from the southeastern USA: H. eggertii, H. schweinitzii, H. porteri, H. verticillatus, H. smithii, H. angustifolius, and H. atrorubens, for oil concentration and fatty acid composition of four major fatty acids, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic acids; and five minor acids, myristic, linolenic, arachidic, behenic, and lignoceric. Achenes of all populations were collected throughout the distributional range of the species. H. verticillatus had the highest oil concentration of the seven species with 323.4 g/kg, and was within the range reported for other wild perennial sunflower species. The average linoleic acid concentration in H. porteri of 817 g/kg is the highest concentration reported for a wild sunflower species. Linoleic acid concentrations for all seven species were higher than normally observed in populations grown in southern latitudes. The saturated palmitic and stearic fatty acids in H. porteri total 88 g/kg, about 30% less than cultivated sunflower oil with approximately 120 g/kg. The lower saturated fatty acid profile and the high linoleic concentration in the oil of H. porteri indicate that this species has the potential to reduce saturated fatty acids and increase linoleic acid concentration in traditional commercial sunflower oil. Further research will be needed to determine the inheritance of the fatty acids and oil concentration. Other agronomic traits will need to be maintained during the introgression of these traits into sunflower.

Capsaicin and tocopherol in red pepper seed oil enhances the thermal oxidative stability during frying

Thermal oxidative stability of red pepper (Capsicum annuum) seed oil added with different levels of capsaicin or tocopherol as antioxidant during heating up to 48 h at 140±5°C was studied. Lipid oxidation of soy and pepper oil with different levels of capsaicin (0.12, 0.24%) and tocopherol (0.3, 0.6%) were evaluated during storage at 1400C for 0, 12, 24 and 48 h by monitoring peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and chemiluminiscence (CL). Capsaicin content of crude pepper oil (0.16 mg/ml) was much higher than that of commercial brands (0.004-0.02 mg/ml). Oleate content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in soy oil (53.7%) than pepper oil (9.5%), however, linoleate and linolenate contents were significantly (p<0.05) higher in pepper oil (70.6, 5.8%) than in soy oil (25.9, 5.8%). TBARS, PV, and CL of pepper oil were significantly (p<0.05) lower than soy oil after frying. TBARS and CL values of pepper oil with different levels of capsaicin or tocopherol showed significantly (p<0.05) lower values than untreated pepper oil during frying and storage. TBARS and CL values of 0.6% tocopherol treated pepper oil showed significantly (p<0.05) lower values than those of soy oil. The study suggests that capsaicin and tocopherol may play a key role to prevent the thermal oxidation of pepper oil during frying.

Quantification of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in meconium from newborns for detection of alcohol abuse in a maternal health evaluation study

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) were determined in 602 meconium samples in a maternal health evaluation study for detection of gestational alcohol consumption. A validated headspace solid phase microextraction method in combination with GC-MS was used for FAEE and the cumulative concentration of ethyl palmitate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl oleate, and ethyl stearate with a cut-off of 500 ng/g was applied for interpretation. A new and simple method was developed and validated for quantification of EtG from 10-20 mg meconium with D(5)-EtG as internal standard consisting of 30 min. extraction with methanol/water (1:1, v/v), evaporation of methanol, filtration of the aqueous solution through a cellulose filter and injection into LC-MS-MS. The limits of detection and quantification for EtG were 10 and 30 ng/g, the recovery 86.6 to 106.4% and the standard deviation of the concentrations ranged from 13% at 37 ng/g to 5% at 46,700 ng/g (N = 6). FAEE above the cut-off were found in 43 cases (7.1%) with cumulative concentrations between 507 and 22,580 ng/g and with one outlier of about 150,000 ng/g (EtG not detected). EtG was detected in 97 cases (16.3%) and concentrations between LOD and 10,200 ng/g with another outlier of 82,000 ng/g (FAEE 10,500 ng/g). Optimal agreement between the two markers was obtained with a cut-off for EtG of 274 ng/g and 547 cases with both FAEE- and EtG-negative, 33 cases with both FAEE- and EtG-positive, nine cases with FAEE-positive and EtG-negative, and seven cases with FAEE-negative and EtG-positive. Differences in physical, chemical, and biochemical properties and in the pharmacokinetic behavior are discussed as reasons for the deviating cases. In none of the 602 cases, serious alcohol consumption was reported by the mothers and no evidence for gestational ethanol exposure was observed in the medical investigation of the newborns. It is concluded that the combined use of FAEE and EtG in meconium as markers for fetal alcohol exposure essentially increases the accuracy of the interpretation and helps to avoid false positive and false-negative results.

Overexpression of a FAD3 Desaturase Increases Synthesis of a Polymethylene‐Interrupted Dienoic Fatty Acid in Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana L.

A cDNA encoding the Arabidopsis extraplastidic linoleate desaturase (FAD3) was overexpressed in the seeds of wild-type Arabidopsis and in a mutant line that accumulates high levels of oleic acid. In the transformed wild-type plants, linolenic acid (18:3Delta9,12,15) increased from 19% to nearly 40% of total seed fatty acids, with a corresponding decrease in linoleate content (18:2Delta9,12). In the high oleate mutant, a large increase in the level of a fatty acid identified by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry as mangiferic acid (18:2Delta9,15) was observed. The results demonstrate that the polymethylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acid, mangiferic acid, can be produced in seed oil through the overexpression of a fatty acid n-3 desaturase.

Chemical composition and sensory analysis of peanut pastes elaborated with high-oleic and regular peanuts from Argentina

The objective of this work was to determine the chemical composition, sensory attributes and consumer acceptance of peanut pastes prepared with the high-oleic cultivar, Granoleico (GO-P), in comparison with the regular cultivar, Tegua (T-P), of peanuts grown in Argentina. GO-P had higher oil contents (50.91%) than T-P (48.95%). GO-P and T-P did not show differences in ash and carbohydrate contents. T-P exhibit higher protein content (27.49%) than GO-P (26.68%). GO-P had significantly higher oleic and lower linoleic contents (78.50% and 4.60%, respectively) than T-P (45.80% and 33.30%, respectively). In addition, GO-P showed higher eicosenoic acid and lower palmitic acid percentages than TP. The consumer acceptance analysis did not show significant differences between samples of GO-P and T-P. In the descriptive analysis, GO-P showed a higher intensity rating in the oiliness texture attribute than in T-P. The other sensory attributes did not show significant variations between the peanut paste samples. GO-P and T-P have a significant difference in fatty acid composition. However, there were no differences in consumer acceptance and descriptive analysis between samples of peanut pastes except for the oiliness attribute.

Effect of age on the linoleate content of skin acylglucosylceramide in mice.

Journal Article Effect of Age on the Linoleate Content of Skin Acylglucosylceramide in Mice Get access Nutrition Reviews, Volume 44, Issue 11, November 1986, Pages 372–373, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1986.tb07576.x Published: 01 November 1986

Essential fatty acid concentrations of different seston sizes and zooplankton: a field study of monomictic coastal lakes

Plankton particle size is a central issue for aquatic ecologists. In this field study, we examined essential fatty acids (EFAs) in different plankton particle sizes and obtained initial estimates of how EFA concentrations, and thus high dietary lipid quality for consumers, vary with seston size. We measured EFA concentrations in three seston size classes (i.e. micro ¼ 0.7‐35 mm; meso ¼ 35‐64 mm and macroseston ¼ 64‐100 mm) and in cladocerans and calanoid copepods of monomictic, coastal lakes. Algal pigment analysis identified a mixture of Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta, diatoms and Cyanophyta in all seston size classes. Total EFA concentrations did not vary with increasing seston size. There was no difference in linoleic (LIN), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid concentrations among the three seston size classes; however, a-linolenic (ALA) and arachidonic (ARA) acid concentrations were significantly higher in microseston. For herbivorous zooplankton, concentrations of LIN, ALA and EPA did not differ significantly between cladocerans and calanoid copepods; however, ARA concentrations were significantly higher in cladocerans and DHA concentrations were significantly higher in calanoid copepods. Our results indicate that microseston represents the most nutritious dietary component, per unit biomass, with respect to ALA and ARA and that seston size alone does not predict EFA concentrations, i.e. dietary access to larger seston particle sizes is not necessarily associated with access to particles with higher EFA concentrations.

Chemical evaluation of fatty acid desaturases as drug targets in Trypanosoma cruzi

Four positional isomers of Thiastearate (TS) and Isoxyl (Thiocarlide) were assayed as fatty acid desaturase inhibitors in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. 9-TS did not exert a significant effect on growth of T. cruzi, nor on the fatty acid profile of the parasite cells. One hundred micromolars of 10-TS totally inhibited growth, with an effective concentration for 50% growth inhibition (EC 50) of 3.0 ± 0.2 μM. Growth inhibition was reverted by supplementing the culture media with oleate. The fatty acid profile of treated cells revealed that conversion of stearate to oleate and palmitate to palmitoleate were drastically reduced and, as a consequence, the total level of unsaturated fatty acids decreased from 60% to 32%. Isoxyl, a known inhibitor of stearoyl-CoA Δ9 desaturase in mycobacteria, had similar effects on T. cruzi growth (EC 50 2.0 ± 0.3 μM) and fatty acid content, indicating that Δ9 desaturase was the target of both drugs. 12- and 13-TS were inhibitors of growth with EC 50 values of 50 ± 2 and 10 ± 3 μM, respectively, but oleate or linoleate were unable to revert the effect. Both drugs increased the percentage of oleate and palmitate in the cell membrane and drastically reduced the content of linoleate from 38% to 16% and 12%, respectively, which is in agreement with a specific inhibition of oleate Δ12 desaturase. The absence of corresponding enzyme activity in mammalian cells and the significant structural differences between trypanosome and mammalian Δ9 desaturases, together with our results, highlight these enzymes as promising targets for selective chemotherapeutic intervention.

Acid Components in Arachis Species and Interspecies Hybrids with High Oleic and Low Palmitic Acids

Fatty acids of 87 wild Arachis accessions and 113 interspecific hybrid derivatives were tested to investigate their variations and breeding potential for improving fatty acid content in cultivated peanut ( A. hypogaea L.). Compared with cultivated peanut, the wild species showed similar palmitic content, lower stearic and oleic contents, and higher linoleic content. The components of fatty acids varied obviously across species or accessions in the same species. The lowest content of palmitic acid was in A. rigonii; the highest oleic acid content in A. pusilla and A. duranensis, and the highest linoleic acid content in A. batizoco. Two accessions coded as 19-6 ( A. duranensis) and 23-1 ( Arachis sp.) were identified with oleic content higher than 60%. Seven species were in high content of linoleic acid (>40%), including accession 11-4 ( A. rigonii) with 48% of linoleic acid content that was the highest record. The interspecific hybrids had transgressive segregation in most fatty acids. There were significant variations in contents of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids among the hybrid lines. Six hybrids were obtained with oleic acid content higher than 64% and palmitic acid content less than 8.5%, such as yz8913-8 with oleic acid content of 67.8% (30 percent points higher than its parents) and palmitic acid content of 7.6%. Analysis based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) showed that new bands were present in the 6 hybrids. According to pod yield per plant, hundred-pod weight, hundred-seed weight, growth duration, main stem height, and total branch number, hybrids yz8818-16, yz903-1-59, yz903-2-40, and y8913-8 were of great value in breeding programs.

Growth of β2-microglobulin-related amyloid fibrils by non-esterified fatty acids at a neutral pH

Abeta2M (beta(2)-microglobulin-related) amyloidosis is a frequent and serious complication in patients on long-term dialysis. Partial unfolding of beta2-m (beta(2)-microglobulin) may be essential to its assembly into Abeta2M amyloid fibrils in vivo. Although SDS around the critical micelle concentration induces partial unfolding of beta2-m to an alpha-helix-containing aggregation-prone amyloidogenic conformer and subsequent amyloid fibril formation in vitro, the biological molecules with similar activity under near-physiological conditions are still unknown. The effect of various NEFAs (non-esterified fatty acids), which are representative anionic amphipathic compounds in the circulation, on the growth of Abeta2M amyloid fibrils at a neutral pH was examined using fluorescence spectroscopy with thioflavin T, CD spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Physiologically relevant concentrations of laurate, myristate, oleate, linoleate, and mixtures of palmitate, stearate, oleate and linoleate, induced the growth of fibrils at a neutral pH by partially unfolding the compact structure of beta2-m to an aggregation-prone amyloidogenic conformer. In the presence of human serum albumin, these NEFAs also induced the growth of fibrils when their concentrations exceeded the binding capacity of albumin, indicating that the unbound NEFAs rather than albumin-bound NEFAs induce the fibril growth reaction in vitro. These results suggest the involvement of NEFAs in the development of Abeta2M amyloidosis, and in the pathogenesis of Abeta2M amyloidosis.

Santaluminsulare Acetylenic Fatty Acid Seed Oils: Comparison within the Santalum Genus

AbstractThe sandalwood kernels of Santalum insulare (Santalaceae) collected in French Polynesia give seed oils containing significant amounts of ximenynic acid, E‐11‐octadecen‐9‐oic acid (64–86%). Fatty acid (FA) identifications were performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of FA methyl esters. Among the other main eight identified fatty acids, oleic acid was found at a 7–28% level. The content in stearolic acid, octadec‐9‐ynoic acid, was low (0.7–3.0%). An inverse relationship was demonstrated between ximenynic acid and oleic acid using 20 seed oils. Results obtained have been compared to other previously published data on species belonging to the Santalum genus, using multivariate statistical analysis. The relative FA S. insulare composition, rich in ximenynic acid is in the same order of those given for S. album or S. obtusifolium. The other compared species (S. acuminatum, S. lanceolatum, S. spicatum and S. murrayanum) are richer in oleic acid (40–59%) with some little differences in linolenic content.

Tissue fatty acid composition of pigs fed different fat sources

Dietary fat influences the physico-chemical properties of meat, and fatty acid (FA) composition may have implications on human health. The objectives of the experiment were to study tissue FA partitioning and the effect of dietary fat source on tissue FA composition. Seventy crossbred gilts (61.8 ± 5.2 kg BW average) were fed one of seven treatments: a diet containing a very low level of fat (no fat (NF)) and six fat-supplemented diets (10%: tallow (T), high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSF), sunflower oil (SFO), linseed oil (LO), fat blend (FB: 55% tallow, 35% SFO, 10% LO) and fish oil blend (FO: 40% fish oil, 60% LO). Differential tissue FA depositions were observed, with flare fat being the most saturated, followed by intermuscular, and subcutaneous being the least saturated. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) deposition showed an opposite tissue pattern. Subcutaneous fat showed the highest MUFAs, intermuscular fat showed intermediate values and flare fat showed the lowest MUFAs. Intramuscular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was less susceptible to dietary treatment modifications compared with other depots. Significant tissue FA modifications were observed due to dietary treatments, mainly in diets rich in PUFA. The saturated fatty acids (SFA) were high in NF-fed and low in HOSF-fed animals, MUFA were high in HOSF-fed and low in SFO-, LO- and FO-fed animals, while PUFA were high in SFO- and LO-fed and low in HOSF-, T- and NF-fed animals. Pigs fed LO and FB showed detectable levels of EPA, which depended on the linolenic content of the diet. The only effective way to increase tissue DHA contents was to add DHA in the diet through FO feeding. Araquidonic acid was high in SFO diets and low in LO and FB diets, and also high in intramuscular fat compared with other tissues. EPA and DHA were also high in intramuscular fat compared with other fat depots. The deposition of oleic and linoleic acids depended on the composition of dietary fat, as their deposition varied between diets, even at similar levels of intake of each FA. The NF diet resulted in the greatest proportion of SFAs (palmitic and stearic) of all treatments tested. SFAs were less susceptible to modification than MUFA in response to the different PUFA levels supplemented in the diet. T resulted in less fat deposition in some of the fat depots and more in others, suggesting that T could partition fat differently among fat depots.