Linkage Process Research Articles

The South Asia-East Asia Linkage Process: The Perspective of President Joe Biden’s Administration

The South Asia-East Asia Linkage Process: The Perspective of President Joe Biden’s Administration

Content analysis of the Measure of the Quality of the Environment by linkage with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

This study explores the linkage between the Measurement of Environmental Quality (MQE) and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). Stemming from the Human Development Model-Disability Creation Process (HDM-DCP), MQE enhances understanding of how environmental quality impacts disability development across diverse socio-cultural contexts. Integrating MQE with ICF expands the perspective on disability formation beyond HDM-DCP, encompassing ICF's functioning approach. To link the MQE with the concepts and categories of the ICF. Two health professionals with adequate taxonomic knowledge of the ICF performed the initial linkage, which was based on updated standardized rules considering all hierarchical levels of the ICF. Linkage agreement between the first two assessors was measured using the Kappa (k) coefficient and respective 95% confidence intervals. In the absence of a consensus between the two assessors (k>0.60), a third assessor was consulted to make the arbitrary decision of the final categories linked to the MQE. Insufficient agreement between the two assessors was found for the linkage process (k=0.52; p<0.001), requiring the final decision from the third assessor. At the end of the process, 26 ICF categories were linked to the main concepts (MC) measured by the 26 items of the short version of the MQE. Ten ICF categories were linked to the additional concepts (AC) measured by the MQE. Moreover, the MQE addresses the five domains of the ICF component "environmental factors," with a predominance of the "services, systems and policies" domain (MC=45.8% and AC=40%). The linkage of the concepts measured by the MQE to ICF categories enabled mapping the content of the MQE, identifying it as a promising tool for measuring environmental factors in accordance with ICF percepts.

Linking migration and hospital data in England: linkage process and evaluation of bias.

Difficulties ascertaining migrant status in national data sources such as hospital records have limited large-scale evaluation of migrant healthcare needs in many countries, including England. Linkage of immigration data for migrants and refugees, with National Health Service (NHS) hospital care data enables research into the relationship between migration and health for a large cohort of international migrants. We aimed to describe the linkage process and compare linkage rates between migrant sub-groups to evaluate for potential bias for data on non-EU migrants and resettled refugees linked to Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) in England. We used stepwise deterministic linkage to match records from migrants and refugees to a unique healthcare identifier indicating interaction with the NHS (linkage stage 1 to NHS Personal Demographic Services, PDS), and then to hospital records (linkage stage 2 to HES). We calculated linkage rates and compared linked and unlinked migrant characteristics for each linkage stage. Of the 1,799,307 unique migrant records, 1,134,007 (63%) linked to PDS and 451,689 (25%) linked to at least one hospital record between 01/01/2005 and 23/03/2020. Individuals on work, student, or working holiday visas were less likely to link to a hospital record than those on settlement and dependent visas and refugees. Migrants from the Middle East and North Africa and South Asia were four times more likely to link to at least one hospital record, compared to those from East Asia and the Pacific. Differences in age, sex, visa type, and region of origin between linked and unlinked samples were small to moderate. This linked dataset represents a unique opportunity to explore healthcare use in migrants. However, lower linkage rates disproportionately affected individuals on shorter-term visas so future studies of these groups may be more biased as a result. Increasing the quality and completeness of identifiers recorded in administrative data could improve data linkage quality.

Linking crash and breathalyzer data in Connecticut

Objectives To document the process of linking breathalyzer and motor vehicle crash (MVC) data for the State of Connecticut using a unique identifier in the place of personal and private information. Methods Deterministic linkage methodologies were utilized in Microsoft SQL Server to join 5,634 (of 6,650) breathalyzer records to corresponding MVC driver records for the period of January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2022. Differences between the linked and original datasets were documented by comparing the consistency of frequency and proportion distributions of key variables. Results Proportions of annual records, alcohol breath tests, and refusals were nearly unchanged when comparing linked and original breathalyzer data. When examining variables in the original MVC driver records, there were differences in the within-group proportions for sex and age, with an overrepresentation of males and drivers aged 26-to-40 years old. For crash and injury severity, the linked dataset had lower proportions of more severe injury records when compared to the original MVC data. Additionally, 1,007 breathalyzer records were not matched with an associated MVC record. Conclusions Linkage methodology is sound and produced quality matches. The use of a unique identifier provided a strong match qualifier in the absence of personal and private data. Changes in proportions for age, sex, crash and injury severity align with previous research. Potential missed matches may be attributed to several factors outside of the linkage process, including data discrepancies and varied reporting practices. Future studies will further explore these differences and incorporate additional toxicology data as part of a continued effort to fuze crash, citation, toxicology, and public health data. The end result will be a holistic, comprehensive, and multifaceted database for transportation research and education.

Examining the quality and population representativeness of linked survey and administrative data: guidance and illustration using linked 1958 National Child Development Study and Hospital Episode Statistics data.

Recent years have seen an increase in linkages between survey and administrative data. It is important to evaluate the quality of such data linkages to discern the likely reliability of ensuing research. Evaluation of linkage quality and bias can be conducted using different approaches, but many of these are not possible when there is a separation of processes for linkage and analysis to help preserve privacy, as is typically the case in the UK (and elsewhere). We aimed to describe a suite of generalisable methods to evaluate linkage quality and population representativeness of linked survey and administrative data which remain tractable when users of the linked data are not party to the linkage process itself. We emphasise issues particular to longitudinal survey data throughout. Our proposed approaches cover several areas: i) Linkage rates, ii) Selection into response, linkage consent and successful linkage, iii) Linkage quality, and iv) Linked data population representativeness. We illustrate these methods using a recent linkage between the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS; a cohort following an initial 17,415 people born in Great Britain in a single week of 1958) and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) databases (containing important information regarding admissions, accident and emergency attendances and outpatient appointments at NHS hospitals in England). Our illustrative analyses suggest that the linkage quality of the NCDS-HES data is high and that the linked sample maintains an excellent level of population representativeness with respect to the single dimension we assessed. Through this work we hope to encourage providers and users of linked data resources to undertake and publish thorough evaluations. We further hope that providing illustrative analyses using linked NCDS-HES data will improve the quality and transparency of research using this particular linked data resource.

Reconstructing individual-level exposures in cohort analyses of environmental risks: an example with the UK Biobank.

Recent developments in linkage procedures and exposure modelling offer great prospects for cohort analyses on the health risks of environmental factors. However, assigning individual-level exposures to large population-based cohorts poses methodological and practical problems. In this contribution, we illustrate a linkage framework to reconstruct environmental exposures for individual-level epidemiological analyses, discussing methodological and practical issues such as residential mobility and privacy concerns. The framework outlined here requires the availability of individual residential histories with related time periods, as well as high-resolution spatio-temporal maps of environmental exposures. The linkage process is carried out in three steps: (1) spatial alignment of the exposure maps and residential locations to extract address-specific exposure series; (2) reconstruction of individual-level exposure histories accounting for residential changes during the follow-up; (3) flexible definition of exposure summaries consistent with alternative research questions and epidemiological designs. The procedure is exemplified by the linkage and processing of daily averages of air pollution for the UK Biobank cohort using gridded spatio-temporal maps across Great Britain. This results in the extraction of exposure summaries suitable for epidemiological analyses of both short and long-term risk associations and, in general, for the investigation of temporal dependencies. The linkage framework presented here is generally applicable to multiple environmental stressors and can be extended beyond the reconstruction of residential exposures. IMPACT: This contribution describes a linkage framework to assign individual-level environmental exposures to population-based cohorts using high-resolution spatio-temporal exposure. The framework can be used to address current limitations of exposure assessment for the analysis of health risks associated with environmental stressors. The linkage of detailed exposure information at the individual level offers the opportunity to define flexible exposure summaries tailored to specific study designs and research questions. The application of the framework is exemplified by the linkage of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures to the UK Biobank cohort.

Alzheimer's Disease Linkage to Real-World Evidence (AD-LINE) Study: Linking Claims Data to Phase 3 GRADUATE Study of Gantenerumab.

Linking data from clinical trials and real-world claims may improve the robustness of trial data and provide information on the health, economic, and societal impacts of a disease. To report on the feasibility of linking trial data to Medicare claims data in early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the US. Alzheimer's Disease Linkage to Real-World Evidence (AD-LINE) was a noninterventional cohort study that included participants recruited from the GRADUATE program whose trial data were linked to their Medicare claims. AD-LINE participants were 66 years and older with early symptomatic AD (ie, mild cognitive impairment [MCI] due to AD or mild AD dementia) and were enrolled in the GRADUATE program and a Medicare fee-for-service or Medicare Advantage plan. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services linked participants' clinical trial identifiers to their Medicare beneficiary identifiers using a deterministic, exact matching process. Demographics and clinical characteristics of the AD-LINE cohort at baseline were collected. Outcomes measured in this study included healthcare resource utilization derived from Medicare claims data. In total, 147 participants across 21 US sites were invited to participate and 111 provided informed consent. Of those, 61 patients had linkable data (ie, Medicare beneficiary identifier), Medicare Parts A/B enrollment, and no health maintenance organization (HMO) enrollment in the year before trial entry. Of the 61 participants whose data were analyzed in this study, 30 had MCI due to AD and 31 had mild AD dementia. Participants in the MCI due to AD group had more healthcare resource utilization on average in the baseline period than those in the mild AD dementia group (29.9 [SD, 20.9] vs 24.5 claims [SD, 12.3]). In an ad hoc analysis, a relatively high concordance (85.3%) was seen between the rates of clinically confirmed AD diagnosis and evidence of AD diagnosis in claims data. This linkage process may serve as a proof of concept for researchers interested in linking clinical trial and real-world claims data. The lessons learned from AD-LINE and innovation of data linkage approaches may encourage key stakeholders to link data in the future.

Improving our understanding of the social determinants of mental health: a data linkage study of mental health records and the 2011 UK census

ObjectivesTo address the lack of individual-level socioeconomic information in electronic healthcare records, we linked the 2011 census of England and Wales to patient records from a large mental healthcare provider....

An attention based approach for automated account linkage in federated identity management

Linking digital accounts belonging to the same user has progressed from a research topic to a foundation for security, user satisfaction, and developing next-generation services. Still, few studies address account linkage in domains other than social networks. This deficiency is particularly apparent in federated domains such as academia, where network-based information and contextual data are typically unavailable. To address this issue, we propose SmartSSO, a framework that aims to automate the account linkage process by analyzing user routines and behavior during login processes. SmartSSO adapts two self-attention-based models to generate new representations from user patterns in a lower-dimensional latent space where the learned structure is employed to identify related accounts held by a user. We show that the trained models on a large corpus of production data, including more than one million samples gathered over six months from 50,000 users, achieve over 98% accuracy in hit-precision.

The fourth dimension: Time between crimes and impact on behavioral change in violent serial crime

While the time dimension is part of the definition of serial crime, little attention has been given to understanding offending timelines and the impact of patterns of shorter or longer delays between crimes on the evolution of series on the ability to link crimes. Given the scarcity of research focusing on the timelines of serial offenders, the current study aimed to (1) determine whether series can be classified based on their timeline trajectories (e.g., progressively shorter intervals or progressively longer), and (2) determine whether these timeline trajectories correlate with trajectories of behavioral consistency and change across series. Data included 43 homicide series encompassing 216 crime scenes. Trajectories were determined based on whether intervals increased, decreased, or remained consistent across series, and whether timeline trajectories and behavioral trajectories align. Results revealed that distinct timeline trajectories can reliably distinguish between series. Results also suggested a complex interaction between time between crimes and how this relates to behavioral consistency and change trajectories, thus, suggesting that time is a useful, but potentially separate dimension in the linkage process.

The semantics of clause linkage: analysis of the finite complex complementation types in the English complain verbs

This article engages with the semantics of complex finite syntactic linkages of the complain verbs in English, as in Levin (1993). Since these verbs display two main types of complex complementation patterns, this research explains how semantics motivates and predicts to a great extent the clause linkage process through the Interclausal Relations Hierarchy, the Interclausal Semantics Relation Hierarchy, and the Syntactic Interclausal Relations Hierarchy, within the Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) framework. RRG’s solid proposal is employed in this research for the systematization of the syntax-semantics interface of these verbs, drawing two main conclusions. Firstly, the results accommodate and respect the rationale of the Iconicity Principle governing the hierarchy: the closer the semantic bond (indirect discourse &gt; direct discourse), the tighter the syntactic link (clausal subordination (daughter) &gt; sentential subordination (daughter)). And secondly, I argue in favor that sentential subordination (daughter) is the kind of syntactic link prompted by the direct discourse semantic relation, as this has not been fully dealt with within this theory of grammar.

Great increasing N content in Fe-embedded carbon nanotubes to effectively activate persulfate for radical and nonradical degradation of organic contaminants

N atoms in carbonaceous catalysts are usually considered as the key active centers for catalytic/activated reactions. However, the raise of N content in metal-carbonaceous composites is still a great challenge. In this work, the N content in Fe-embedded carbon nanotubes (Fe@CNTs) was greatly enriched via a Zn-N linkage process, giving Fe-embedded N-rich carbon nanotubes (Fe@NRCNTs). The N content of Fe@NRCNTs was up to 7.43 atom%, reaching the highest value among other Fe-embedded carbonaceous materials. Zn-N linkage could induce more active C sites in g-C3N4 intermediate for N-doping and inhibit the release of N-containing gases, resulting in N enrichment during the formation of Fe@NRCNTs. More importantly, the as-obtained Fe@NRCNTs exhibited excellent performance towards persulfate activation for tetracycline degradation, and its rate constant was four times higher than that of Fe@CNTs. The high N content provided more active site for nonradical activation, and also accelerated the electron transfer between Fe and CNTs, beneficial for radical activation. Furthermore, Fe@NRCNTs could work in a very wide pH range (2.2–10.3), accompanying with high adaptability and reusability. This work provided a feasible strategy to increase N content in metal-embedded carbonaceous materials for highly efficient radical and nonradical persulfate activation.

Recent advances in chalcone-triazole hybrids as potential pharmacological agents

Molecular hybridization is one of the recent strategies to synthesize a novel hybrid compound by combining two or more pharmacophoric units. Being a linkage process, it focuses on the synthesis of hybrids which are less toxic and more potent than their parent units. Therefore, nowadays medicinal chemists look forwards for the synthesis of new novel drugs using molecular hybridization. Chalcones are a class of very important structural motifs in medicinal chemistry. Similarly, 1,2,3-triazoles are heterocyclic bio-isostere having vast spectrum of applications due to its ease of synthesis, hydrogen bond formation, inertness towards oxidizing and reducing agents, moderate dipole moment and good binding with several binding agents. In this review, we have summarized the research articles describing the medicinal application of synthetic chalcone-triazole derivatives. The structural-activity relationship has been discussed which may provide helpful guidelines for the future drug synthesis based on chalcone and triazole moieties.

An open-source probabilistic record linkage process for records with family-level information: Simulation study and applied analysis.

Research with administrative records involves the challenge of limited information in any single data source to answer policy-related questions. Record linkage provides researchers with a tool to supplement administrative datasets with other information about the same people when identified in separate sources as matched pairs. Several solutions are available for undertaking record linkage, producing linkage keys for merging data sources for positively matched pairs of records. In the current manuscript, we demonstrate a new application of the Python RecordLinkage package to family-based record linkages with machine learning algorithms for probability scoring, which we call probabilistic record linkage for families (PRLF). First, a simulation of administrative records identifies PRLF accuracy with variations in match and data degradation percentages. Accuracy is largely influenced by degradation (e.g., missing data fields, mismatched values) compared to the percentage of simulated matches. Second, an application of data linkage is presented to compare regression model estimate performance across three record linkage solutions (PRLF, ChoiceMaker, and Link Plus). Our findings indicate that all three solutions, when optimized, provide similar results for researchers. Strengths of our process, such as the use of ensemble methods, to improve match accuracy are discussed. We then identify caveats of record linkage in the context of administrative data.

Relationship satisfaction, feelings of closeness and annoyance, and linkage in electrodermal activity.

Physiological linkage refers to moment-to-moment, time-linked coordination in physiological responses among people in close relationships. Although people in romantic relationships have been shown to evidence linkage in their physiological responses over time, it is still unclear how patterns of covariation relate to in-the-moment, as well as general levels of, relationship functioning. In the present study with data collected between 2014 and 2017, we capture linkage in electrodermal activity (EDA) in a diverse sample of young-adult couples, generally representative and generalizable to the Los Angeles community from which we sampled. We test how naturally occurring, shifting feelings of closeness with and annoyance toward one's partner relate to concurrent changes in levels of physiological linkage over the course of 1 day. Additionally, we examine how linkage relates to overall relationship satisfaction. Results showed that couples evidenced significant covariation in their levels of physiological arousal in daily life. Further, physiological linkage increased during hours that participants felt close to their romantic partners but not during hours that participants felt annoyed with their partners. Finally, those participants with overall higher levels of relationship satisfaction showed lower levels of linkage over the day of data collection. These findings highlight how individuals respond in sync with their romantic partners and how this process ebbs and flows in conjunction with the shifting emotional tone of their relationships. The discussion focuses on how linkage might enhance closeness or, alternatively, contribute to conflict escalation and the potential of linkage processes to promote positive interpersonal relationships. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The potential of data linkage for improving social care provision

ObjectivesThe main objective of the project was to link case-level data from Children’s Social Care (CSC) service with household-level data on means-tested benefits, in order to analyse the dynamic relationship between families’ financial situation and the demand for CSC services at the household level.&#x0D; MethodsThe study was a secondary quantitative analysis of administrative data from one local authority in England. After completing research ethics review and data governance procedures, monthly data on families receiving housing benefits and council tax benefits payments were linked to child-level data on referrals to CSC services over a two-year period. The match was carried out based on personal identifiers, and once the linkage process was complete, a pseudonymised linked dataset (containing no personal identifiers) was used for all subsequent analyses.&#x0D; ResultsWe find that it is feasible to link children’s social care and benefits data. Our findings demonstrate a significant overlap between households receiving means-tested benefits and those referred to CSC services, underscoring the fact that most referrals involve low-income families. Our study further indicates that the children referred to CSC services primarily reside in deprived areas characterized by limited access to housing and services, as well as poor housing conditions. Additionally, we observed that children in households experiencing financial strain are twice as likely to be referred to CSC services.&#x0D; ConclusionLinking benefits data with CSC referrals can shed light on important questions related to the relationship between poverty and demand for child welfare services. For example, mechanisms through which poverty drives demand for child welfare services, including the role of persistent poverty, financial precarity, reductions or disruptions to benefits payments, unemployment, overcrowding, rent increases, evictions, etc.

AD|ARC (Administrative Data| Agricultural Research Collection): Linking individual, household and farm business data for agricultural research – The challenges and opportunities of partnership working across ADR UK

ObjectivesADARC is a partnership of six government departments and three research institutions across ADR-UK aiming to build four Research Ready Datasets about farming households. A|ARC requires government data linking experts to work closely with agricultural statisticians and academics across traditional boundaries pooling a wide range of data and expertise.&#x0D; MethodsThe ADARC partnership aims to build a model of collaborative working for administrative data research. ADARC brings together those collecting data with those linking and analysing de-identified data and eventually those using results to develop future policies. The data is from several different sources at individual, household and business levels requiring new methodologies developed by this collaboration. ADARC is also working between all four ADR centres to share learning across the ADR network building relationships for future projects beyond agriculture. The linkage process has been different in all four nations but this has offered new learning for all involved.&#x0D; ResultsDue to the Covid-19 pandemic, Phase 1 of the project has been slower than hoped. However, ADARC has shown that it is possible to conduct a truly UK-wide four nation project. Data linking is underway in all four nations bringing together data on individuals, households and businesses and analysis has begun in Wales and England. The project to date has faced the usual challenges of data acquisition and data quality issues which the partnership approach has been vital for overcoming. Despite this, we’ve demonstrated that there’s a huge level of enthusiasm for working together across organisational barriers. ADARC has just been funded for Phase 2 to expand the datasets in scope and explore the feasibility of linking in spatial data.&#x0D; ConclusionADARC has created a model which demonstrates that partnership working is essential for fully achieving the objective of ADR UK of unlocking the potential of administrative data. The lessons of ADARC also provides a powerful case study for future cross-UK projects far beyond agriculture.

Novel linkage of health and prison data in Scotland: Investigating access to services for mental health and substance use following release from prison

ObjectivesTo compare the use of NHS services for mental health and substance use (MH/SU) between people released from prison and the general population. This paper describes the data linkage and analytical process, discusses policy implications and highlights the methodological contributions for future administrative data research in public health and justice.&#x0D; MethodsRetrospective cohort study using linked Scottish health data and the Scottish Prison Service (SPS), involving all individuals released from prison in 2015 (n = 14,000), and a random general population sample (n = 70,000), matched on index date, age, sex, and postcode. Analysis will include descriptive comparison of service use between the two cohorts. Multiple regression models will be fitted to examine the influence of confounding variables in service use, and multilevel models will specifically assess cross-level geographical variation where feasible.&#x0D; ResultsResults of the data linkage and analysis to date will be presented. This research will contribute to understanding the complex range of contacts people have with health services for MH/SU following imprisonment. It is the first research in Scotland to provide a national-level description of access to health services for MH/SU among people released from prison and offer a comparison to the general population. It also explores within-group differences in service access for people released from prison.&#x0D; ConclusionThe linking and analysis of multiple justice and health-related datasets will provide crucial evidence to inform future healthcare delivery for justice-experienced populations. This research also advances our understanding of public health approaches and administrative data research in justice-related contexts.

Generation Scotland: Linking all the records we can

ObjectivesWe started a family-based genetic epidemiology study in 2006-11 which recruited ~24,000 adult volunteers from ~7000 families across Scotland with consent for follow-up through medical record linkage and re-contact. In 2022-23 we are recruiting another 20,000, with consent extended to administrative records, with age range now 12+.&#x0D; MethodsOriginal volunteers completed a demographic, health and lifestyle questionnaire, provided biological samples, and underwent detailed clinical assessment. The samples, phenotype and genotype data form a resource for research on the genetics of conditions of public health importance. This has become a longitudinal dataset by linkage to routine NHS hospital, maternity, lab test, prescriptions, dentistry, mortality, imaging, cancer screening, GP data records, Covid-19 testing and vaccinations, as well as follow-up questionnaires. The new wave of recruitment is all online and can be done on a smartphone, with DNA from saliva collected by post. Teenagers aged 12-15 can join with parental consent.&#x0D; Results GWAS has been done on quantitative traits and biomarkers, with DNA methylation data and proteomics available for most of the cohort. Our “CovidLife” surveys collected data on effects of the pandemic.&#x0D; Researchers can find prevalent and incident disease cases and controls, to test research hypotheses on a stratified population. They can also do targeted recruitment of participants to new studies, including recall by genotype. We have established and validated E-HR linkage with the NHS Scotland CHI Register,,overcoming technical and governance issues in the process. We contribute to major international consortia, with collaborators from institutions worldwide, both academic and commercial. Recruits are asked to give consent to linkage to other administrative data, and reuse of samples from routine NHS tests for medical research.&#x0D; Conclusion We plan to extend the linkage process to include other administrative data from national datasets as and when approvals are obtained. New types of data can also be collected by online questionnaires. The Research Tissue Bank resources are available to academic and commercial researchers through a managed access process.

Regional Talent Ecosystem under the Mechanism of "dual-core + dual-sub-centers" in Guangdong Province

Under the application of the theory of dissipation structure to analyze the regional development strategy of "dual-core + dual sub-center" in Guangdong Province, it studies the formation mechanism of the talent ecosystem in the process of Guangzhou-Zhanjiang-Shenzhen-Shantou linkage, and puts forward the basis for determining the dissipation structure. Disgupation structure is the premise of the self-organization of urban talent ecosystem. First, the theoretical analysis of the rationality and characteristics of the dissipation structure of talent ecosystem in the linkage process of Guangzhou-Zhanjiang-Shenzhen-Shantou. Second, the Brusselator model management translation, and establish the mechanism of "dual core + double center" under the regional talent ecosystem evaluation index system, selection of 2016-2020 statistics, in Guangdong province "double core + double center" city talent ecological system dissipation structure formation of empirical judgment, determine the results show that in nearly five years of Guangzhou and Shenzhen talent ecosystem dissipative structure has been formed, but Shantou and Zhanjiang still does not exist the dissipation structure of ecosystem. Finally, through the dissipative analysis, the important factors hindering the orderly development of the talent ecosystem are studied, and the corresponding countermeasures are put forward.