Link Path Research Articles

Secrecy performance of terahertz wireless links in rain and snow

Wireless communication technique operating at terahertz (THz) frequencies is regarded as the most potential candidate for future wireless networks due to its wider frequency bandwidth and higher directionality when compared with that employing radio frequency (RF) and millimeter waves (mmWaves). It has been proved that the high directionality owned by THz wireless links could help to reduce the possibility of eavesdropping attacks at physical layer. However, for outdoor applications in adverse weathers (such as water fog, dust fog, rain and snow), scattering and absorption effects suffered by a THz link due to weather particles and gaseous molecules could degrade its secrecy performance seriously. In this work, we present theoretical investigations on physical layer security of a point-to-point THz link in rain and snow with a potential eavesdropper locating outside of the legitimate link path. Signal degradation due to rain/snow, gaseous attenuation and beam divergence are included in a theoretical model to estimate the link performance. Secrecy capacity of the link with carriers at 140, 220 and 340 GHz is calculated and compared. We find that the rain/snow intensity, carrier frequency and receiver sensitivity could affect the secrecy performance and their influence on insecure region and maximum safe data transmission rate is discussed and summarized.

The Cross-Layer Oriented Security Performance to Wireless Network Fiber Communication Router: The Optimization Perspective

This paper analyses the characteristics of traditional optimised link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols, applies cross-layer design theory, and combines the characteristics of the link layer in a wireless mesh network (WMN) network. The protocol perceives information factors to obtain the path link quality evaluation between nodes in the network. By comprehensively considering the link quality factors, the packet delivery rate in the network is improved, and the average end-to-end delay is reduced. Based on the lightweight encryption algorithm PRESENT, a point-to-point lightweight encryption algorithm is proposed, which realizes secure WMN transmission through the key exchange and fast encryption and decryption methods of the receiving and sending nodes in the WMN environment. A virtual router based on virtual routers is used to simulate the application of wireless mesh routers. Data transmission security on the internet is achieved through key exchange and encryption and decryption.

The cross-layer oriented security performance to wireless network fibre communication router: the optimisation perspective

This paper analyses the characteristics of traditional optimised link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols, applies cross-layer design theory, and combines the characteristics of the link layer in a wireless mesh network (WMN) network. The protocol perceives information factors to obtain the path link quality evaluation between nodes in the network. By comprehensively considering the link quality factors, the packet delivery rate in the network is improved, and the average end-to-end delay is reduced. Based on the lightweight encryption algorithm PRESENT, a point-to-point lightweight encryption algorithm is proposed, which realizes secure WMN transmission through the key exchange and fast encryption and decryption methods of the receiving and sending nodes in the WMN environment. A virtual router based on virtual routers is used to simulate the application of wireless mesh routers. Data transmission security on the internet is achieved through key exchange and encryption and decryption.

Technological development trajectory of chromatography: main path analysis based on patent citation network

After new technology is developed in a certain field, the technology was soon reflected in the patent. Historical, descriptive analysis of patent is often used to analyze the technological development trajectory. Analytical systems plays an important role in the development of every science, including chemistry, life sciences and physics and is a collection of modern sciences and technologies reflecting the advanced achievements of chemistry, physics, materials science, biology, precision instrumentation and control, communications and informatics. Therefore, the level of analytical system development and manufacturing is becoming an important indicator of the comprehensive level of the company’s science and technology, so more and more companies are participating in the competition to develop analytical systems. In this paper, the technological trajectory of patents published between 1970 and 2018 were monitored by using the main path identification method based on the calculation of the search path link node (SPLC) value of each patent citation link, proposed by Von Wartburg et al. (Res Policy 34:1591–1607, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.08.001) and the technological development process was considered. As a result, the chromatographic technology development path consists of four stages: the key point of the 1st period is for the system development related to stable sample injection and mobile phase flow control; in the 2nd period, main development area is to further develop the stabilization system of the sample and the mobile phase developed in the 1st one and in the liquid chromatography, accomplish the fully automatic control of the system and increase the analytical accuracy and precision with combining computer; for the 3rd period is to increase the separation speed and separation efficiency in the chromatography column; in the last period, the main research objects are HPLC or UPLC, and the main area is to increase the stability, reliability and separation speed of the chromatographic system.

Building an Elliptic Curve Cryptography to Encode and Decode Vietnamese Texts

This article presents building an Elliptic curve cryptography and using it to encode and decode Vietnamese text. Here we have illustrated the prime number p = 151 in the future, which will use a large prime number. We consider an elliptic curve with a total score of 172 points. Encode and decode with standard Vietnamese text and combine with the special characters in ASCII code. The program is designed and installed and on the C# environment to give the correct result of the encryption algorithm.
 KeywordsData sequence, Decryption, Discrete logarithm, Elliptic curve, Elliptic curve cryptosystem, Encryption, Public key
 References[1] Koblitz, “Elliptic curve cryptosystems”, Mathematics of Computation”, 203 - 209, 1987.[2] Miller, “Uses of elliptic curves in cryptography, Advances in Cryptology - Crypto”, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, SpringerVerlag, 1986, pp. 417-426.[3] Sugantha Priya, Dr.M. Mohanraj, “A Review on Secure Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Dynamic Secure Routing Link Path Detection Algorithm (DSRLP) Under Jamming Attack”, ISSN 68(30) (2020) 0474-9030.[4] Negin Dinarvand, Hamid Barati, “An efficient and secure RFID authentication protocol using ellipticcurvecryptography”,SpringerfScience+Business Media, LLC, 2017[5] Utku Gulen, Selcuk Baktir, “Elliptic Curve Cryptography for Wireless Sensor Networks Using the Number Theoretic Transform”, journal-sensors, Published: 9 March, 2020.[6] Sravana Kumar, C.H. Suneetha, A.R. Chandrasekh, “Encryption of Data Using Elliptic Curve Over Finite Fields”, International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS). 3(1) (2012) 301-308.[7] Amounas, E.H. El Kinani, ECC Encryption and Decryption with a Data Sequence, Applied Mathematical Sciences 6(101) (2012) 5039-5047.[8] Vu Thi Hai Ha, Dinh Thi Hang, Bui Dang Binh, “The influence of volume on the formant of vowels and the identification of Vietnamese speakers”, Vietnam Institute of Linguistics, 2015.[9] Enge, “Elliptic curves and their applications to cryptography”, Norwell, MA: Kulwer Academic publishers, 1999.[10] Neil Koblitz, “An Elliptic Curve implementation of the finite field digital signature algorithm”, in Advances in cryptology,(CRYPTO 1998), SpringerLecture Notes in computer science, 1462 (1998) 327-337.[11] S. Sandeep, Kumar, “Elliptic curve cryptography for constrained devices”, PhD thesis, Ruhr-University Bochum, June, 2006.

Mechanism analysis of a main landing gear of transporting aircraft: A design learning perspective

The landing gear lifetime is estimated based on the safe-life design concept and its design requires thorough calculations. The individual parts and sub-assemblies must be sensibly designed to function safely and efficiently for the specified design lifetime without failure. In a design process of a main landing gear system, the kinematics/mechanisms analysis shall be first carried out as a primary task for feasibility of the gear retraction/extension with the satisfactory link paths. This paper presents the analytical kinematics analysis of a complex mechanism involving multiple four-bar linkages with multiple coupler points of the main landing gear (MLG) of CN-235 aircraft. The kinematics analyses were performed in order to figure out the overall link positions of the main landing gear mechanism and make scenarios of a deformed component from its designed geometry for possibilities of a lock failed position.

An interpretable attraction recommendation method based on knowledge graph

The attraction recommendation systems not only filter out overwhelming irrelevant information for visitors but also identify potential customers for service providers. However, the current attraction recommendation methods such as content-based methods, collaborative filtering, or deep learning-based methods are either inaccurate due to data sparsity, or lack of interpretability, which results in the users suspicion on the recommendation results. To address the limitations of the current methods, we introduce a novel framework for preference propagation on knowledge graphs (KGs), which utilizes lots of parameters to capture the abundant semantics of existing KGs more comprehensively, and meanwhile explains the results through reasoning the link paths from users history to candidates on KGs. With a multi-view spatiotemporal analysis on real-world travel data, we investigate the geographical characteristics of human tour activities and build a tourism-oriented KG based on open web resources. Then, we propose a KG-aware attraction recommendation method named Geo-RippleNet and implement it with extensive experiments on large-scale datasets. It is argued that the framework for preference propagation on KGs not only absorb rich semantic information to achieve substantial performance gains in the attraction recommendation scenario but also enhance the interpretability of recommendation results with the support of abundant relational knowledge. Moreover, incorporating the spatiotemporal characteristics of human tour activities into the framework for preference propagation further makes the recommendation performance more aligned with the potential interests of visitors.

Improvement, generalization, and scheme conversion of Wilson-line operators on the lattice in the auxiliary field approach

Nonlocal quark bilinear operators connected by link paths are used for studying parton distribution functions (PDFs) and transverse momentum-dependent PDFs of hadrons using lattice QCD. The nonlocality makes it difficult to understand the renormalization and improvement of these operators using standard methods. In previous work, we showed that by introducing an auxiliary field on the lattice, one can understand an on-axis Wilson-line operator as the product of two local operators in an extended theory. In this paper, we provide details about the calculation in perturbation theory of the factor for conversion from our lattice-suitable renormalization scheme to the MS-bar scheme. Extending our work, we study Symanzik improvement of the extended theory to understand the pattern of discretization effects linear in the lattice spacing, $a$, which are present even if the lattice fermion action exactly preserves chiral symmetry. This provides a prospect for an eventual $O(a)$ improvement of lattice calculations of PDFs. We also generalize our approach to apply to Wilson lines along lattice diagonals and to piecewise-straight link paths.

Spatial variations of rain intensity over a short length propagation for 5G links based on a rain gauge network

Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency range is among operating bands designated for terrestrial 5G networks. A critical challenge of link-budgeting in mm-wave 5G networks is the precise estimation of rain attenuation for short-path links. The difficulties are further amplified in tropical and subtropical regions where the rainfall rate has a higher intensity. Different models have been proposed to predict rain attenuation. The distance factor is an important parameter in predicting total attenuation from specific rain attenuation. This study investigates the distance factor based on rain gauge networks and measured rain attenuation at 26 GHz for a 300 m link in Malaysia. Considerable discrepancies between available models were observed especially when applied for shorter path links. Also, significant variability of rain intensity is observed from the rain gauge network. This study recommends further investigation of the distance factor for a shorter link. Hence, a measurement campaign incorporating rain gauge networks was established to examine spatial variations of rain intensity over a less than 1 km link. The motivation is to develop a suitable distance factor model for 5G mm-wave propagation.

Inter and Intra-Cluster Networks Signal Coverage Impact and its Importance for Migration of 3G to 4G Network among Tourism Lake Tana in Bahir Dar -Ethiopia

Tourism is one of the leading economic sources for several countries compared to modern IT industries growth. Ethiopia is one of the leading cultural and tourism revenue-based country, and having huge tourism hot spots for national and international tourist visitors. Specifically, in the Amhara national regional state capital, Bahir Dar, Lake Tana (origin of Blue Nile River) has been very well known to national and international tourists. However, the Lake Tana Basin is still unable to provide sufficient high bandwidth and good signal reception though 3G wireless mobile technology service is deployed. Bandwidth constraint and weak signal strength is creating problems for the society residing and for visitors inand- around many islands of Lake Tana geographical areas. The research work carried out the study for 3G wireless mobile radio access and microwave transmission path link performance in the city and around Lake Tana Basin. Out of two phases of research works, in this paper, we focus the first phase and partly second phase research results for both Inter and Intra- Cluster 3G Network in complete manner. Hence, we analyzed various measures like coverage signal power conditions, various BTSs antenna sizes, geographical mapping issues and other supporting performance parameters. All importance analytical performance study and measures for two major cluster networks both inter and intra-cluster 3G Networks which are geographically located edging curve in and around Lake Tana Basin. Ultimately, complete analysis and results are supported as prime study for Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation (ETC) technical support before expanding / migrating to 4G from 3G WCDMA network on Lake Tana Basin and also enhance the culture and tourism cost trade -off for both Amhara region of Ethiopia and national wide Ethiopia.

A Fast Efficient Local Search-Based Algorithm for Multi-Objective Supply Chain Configuration Problem

Supply chain configuration (SCC) plays an important role in supply chain management. This paper focuses on a multi-objective SCC (MOSCC) problem for minimizing both the cost of goods sold and the lead time simultaneously. Some existing population-based methods use the evolution of a population to obtain the optimal Pareto set, but they are time-consuming. In this paper, an $\boldsymbol {E}$ fficient $\boldsymbol {L}$ ocal ${S}$ earch-based algorithm with rank (ELSrank) is designed to solve the MOSCC problem. Firstly, instead of use of population, two solutions ( $\boldsymbol {x} _{{\boldsymbol{A}}}$ and ${x}_{{\boldsymbol{B}}}$ ) are generated by the greedy strategy, which have the minimal cost and the minimal time, respectively. They approximately locate in two sides of the Pareto front ( PF ). Secondly, with the consideration of the problem characteristics, a local search (LS) is proposed to find competitive solutions among the common neighborhood of two given solutions. If $\boldsymbol {x} _{{\boldsymbol{A}}}$ and $\boldsymbol {x} _{{\boldsymbol{B}}}$ are chosen to execute the proposed LS, solutions along the link path (the approximate PF ) of $\boldsymbol {x} _{{\boldsymbol{A}}}$ and $\boldsymbol {x} _{{\boldsymbol{B}}}$ can be found. This way, the solutions along the whole PF can be found. The comparative experiments are conducted on six instances from the real-life MOSCC problems, and the results show that ELSrank performs better than other start-of-the-art algorithms, especially on the large scale problem instances.

ANALYZING MIKROTIK BASED VRRP (VIRTUAL ROUTER REDUNDANCY PROTOCOL) IMPLEMENTATION ON HOMEGRID NETWORKS

Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) was developed to eliminate internal failures a single node gateway system, causing a network link to be disconnected. VRRP is capable provide redundant routing path link access. This time the research applied technology This VRRP is on a home network or building that utilizes the electricity installation network as LAN (Local Area Network) commonly called HomeGrid, and test it by doing QoS metric measurement. The QoS values obtained are then compared to the QoS standard on TIPHON as proof that network conditions are still in normal limits. The system is tested using 3 (three) schemes to get maximum results. Condition network using this VRRP system only requires very short downtime, when viewed from packet capture monitoring takes only 3 to 4 seconds in all schemes. Thus the technological capabilities of the VRRP system have been tested and are capable provide high availability linksVirtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) was developed to eliminate internal failures a single node gateway system, causing a network link to be disconnected. VRRP is capable provide redundant routing path link access. This time the research applied technology This VRRP is on a home network or building that utilizes the electricity installation network as LAN (Local Area Network) commonly called HomeGrid, and test it by doing QoS metric measurement. The QoS values obtained are then compared to the QoS standard on TIPHON as proof that network conditions are still in normal limits. The system is tested using 3 (three) schemes to get maximum results. Condition network using this VRRP system only requires very short downtime, when viewed from packet capture monitoring takes only 3 to 4 seconds in all schemes. Thus the technological capabilities of the VRRP system have been tested and are capable provide high availability linksJournal of Science Innovare is licensed under Keywords: VRRP;Mikrotik;Router;JPerf;QoS;jitter

Review on emerging research topics with key-route main path analysis

The fast development of the emerging research topics field results in hundreds of theoretical and empirical publications. However, to our knowledge, there is no comprehensive and objective literature review on this field until now. To this end, a citation network consisting of 1607 papers between 1965 and early 2019 is explored to discover the knowledge diffusion trajectory of the emerging research topics field by the key-route main path analysis approach, armed with the traversal weight of search path link count. From the convergence–divergence patterns in the local and global main paths, the development of emerging research topics field can be divided into three different stages: the emergence, exploration and development stages. In the meanwhile, several research drifts can also be observed: (1) from citation-based approaches to machine learning based ones, (2) from the measurement to the identification, and (3) from the papers to the patents. Finally, the directions of future research are suggested.

Differential Crosstalk Mitigation in the Pin Field Area of SerDes Channel With Trace Routing Guidance

Crosstalk noise on the printed circuit board is usually decreased by adding shielding ground (GND). In the trace routing area, the shielding vias are added to isolate the coupling between different traces. In the ball gate array (BGA) and pin field area, assigning more GND pins has demonstrated the effectiveness of crosstalk reduction between signals. However, such design decreases the signal to ground (S:G) ratio dramatically, herein, it is not suitable for applications that require high signal pin density. Unlike the treatment in the conventional methodology, in this paper, the differential crosstalk is mitigated by using the principle of symmetry on two adjacent differential signal pairs in the BGA and pin field regions. New full pin map patterns are proposed and compared with the conventional full pin map patterns. Without sacrificing the S:G ratio, the proposed maps prove the superiority in mitigating both differential far-end and near-end integrated crosstalk noise. To maintain the low crosstalk level in the entire link path, guidance of differential trace routing is provided and demonstrated in the details. All models in this paper satisfy SerDes channel designing and manufacturing requirements.

Effect of Gas Attenuation Prediction Models at Ota, Southwest Nigeria

The demand for satellite services is rapidly increasing on a daily basis. One of the major concern for satellite telecommunication designer is the impacts of gas attenuation on earth-space path link, most importantly in tropical areas. This research has been directed on the analysis and comparison of gas attenuation prediction models at Covenant University, Ota,southwest Nigeria (Lat: 6.7 °N, Long: 3.23 °E). Gas attenuation data were collected from spectrum analyzer and Davis automatic weather station for a period offive years (April 2012-December 2016) from Astra 2E/2F/2G Satellite link set at an elevation angle of 59.9°on 12.245 GHz. The monthly gas attenuation were analysed and compared with existing gas attenuation prediction models that could provide guide to microwave propagation engineers in the tropical region. The results suggest that even during clear-sky, gas attenuation still pose a threat to the design of satellite communication on earth-space path. Therefore, ITU-R model may be more accurate for modelling gas attenuation for the region. Hence, the statistics provided in this work will help engineers in planning and designing good telecommunication systems in the tropical region.

A Communication Model Framework for Electric Transmission Line Monitoring Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

The natural calamity and physical malfunction in the overhead transmission line cause bad impact on the networks such as mechanical failures, power losses, reduction of line capacity, and voltage drop. These adverse impacts can be reduced by implementing proper monitoring systems. Wireless sensor network is an apt mechanism to monitor the overhead transmission network because of its physical configuration. This paper portrays the communication between wireless sensor networks and central data processing station. Cellular communication can directly transmit information through an assisted cellular module (CM) based on the probability of cellular coverage. In this paper, one of the modern optimization techniques, i.e., artificial bee colony algorithm, is used to study the problem of CM placement of cellular communication. By using this algorithm, the optimal number and location of the CMs for a test system varied from 10 to 100 are determined. A novel optimal link path scheme is proposed to check the condition of the required quality of services of both cellular/ZigBee users. The attained results show that the methodology is best suited to acquire low cost solution for the cellular module placement problem.

A routing algorithm for region division based on virtual spider web model

A disjoint multipath routing algorithm based on region division is proposed to resolve problems such as potential “hot area” around the sink node and path instability caused by frequent movement of routing nodes in the mobile wireless sensor network. This paper first improves the regional division model of the whole network by learning from the predation of spiders, and increases the number of nodes in the inner area by enlarging the width of the inner ring to alleviate the “hot area” problem. Then, three modes based on distance priority, angle priority, and weight priority are proposed to ensure the independence between the paths when generating the disjoint multipath of the mobile node in a certain divided area. Meanwhile, the method of selecting “borrowing node” with minimum weights is adopted to ensure the effectiveness of the path and deal with the path link break problem. Simulation experiments show that the proposed algorithm has a lower packet loss rate and path failure rate than EM-GMR and AGEM algorithms, which effectively prolongs the lifetime of the entire network and is more applicable to networks with dense nodes.

Rain attenuation statistics over 5G millimetre wave links in Malaysia

<p>Millimetre wave band is a solid contender to be utilized for the future 5G wireless systems deployment. Rain-induced attenuation is a major disadvantage at these frequencies. This paper presents statistics of rain-induced attenuation and rainfall data for two years of horizontally polarized links propagating at 38 GHz and 26 GHz over a terrestrial path link of 301 meters. From the analysed datasets, a rain rate around 116 mm/h exceeded at 0.01% of the time of an average year, while the links recorded 16 and 9.5 dB at the same percentage of time for 38 and 26 GHz respectively. The study aims to identify the prediction model that deliver most reasonable predictions for 5G links operating in Malaysian tropical climate. ITU-R P.530-17, Mello’s, and Ghiani’s models were all examined. Using ITU-R model, relative error margins of around 3.8%, 30% and 49.7% alongside 22.3, 9.5, 33% were obtained in 0.1%, 0.01% and 0.001% of the time for 26 and 38 GHz respectively. Curiously, ITU-R model demonstrates better predictions to measured rain attenuation with lower error probability. This study highlights the need for new prediction models for short path-length 5G links and helps to improve the design of terrestrial links operating at millimetre wave frequencies in tropical regions.</p>

Mapping Technological Trajectories of Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) PV Using Patent Analysis

This paper attempts to identify the technological development of crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV technology by analyzing network patent and main trajectory. The data used is the US granted patent from 1976 until 2010, thus resulted of 1,100 patents data. The network of patent citation data is analysed based on the key network measure, followed by developing the network trajectory. The main path analysis is obtained by using both SPLC method (Search Path Link Count) and the SPNP method (Search Path Nodes Pair). The main path further is analyzed along with its sub-path to understand the evolution of c-Si PV technology. The results indicate that: 1) the c-Si Solar cells’s technology has very low network density in which nearly half of the patents are not related with each other, 2) The most cited patent is not a part the main trajectory, meaning that there is low correlation between patent and technology development, 3) The US, Japan, and Germany are the main actors in c-Si solar cells technology. US and Germany are identified as key pioneers during the early stage of this technology, while Japan appears at later stages, 4) Siemens is the main actor in the initial c-Si PV technology.

An integrated approach to path analysis for weighted citation networks

Profuse growth of scientometrics as a research field owes a discernible attribution to the introduction of citation networks and other scientograms. Centrality analysis, path analysis and cluster analysis are three major network analysis tools. Hummon and Doreian’s introduction of path retrieval methods based on (1) traversal count as weight assignment (for arcs) method and (2) search methods such as local (forward) search and global search, marked the commencement of path analysis. Original Hummon–Doreian traversal count based weight assignment methods such as Search Path Link Count and Search Path Node Pair were computationally complex. Along with the computational improvement of these weights, Batagelj added another computationally efficient traversal count method to the path analysis literature known as Search Path Count. A major development in search methods was seen recently with the introduction of innovative search methods such as backward (local) search and key-route (local and global) search by Liu and Lu. They also powered the available and new local search methods with a parameter to control the search. Major advantage of Liu–Lu methods lies in the fact that these can reveal more paths or more papers that are usually missed out in classical methods. All these contributions considered unweighted citation networks as the object of analysis. Despite being a tool of tremendous potential, path analysis is much underexplored relative to other network analysis tools. Inspired by these, we generalise Liu–Lu integrated approach, the present state-of-art in path analysis to an integrated approach for weighted networks. We demonstrate a manifold improvement in analysis opportunities with the generalized integrated approach using FV gradient weights for weight assignment, on a case study of the field ‘IT for engineering’. Integrated approach for weighted networks do not need additional implementation effort in PAJEK and this will be beneficial for a multitude of analysts and decision makers.