Painting Line Research Articles

Evaluating Mobile LiDAR Intensity Data for Inventorying Durable Tape Pavement Markings.

Good visibility of lane markings is important for all road users, particularly autonomous vehicles. In general, nighttime retroreflectivity is one of the most challenging marking visibility characteristics for agencies to monitor and maintain, particularly in cold weather climates where agency snowplows remove retroreflective material during winter operations. Traditional surface-applied paint and glass beads typically only last one season in cold weather climates with routine snowplow activity. Recently, transportation agencies in cold weather climates have begun deploying improved recessed, durable pavement markings that can last several years and have very high retroreflective properties. Several dozen installations may occur in a state in any calendar year, presenting a challenge for states that need to program annual repainting of traditional waterborne paint lines, but not paint over the much more costly durable markings. This study reports on the utilization of mobile mapping LiDAR systems to classify and evaluate pavement markings along a 73-mile section of westbound I-74 in Indiana. LiDAR intensity data can be used to classify pavement markings as either tape or non-tape and then identify areas of tape markings that need maintenance. RGB images collected during LiDAR intensity data collection were used to validate the LiDAR classification. These techniques can be used by agencies to develop accurate pavement marking inventories to ensure that only painted lines (or segments with missing tape) are repainted during annual maintenance. Repeated tests can also track the marking intensity over time, allowing agencies to better understand material lifecycles.

Experimental study on the use of green antimicrobial and plasticized agents during the lining of oil paintings with gelatinous materials

Purpose This paper aims to assess the efficiency of emulsified essential oils in glycerol as eco-friendly antimicrobial and plasticized agents added to the biopolymer of gelatin for lining historical oil paintings on canvases. Design/methodology/approach Cedar oil, cinnamon oil and their mixtures were emulsified in glycerol and incorporated into gelatin adhesive as green biocides and plasticizers. Physical, biological, chemical and mechanical tests were conducted on experimental mock-ups to assess the gelatin-based adhesive formulations for the reinforcement of canvas supports. Scanning electron microscope, colorimetric measurements, antimicrobial activity test, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tensile strength and elongation tests were carried out on the mock-ups before and after the artificial aging. Findings The formulations of gelatin-based adhesive with cinnamon and cinnamon-cedar mixture emulsified in glycerol proved their efficiency on the antimicrobial activity test, chemically delaying the decomposition of gelatin and accordingly providing compatible mechanical properties. Gelatin-based adhesive with emulsified cinnamon oil showed a slight yellowing that was quite improved with the mixture of the cinnamon-cedar-based adhesive formulation. Originality/value This study promotes a green approach to lining historical oil paintings by developing green formulations from bio-based origins that minimize the shrinkage and microbial infection of gelatin for lining paintings.

Nano coating containing SiO2 nanoparticles with non-stick properties for easy peeling of car paint from mild steel surfaces

Non-stick latex coating enhanced with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) showed promising peeling properties. In order to see the effect of SiO2 NPs, coatings with and without SiO2 NPs applied on pieces of a hollow section mild steel beam as substrate. The grain size, crystal phase structure, specific surface area (SSA) and pore size distribution of the SiO2 NPs was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to observe the surface morphology and composition of the coated samples. The contact angle was measured for three different liquids on the surface of the samples namely, 1-bromonaphthalene (nonpolar), formamide and distilled water (polar) in order to calculate the surface energies per unit area and hysteresis contact angles. The result showed that adding SiO2 NPs increases the hydrophobicity and decreases the surface energy of the surface. One of the applications of such a coating is to protect the surface from paint sticking to it. For this purpose, the coating with and without SiO2 NPs is applied on a mild steel substrate and then painted by resin-based automotive paint. The pull off test showed that the adhesion is reduced by addition of SiO2 NPs. In addition, to see this application in industry, the coating with SiO2 NPs is applied to a skid and placed in the painting line of an automotive factory for 12 working days. After removing from the line, the coating and the paint on it were easily peeled from the skid either manually with a spatula or by a water jet cleaning machine (100 bar at spraying angle of 45°) compared to a bare skid.

Enhance Road Detection Data Processing of LiDAR Point Clouds to Specifically Identify Unmarked Gravel Rural Roads

Abstract Gravel roads lack standardized features such as curbs or painted lines, presenting detection challenges to autonomous vehicles. Global positioning service (GPS) and high resolution maps may not be reliable for navigation of gravel roads, as some roads may only be width of the vehicle and GPS may not be accurate enough. Normal distribution transform (NDT) LiDAR scan matching may be insufficient for navigating on gravel roads as there may not be enough geometrically distinct features for reliable scan matching. This paper examined a method of classifying scanning LiDAR spatial and remission data features for explicit detection of unmarked gravel road surfaces. Exploration of terrain classification using high resolution scanning LiDAR data of specific road surfaces may allow for predicting gravel road boundary locations potentially enabling confident autonomous operations on gravel roads. The principal outcome of this work was a method for gravel road terrain detection using LiDAR data for the purpose of predicting potential road boundary locations. Random decision forests were trained using scanning LiDAR data terrain classification to detect unmarked gravel and asphalt surfaces. It was found that a true-positive accuracy for gravel and asphalt surfaces was 75% and 87%, respectively, at an estimated rate of 13 ms per 360 deg scan. Overlapping results between manually projected and actual road surface areas resulted in 93% intersecting gravel road detection accuracy. Automated post-process examination of classification results yielded an true-positive gravel road detection rate of 72%.

Exploration of Lines in Landscape Painting and Architecture

Exploration of Lines in Landscape Painting and Architecture

Gloss Level, Type of Paper and Colour of HDF Boards Finished with the Energy-Saving Acrylic Paint System

The global drive to eliminate mercury is stimulating the development of LED lamps for UV curing of coatings. Despite its many advantages, the transition to this system in the furniture industry presents technological issues. This paper aimed to determine the impact of the paint line’s individual technological and process parameters on the coating’s optical properties, such as colour and gloss of furniture components made of white-coloured light-weight boards. Samples were prepared under the conditions of an industrial paint line using LED and traditional mercury lamps at the rate of 50 m/min. The colour was tested using the CIELAB system on a BYK GARDNER spectrophotometer, while the gloss was measured using the PICO GLOSS meter. Based on the data obtained, the optical parameters were found to be highly stable irrespective of the power drop in the LED lamps. The coordinates L*, b* and gloss G were affected by the amount of topcoat and basecoat, the number of coats, the mercury lamps’ power and the panel grinding programs used. The results of the tests showed that high L* and b* values could be achieved by increasing the number of overlays. This solution also ensures less basecoat and topcoat consumption, contributing to large material savings.

About the Dutch method of wax-resin lining of canvas paintings in Croatia

Osmišljena i prvi put primijenjena sredinom 19. stoljeća u Amsterdamu, nizozemska metoda dubliranja slika na platnu širila se svijetom razmjenom između restauratora sve do kasnog 20. stoljeća. Premda su opseg i putovi širenja metode još uvijek predmet proučavanja, prema istraživanju autorice, u Hrvatsku ju je 1916. godine uveo naš prvi restaurator Ferdo Goglia. U Splitu se sustavno primjenjivala u radionici Regionalnog zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture od 1955. godine. Uvid u digitalizirani i uređeni dio arhiva Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda otkriva 834 slike koje su na ovaj način tretirali stručnjaci djelatni u Zagrebu i Splitu od 1916., odnosno 1955,. do 1990-ih godina, uz naznaku znatno veće brojke. Osim velikog dijela povijesti primjene voštano-smolne smjese u Hrvatskoj, u radu se iznose i rezultati prvih kemijskih analiza voštano-smolne smjese s nekoliko slika, a autorica u tekstu iznosi i osobna zapažanja o fizičkom stanju umjetnina tretiranih opisanom metodom.

Towards the identification of the volatile organic compounds emitted by the coatings used in a car factory painting line

AbstractOne of the main reasons for the degradation of working conditions is the lack of air quality. It is known that indoor air contaminants pose a risk to both the human organism and the environment, which constitutes a challenge for employers and major industries. A car factory painting line is an evident example of a work location in which the employers must be especially aware and concerned with the employees' health. Since the coatings are the main VOCs-emitting source, this work studied the analytes emitted by four primers, 17 basecoats and one varnish used in a car factory of a world-renowned automotive brand, with gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), as a way of identifying all the coating-borne VOCs that can be emitted to the indoor air. The variability of the collected data was assessed, and the repeatability of the results proved the suitability of GC-IMS for this type of study. Among primers, inks and varnish, 45 VOCs were accurately identified using an exclusively developed database of compounds. The presence of the identified analytes in the composition of the coatings represents the potentiality of being emitted to the indoor air of the factory and, consequently, denotes their eventual toxicity for the employees of the painting line. These results represent a step forward in the assessment of the panting line work conditions, so eventual consequences to the employees’ health are theoretically discussed; nonetheless, further studies aim to examine air samples of the factory and evaluate the work conditions and actual consequences to the employees that must be developed.

Lean Optimization of Batch Production in an Aluminium Company

This work investigates the optimization of a batch type of production and operational management in an aluminium company using a lean manufacturing system. The operation and production system of the case study company runs in various sectors, which led to waste in the system, hindering the company's ability to meet customer demand. Through operational data analysis and questionnaires, the team identified the types of waste generated by the case study company. Lean manufacturing techniques such as eight deadly wastes, Heijunka, takt time, 5S approach, quality tool management, value stream mapping, Kaizen, Kaban, Gemba, and top and bottom-level involvement were employed to manage the waste. The findings reveal defects in inventory, transportation, waiting times, and untapped ideas of employees, all of which significantly impact the company's performance. This allows for daily production of small batches of aluminium alloys (AA3001, AA3105, and AA3110) without issues, supported by the principle of pull production. Additionally, the application of Takt time results in a significant reduction of production time, leading to improved efficiency. The study also highlights the high interaction effect of transportation, defects, and inventory wastes on various production lines, such as the bogie fitting line paint line, and anti-intrusion. Among the lean manufacturing tools, Kaban, standard work, and 5S are identified as the most frequently used. The research findings provide valuable insights for manufacturing industry leaders to spot the performance gaps and enhance the application of lean manufacturing practices.

A study on the principles of Chinese painting line drawing figure sketching techniques based on cognitive mapping constructs

Abstract It is the basic requirement of Chinese painting line drawing figure sketching to express its unique divine mood and spiritual quality by shaping the figure through lines. This paper constructs a figure sketching technique model based on cognitive mapping, and the constituent elements of line drawing figures are used as individuals of the genetic algorithm population. Multiple constituent elements are trained with data using a genetic algorithm, and the selection and crossover operations are continuously performed according to the fitness threshold; a particle swarm optimization strategy is added, and the principle of the line drawing technique is derived after several iterations of calculation. The performance test of line drawing and figure sketching was conducted for the research class and the control class. The experimental results showed that the control class scored 60.35 and 65.32 in the two tests, the research class scored 72.59 and 79.15, and the research class outperformed the control class in the overall average score and the average score of the six grades. It shows that the cognitive mapping construction based on which the form of line drawing is continuously enhanced and developed has strengthened the importance of line drawing and made Chinese painting line drawing figure sketching more attractive and relatively independent.

Image inpainting exploiting global prior refined weighted low-rank representation

Low-rank and nonlocal self-similarity are important priors for image restoration. Based on nonlocal self-similarity assumption, similar patches are grouped into a matrix that is of low-rank or approximately low-rank. Traditional algorithms model low-rank prior of local group matrices (intra-group) and ignore the global inter-group relationship, which will result in suboptimal performance without considering global consistency. Due to overlapping of patches, groups are dependent, however, conventional methods process each group independently. To make full use of the intrinsic relationship among groups, we consider all groups simultaneously and propose a global prior refined weighted low-rank representation model for image inpainting. The local-groups and the aggregation of all groups are taken into account in the proposed model. By introducing auxiliary variable, we decouple the local–global model and optimize iteratively using the alternating direction method of multipliers. The proposed global refinement model significantly improves the performance of local low-rank model. A new strategy for grouping similar patches is also proposed by dividing the neighborhood of a target patch into multiple subregions and searching for a given number of similar patches within each subregion. The proposed method is applied to various tasks (line inpainting, destriping, and depth map completion) and obtains promising performance.

In Situ Indoor Air Volatile Organic Compounds Assessment in a Car Factory Painting Line

Proper working conditions must be one of the employers’ main concerns in any type of company but particularly in work locations where the employees are chronically exposed to hazardous compounds, like factories and production lines. Regarding this challenge, the present research addresses the mapping of a car factory painting line to possibly toxic volatile organic compounds emitted by all the coatings and chemicals used during the work shifts for the future evaluation of employees’ exposure. For the first time, a Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectrometry device was employed for the in situ detection of volatile organic compounds in an automotive factory. A total of 26 analytes were detected at nine different locations, of which 15 VOCs were accurately identified. Pure chemical-grade substances were used for the development of the VOC database. Although quantitative analysis was not the goal of this study, a calibration model was presented to one analyte for exemplificative purposes. Relative intensity profiles were plotted for all locations, revealing that some indoor VOCs can reach intensity levels up to 60 times higher than in outdoor air samples. The achieved results proved that the painting line has an abundant number of VOCs emitted from different sources and may lead to serious health risks for the employees. Additional studies shall be developed in the painting line for quantitative evaluation of the existing VOCs and their influence on the employees’ health conditions.

Liquid Foam-Ethyl Vinyl Acetate Adhesive Systems for Lining Process of Paintings: Prospects of a User-Friendly, Harmless Alternative to Conventional Products

The lining of paintings is a process of conservation science and art restoration used to strengthen, flatten, or consolidate paintings on canvas by attaching by means of adhesives a second canvas to the back of the existing one. To this aim, the prospects of the use of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) resins in aqueous dispersion applied as an adhesive in a foam form have been investigated in the present study. The key physical properties of the foam have been investigated, with a deep focus on rheological behavior and the drying rate, comparing the results with those obtained using the liquid products that are commercially available. Dedicated mock-ups have been prepared to test the adhesive for the lining process, inspecting adhesion strength, colorimetric properties, and the influence on the possible chromatic and visual alteration of the surface, also looking at the chemical interaction with painting materials and the deterioration after an artificial ageing process. The results obtained clearly indicated that the proposed technology is very suitable for the targeted application, and an EVA water-based foamed dispersion can be used for paintings' lining, in view of the ease of application, being an appropriate adhesion, no chemical interaction, nor the deterioration of the painting.

Kaluga icon painting: on the issue of the integrity and boundaries of the artistic phenomenon

As the title implies, the article provides a general overview of the Kaluga iconography as a unique regional iconographic tradition that formed in the 2nd half of the 18th century. The primary parameters of this phenomenon are identified, including technological, iconographic, and stylistic factors. Based of archival data and historical evidence, Kaluga’ icons are defined a number of monuments executed in the technique of tempera painting in a specific stylistic manner, for the most part inheriting of artistic direction named “zhivopodobie”. The main iconographic features of the products of the Kaluga icon painters are revealed, in particular, the iconographic renderings of Christ the Almighty and the Mother of God "The Life-Giving Spring" common in Kaluga. It also provides a classification of the main stylistic lines in the Kaluga icon painting, which took shape at the end of the 18th century. The question of the chronological boundaries of the phenomenon is considered. Based on the analysis undertaken, Kaluga iconography is determined to be a full-fledged center of regional icon painting that forms part of a broader context of late iconography. On the one hand, Kaluga's iconography aligns with general trends, with its unique writing style appearing in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, overtly influenced by significant European styles, and experiencing artistic decline in the second half of the nineteenth century. On the other hand, the Kaluga iconography distinguishes itself through its singular stylistic and iconographic peculiarities, sufficient to demarcate it as a distinct artistic center.

The expression of lines in mural painting in Chinese meticulous figure painting

The expression of lines in mural painting in Chinese meticulous figure painting

Comparison of Chinese and Western Painting—Line, Ink and Space

Comparison of Chinese and Western Painting—Line, Ink and Space

Vision Navigation Based PID Control for Line Tracking Robot

In a controlled indoor environment, line tracking has become the most practical and reliable navigation strategy for autonomous mobile robots. A line tracking robot is a self-mobile machine that can recognize and track a painted line on the floor. In general, the path is set and can be visible, such as a black line on a white surface with high contrasting colors. The robot’s path is marked by a distinct line or track, which the robot follows to move. Several scientific contributions from the disciplines of vision and control have been made to mobile robot vision-based navigation. Localization, automated map generation, autonomous navigation and path tracking is all becoming more frequent in vision applications. A visual navigation line tracking robot should detect the line with a camera using an image processing technique. The paper focuses on combining computer vision techniques with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for automatic steering and speed control. A prototype line tracking robot is used to evaluate the proposed control strategy.

The Poggendorff illusion in Ruben's Descent from the Cross in Antwerp: Does the illusion even matter?

Two experiments are described, the purpose of which was to investigate the presence of a misalignment illusion caused by Poggendorff-like conditions in two paintings by Peter Paul Rubens, both depicting the Descent from the Cross, one located in Antwerp (Belgium), the other in Lille (France). The first shows a geometrical misalignment made by Rubens in a minor detail, which is considered proof that the artist observed the Poggendorff illusion. The second painting, instead, shows a perfect geometrical alignment in a similar detail. In experiment 1, participants were asked to align a top segment to a lower one in two types of stimuli: a full-size digitally manipulated reproduction of the painting and a Poggendorff-like configuration that recalled the painting's lines displacement and tilt. Adjustments were performed from two distances, one up close (painting distance) and one from below and far (observation distance). Results confirmed the presence of the Poggendorff illusion, but mean adjustments significantly differed from the misalignment perpetrated by Rubens. Experiment 2 was set up in a similar fashion with the Lille painting. Results confirmed the presence of the Poggendorff illusion also in this painting; however, the alignment by Rubens coincides with the geometrical one. Results from both experiments do not support the claim that Rubens observed the Poggendorff illusion and therefore corrected for it in the Antwerp painting. An alternative account is discussed, which relates to the structural layout of the painting.

A Case Study on First Time Quality Feature Investigation for an Automotive Paint Shop

In today’s highly automated automotive paint shops, production equipment such as robots and conveyors controlled by various sensors and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are widely used to coat vehicle bodies-in-white. A high-volume automotive paint line typically consists of miles of conveyor lines and dozens of sealing and painting robots equipped with hundreds of sensors and PLCs. It takes a body-in-white several hours to travel on conveyor tracks to complete the painting process. Throughout this process, thousands of process variables are monitored and collected from sensors and devices that control the automatic equipment. When a vehicle is painted, process variables and associated outcomes are collected in a centralized database called the Painted Surface Performance Management (PSPM) system. This database contains a complete history of each painted vehicle and its corresponding quality inspection results. In this work, machine learning (ML) models are used to select a list of the most important features that may affect the outcomes of the painted vehicles. However, this list needs to go through additional steps of feature investigations to validate true causal relationships between the selected features and the target variables. Once this step is completed, the selected features can then be used to target operational first time quality (FTQ) of products through use of such ML models to predict FTQ outcomes. An automotive paint shop data from 2020 to early 2021 was used to conduct a case study to demonstrate the process of feature investigation. Observations and recommendations from the ML model analysis are summarized for improvement.

Cable‐Driven Continuum Robot Perception Using Skin‐Like Hydrogel Sensors

AbstractThe cable‐driven continuum robot (CDCR) is a highly significant soft robot that exhibits a lightweight structure, intrinsic safety properties, and a considerable degree of freedom; therefore, it can work well in confined and complex environments. However, commonly used fiber Bragg grating sensors in CDCR systems are ultra‐stiff, extremely low in elongation, and lack an adhesion mechanism; this significantly restricts the movement of the robot and tends to delaminate from it, which makes it unsuitable for integrated systems. In this study, a new strategy is developed to enable CDCR perception via skin‐like hydrogel sensors made from ionic conductive polyacrylamide/alginate/nanoclay polymeric composite hydrogels; it exhibits a fracture strain of 1840% and adheres to a CDCR backbone with an adhesion strength of 6.6 kPa. The sensors are sensitive, stable, and reliable, and they can be manually operated to draw portraits using sensing curves as painted lines. Through these sensors, the CDCR acquires proprioception for sensing movements and exteroception for sensing barriers and traps. The hydrogel sensors are further employed to build a closed‐loop control system for regulating the bending of the CDCR. This study establishes effective routes for designing sensors and closed‐loop systems that can be applied to soft robots.