Liniment Research Articles

Characteristics of Beidou-2 flex power and its impact on precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution

Characteristics of Beidou-2 flex power and its impact on precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution

Improved GRACE-FO kinematic orbit determination with epoch-difference KBR during the GPS flex power period

The flex power technology in satellite navigation systems enhances anti-jamming capabilities but can impact the quality of GPS observations and the accuracy of low Earth orbit determination, such as GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission. This study investigates the influence of GPS flex power on Hatch-Melbourne-Wübbena (HMW) linear combinations and GRACE-FO kinematic orbits from January 1 to September 30, 2020. Epoch-differenced K-Band Ranging (KBR) data is introduced in orbit determination during the flex power period to improve both absolute and inter-satellite relative accuracy. The analysis indicates that the influence of early flex power (before February 13, 2020) on HMW combinations and orbits is minimal, whereas the effect of later flex power (after February 14, 2020) is significant: (1) HMW combinations exhibit notable systematic discontinuities even with elevation angles greater than 50 degrees, causing the fixing rate of wide-lane ambiguities to drop from 96 % to 80 %. (2) Kinematic absolute orbits show significant deteriorations of approximately 9 mm and 4 mm in the three-dimensional direction for float and integer ambiguity resolution (FAR and IAR), while relative accuracy of FAR and IAR orbits decreases by 50 % and 46 %, respectively. However, using epoch-differenced KBR (DKBR) data, the accuracy of absolute orbits could be increased by up to 15 % and the accuracy of relative orbits could be improved by at least 69 %, which showcases a positive effect. Thus, this can be considered as an alternative method to improve the accuracy of GRACE-FO orbit during the flex power period.

A real-time detection method for GPS flex power

A real-time detection method for GPS flex power

Recent flex power changes

The redistribution of the transmit power among different GPS signal components is called flex power, and it is implemented on modernized GPS satellites starting with Block IIR-M. The purpose of the flex power is to increase signal protection against jamming. It has been mostly active since the beginning of 2017 in different flex power modes and is visible in the carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) observations as stepwise changes. Especially after the beginning of 2020, the flex power modes changed frequently. We summarize these changes and study their impact on differential code biases (DCBs) which is 0.3 ns on average for L1 and L2 intra-frequency DCBs. The flex power is analyzed daily using C/N0 measurements of the globally distributed GNSS observations network from January 1, 2020 until February 28, 2022. The flex power activation times are written into a dedicated block of the SINEX metadata format.

Real-time monitoring of GPS flex power based on machine learning

Real-time monitoring of GPS flex power based on machine learning

Dynamic Calibration of GPS Effective Isotropic Radiated Power for GNSS-Reflectometry Earth Remote Sensing

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Reflectometry uses reflected GNSS signals for Earth remote sensing applications. Absolute calibration of a Delay Doppler Map (DDM) requires an accurate estimate of the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the GNSS transmitter, e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS). However, variable transmit power by numerous Block II Follow-on (IIF) and II Replenishment-Modernized (IIR-M) GPS space vehicles has been observed due to their flex power mode. Nonuniformity in the GPS antenna gain patterns further complicates EIRP estimation. A dynamic calibration approach is developed to address GPS EIRP variability. It uses measurements by the direct received GPS signal to estimate GPS EIRP in the specular reflected direction and then incorporates it into the calibration of normalized bistatic radar cross section (NBRCS). Error analyses using Monte Carlo simulations and a root sum of squares (RSS) approach show that the resulting error in NBRCS is about 0.32 dB. Dynamic EIRP calibration instantaneously detects and corrects for power fluctuations in the GPS transmitters and significantly reduces errors due to GPS antenna gain azimuthal asymmetry. It allows observations with the most variable Block IIF transmitters (approximately 37% of the GPS constellation) to be included in the standard data products and further improves the calibration quality of NBRCS and geophysical data products.

A comparison of moist heat, dry heat, chemical dry heat and icy hot for deep tissue heating and changes in tissue blood flow.

Background: Intermittent bouts of heavy activity at greater than normal exercise intensity can cause delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Several products are commercially available, all alleging to reduce DOMS. In the present investigation, 40 subjects (average age 27.0+/-4.4 years, average BMI 26.8) were assessed to determine the effect of 4 of these products on skin and muscle temperature and blood flow during 2 hours of application. These included ThermaCare Dry Heat Wraps, ThermaCare Moist Heat Wraps, Icy Hot Patches, and hydrocollator heat packs. Methods; Blood flow was measured (by laser doppler flow meter) over and in the quadriceps muscle and tissue temperature was measured (by thermistors and thermocouples) in these same areas. Results: The results of the study indicated that only ThermaCare Dry and Moist Heat Wraps both heated the muscle and increased muscle blood flow. The menthol and methyl salicylate compounds in Icy Hot cooled muscle. Skin blood flow increased 300% after the moist heat was applied after 45 minutes, low level continuous dry heat almost 256% but it took 105 minutes to reach this flow, hydrocollator heat wraps increased by 201% but only for only first 45 minutes and then back to baseline, a slight reduction in skin blood flow was seen with Icy Hot gel applied to the skin. Moist heat caused muscle temperature to increase by an average of 3.1 Deg C. Dry heat caused muscle temperature to increase by 2.2 Deg C, while hydrocollator packs increased temperature by 0.4 Deg C. Icy hot had no effect on muscle temperature. Conclusion: Continuous low level heat products had better penetration into muscle and increased blood flow the best compared to hydrocollator heat packs and Icy Hot patches.

Impact of flex power on GPS Block IIF differential code biases

GPS Block IIF satellites are able to redistribute the transmit power between the signal components. This ability is called flex power, and it has been developed as a remedy against jamming. Since it is operationally not possible to increase the transmit power for all signal components simultaneously, a redistribution between them is necessary under certain operational situations. Flex power has been active on Block IIF satellites since January 2017 over a specific regional area and has an impact on differential code bias estimation as well as the signal-to-noise density ratio. A network of the International GNSS Service stations containing only Septentrio PolaRx5 and PolaRx5TR receivers between August 1 and November 21, 2019 has been used for differential code bias estimation using GPS L1 C/A, L1 P(Y), L2 P(Y), and L2C signals with and without consideration of the flex power in the estimation process for Block IIF satellites. The estimation results are compared with the German Aerospace Center as well as the Chinese Academy of Sciences DCB products to validate the results.

Flex power on GPS Block IIR-M and IIF

GPS Block IIR-M and Block IIF satellites have the capability to redistribute transmit power between individual signal components. This so-called flex power can be used for increased protection against jamming and was already demonstrated in September 2010. Since January 2017, a geographically driven flex power mode has been enabled on ten Block IIF satellites. It is visible in carrier-to-noise density ratio observations of ground-based GPS receivers as well as differential code bias estimates between the L1 C/A- and P(Y)-code signals. Measurements with a 30 m high-gain antenna revealed a 2.5 dB increase of the L1 C/A and P(Y) power when the L1 M-code is regularly disabled. During four days in April 2018, a different flex power mode was put in place for all healthy Block IIR-M and IIF satellites. Carrier-to-noise density observations of geodetic GPS receivers show an increase of about 11 dB for combined L1 + L2 P(Y)-code power. The high-gain antenna measurements consistently show an increase of P(Y)-code power by 5 and 6 dB for L1 and L2, respectively, due to deactivation of the military M-code on both frequencies. Finally, during three days in April/May 2018, another type of flex power was observed: for 11 h of each of the three days, another geographically driven flex power mode was enabled but over a different area than the flex power mode mentioned above. Next to measurements of signal spectra, in-phase/quadrature components, and signal power with a high-gain antenna, the impact of flex power on the tracking and measurements of geodetic receivers is investigated.

Flex Power Modules – новое имя и технологии на российском рынке модульных DC/DC преобразователей

Flex Power Modules – новое имя и технологии на российском рынке модульных DC/DC преобразователей

Development of an Evaluation Platform and Performance Experimentation of Flex Power FPGA Device

Development of an Evaluation Platform and Performance Experimentation of Flex Power FPGA Device

From Picking to Massaging: Analgesia From Mexican Mustang Liniment

From Picking to Massaging: Analgesia From Mexican Mustang Liniment

SOTB Implementation of a Field Programmable Gate Array with Fine-Grained Vt Programmability

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are one of the most widespread reconfigurable devices in which various functions can be implemented by storing circuit connection information and logic values into configuration memories. One of the most important issues in the modern FPGA is the reduction of its static leakage power consumption. Flex Power FPGA, which has been proposed to overcome this problem, uses a body biasing technique to implement the fine-grained threshold voltage (Vt) programmability in the FPGA. A low-Vt state can be assigned only to the component circuits along the critical path of the application design mapped on the FPGA, so that the static leakage power consumption can be reduced drastically. Flex Power FPGA is an important application target for the SOTB (silicon on thin buried oxide) device, which features a wide-range body biasing ability and the high sensitivity of Vt variation by body biasing, resulting in a drastic subthreshold leakage current reduction caused by static leakage power. In this paper, the Flex Power FPGA test chip is fabricated in SOTB technology, and the functional test and performance evaluation of a mapped 32-bit binary counter circuit are performed successfully. As a result, a three orders of magnitude static leakage reduction with a bias range of 2.1 V demonstrates the excellent Vt controllability of the SOTB transistors, and the 1.2 V bias difference achieves a 50× leakage reduction without degrading speed.

Determination of contents of chloramphenicol and salicylic acid in Acne liniment by HPLC

Objective To establish a method for detecting the contents of chloramphenicol and salicylic acid in Acne liniment by HPLC. Methods HPLC was conducted on a UltimateTM XB-C18with acetonitrile-0.01 mol/L sodium heptanesulfonate solution (dissove 6.8 g,potassium phosphate monobasic and mixing well,adjusting to pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid) (25:75) as mobile phase,detected at 278 nm;with a flow rate of 1.0 ml·min-1. Results The calibration curve of chloramphenicol was linear with 29.49 ～ 196.60 μg/ml (r = 0.9999). The average recovery of chloramphenicol was 99.1％. The calibration curve = 0.9999). The average recovery of chloramphenicol was 99.1％. The calibration curve of salicylic acid was linear with 31.41 ～ 209.40 μg/ml (r = 0.999 9). The average recovery of Salicylic acid was 99.5％.Conclusions This detection method is simple and accurate and can be used for the quality control of Acne liniment. Key words: Acne liniment; Chloramphenicol; Salicylic acid; HPLC

Application of zingiberol combined with purple burn ointment in prevention of chemotherapy-induced phlebitis

Objective To explore the effect of zingiberol combined with purple burn ointment in prevention of chemotherapy- induced phlebitis. Methods 200 cases of peripheral intravenous chemotherapy were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group with 100 cases in each. The control group was given conventional infusion chemotherapy drugs, the experimental group used zingiberol combined with purple bum ointment to embrocate the skin around the vein to prevent phlebitis. After chemotherapy, the results were observed and recorded. Results The incidence of phlebitis in the experimental group significantly reduced compared with the control group. Conclusions Embrocation with zingiberol and purple burn ointment can prevent chemotherapy-induced phlebitis, which is simple with significant effect. Key words: Phlebitis; Chemotherapy; Zingiberol; Purple bum ointment; Combination therapy

Pongamia pinnata: Phytochemical constituents, Traditional uses and Pharmacological properties: A review

Many herbal remedies individually or in combination have been recommended in various medical treatises for the cure of diff erent diseases. Th e Pongamia pinnata, commonly known as ‘Karanj’, has been recognized in diff erent system of traditional medicines for the treatment of diff erent diseases and ailments of human beings. It contains several phytoconstituents belonging to category fl avonoids and fi xed oils. Th e fruits and sprouts of P. pinnata were used in folk remedies for abdominal tumours in India, the seeds for keloid tumours in Sri Lanka and a powder derived from the plant for tumours in Vietnam. In Sanskritic India, seeds were used for skin aliments. Today, the oil is used as a liniment for rheumatism. Leaves are active against Micrococcus; their juice is used for cold, cough, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, fl atulence, gonorrhoea and leprosy. Roots are used for cleaning gums, teeth and ulcers. Bark is used internally for bleeding piles. Juices from the plant as well as oil are antiseptic. In the traditional systems of medicines, such as Ayurveda and Unani, the P. pinnata plant is used for anti-infl ammatory, anti-plasmodial, anti-nonciceptive, anti-hyperglycaemics, anti-lipidoxidative, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-ulcer, anti-hyperammonic and antioxidant. Its oil is a source of biodiesel. It has also alternative source of energy, which is renewable, safe and non-pollutant. Key words: Karanj, Pongamia pinnata, phytochemical constituents, traditional uses and pharmacological properties

Optimization of the Body Bias Voltage Set (BBVS) for Flex Power FPGA

This paper describes a new design concept, the Body Bias Voltage Set (BBVS), and presents the effect of the BBVS on static power, operating speed, and area overhead in an FPGA with field-programmable Vth components. A Flex Power FPGA is an FPGA architecture to solve the static power problem by the fine grain field-programmable Vth control method. Since the Vth of transistors for specific circuit blocks in the Flex Power FPGA is chosen from a set of Vth values defined by a BBVS, selection of a particular BBVS is an important design decision. A particular BBVS is chosen by selecting body biases from among several supplied body bias candidates. To select the optimal BBVS, we provide 136 BBVSs and perform a thorough search. In a BBVS of less Vth steps, the deepest reverse body bias for high-Vth transistors does not necessarily result in optimal conditions. A BBVS of 0.0 V and -0.8 V, which requires 1.65 times the original area, utilizes as little as 1/30 of the static power of a conventional FPGA without performance degradation. Use of an aggressive forward body bias voltage such as +0.6 V for lowest-Vth, performance is increased by up to 10%. Another BBVS of +0.6 V, 0.0 V, and -0.8 V reduces static power to 14.06% while maintaining a 10% performance increase, but it requires 2.75-fold area.

Not All Use of OTC Agents Is Safe

According to the New York City medical examiner, the recent sudden death of an adolescent cross-country runner was caused by excess use of over-the-counter (OTC) sports creams (such as Bengay and Icy Hot) to relieve sore muscles and joints. The creams contain the anti-inflammatory agent methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen or batula oil). In addition to repeatedly using the muscle cream on her …

The Experiment Research on The Role of Verticilum Liniment Compound Recipe to Depress Blood Pressure

目的 研究复方降压灵搽剂的降血压作用.方法 选用自发性高血压大鼠及药物性急性高血压犬,用HX-Ⅱ型小动物血压测量器,测压导管、流量记录仪、多导生理记录仪、测量记录复方降压灵搽剂对高血压模型大鼠及家犬血压、心率、外周阻力、心输出量、左心室内压、左心室作功指数等心脏血流动学的影响.结果 复方降压灵搽剂能降低自发性高血压大鼠、药物性急性高血压家犬的血压,(P＜0.05～0.01);降低药物性急性高血压犬的左心室内压、外周血管总阻力、心输出量、左心室作功指数,(P＜0.05～0.01).结论 复方降压灵搽剂有一定的降血压作用。

Investigate the curative effect on treatment of 40 major aphthous ulcer patients by combined use povidone-iodine,H2O2 and levamisole liniment

目的 探索碘伏,双氧水和左旋咪唑涂布剂联合治疗重型阿弗它溃疡的效果.方法 按重型阿弗它溃疡诊断标准,将患者随机分为两组,治疗组患者用碘伏、双氧水和左旋咪唑涂布剂联合治疗.对照组采用口服甲硝唑、抗生素、复合维生素B、维生素C治疗,定期随访,观察疗效.结果 治疗组患者治疗有效率85%,对照组为55%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 碘伏、双氧水和左旋咪唑涂布剂联合治疗重型阿弗它溃疡,有确切疗效。