Linguistic Tools Research Articles

دلالة التعريف والتنكير في كتاب معونة القاري لصحيح البخاري لأبي الحسن المنوفي المالكي (ت:939هـ)

The subject of the research is tagged with (the significance of definition and denial in the book Maa’untul-Qari of Saheeh Al-Bukhari by Abu Al-Hassan al-Munufi Al-Maliki (died 939 AH.) Defining and indefining and their significance, the hadith commentators deliberately mentioned these causes, purposes and motives, as they open doors for us from which we can pick up the pearls of meanings and its valuables, from that the expansion of meanings to the expansion of linguistic tools that are key to extracting the reservoirs of prophetic expression and sensing the features of linguistic connotations in the honorable Prophetic hadith.

Text Aesthetics in M. Atwood’s “The Handmaid’s Tale” and its Reflection in the Russian Version of the Novel (Revisiting Translation Adequacy)

The present article looks at how the translator’s creativity can adequately reconcile with the objective necessity for him/ her to follow the letter of the original. The case study of the Russian version of M. Atwood’s 1984 dystopian novel “The Handmaid’s Tale”, the latter literally bristling with metaphor and simile, demonstrates a great importance of adequately conveying the text’s poetic function.In our approach, inspired by G. Bachelard’s phenomenological theory of space, we view Offred’s monologue as a kind of revery, herself – as a day-dreaming subject going through an emotional ordeal. It should be noted that in modern psychology, Offred’s revery, including her memories and fantasies, can be regarded as a product of the “wanderings” of her mind. To look deeper into Offred’s subconscious and bring out her most personal emotions we apply cognitive linguistic tools. We also turn to Atwood’s early poetry since the “Tale” told by Offred the Handmaid manifests evocative images and motives typical of the peculiar Atwoodian style.Specifically, we have focused on contexts, in which nature-inspired images produced by the protagonist’s “wandering mind” and unfolding within innumerable metaphors and similes, unveil the ambiguity of human nature and the eerie side of life in the fictional Republic of Gilead. The cognitive analysis of the original contexts has demonstrated the equal value of metaphor and simile as major literary devices for creating character profile and even for constructing a complex plot. We have studied how those extremely diverse figures of speech are conveyed by the translator, Anastasia B. Gryzunova. Despite the many occasions when she succeeded in conveying the meaning of Atwood’s unconventional comparisons, her version, however, lacks a clear-cut translation strategy which results in a dissonance between Offred’s deep depression and the way the translator actually makes her sound in some parts of the text.Acknowledging the positive role of the translator’s creativity, we emphasize the need for translation adequacy interpreted as consistency in pursuing a strategy that builds on the key ideas of the source text, the author’s intention and her individual style. Such view on the nature of adequacy is in line with scientifically based evaluation methods for poetic prose, of which Atwood’s acclaimed dystopian novel is no doubt a remarkable example.

Don’t Worry, Be Happy—Does the CEO’s Personality Mitigate the Negative Effect of Financial Constraints on Employee Satisfaction?

Our study addresses whether a chief executive officer’s (CEO) personality can mitigate financial constraints’ negative effect on employee satisfaction. We draw on extant research that establishes this negative effect but add an upper echelon’s perspective by examining the potential influence of the CEO’s personality traits. Using a multi-source dataset of 1516 observations of S&P 500 firms, novel measures of employee satisfaction based on Glassdoor reviews, and a machine-learning-based linguistic tool on the Five-Factor Model’s personality traits, our study reveals that a CEO who has a high level of openness to experience and/or a low level of conscientiousness buffers the negative impact of financial constraints on employee satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Shaping unified information space in industries: Problems and solutions (the case study of agro-industrial complex)

The problems of building up the single information space and industryspecific digital knowledge space are examined. The normative acts regulating and defining the creation of the unified information space of Russia, including the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation for 2017–2030 and the RF Presidential Decree “On the approval of the Foundations of State Policy in the strategic planning in the Russian Federation”, are discussed. The purpose of the study was to analyze the current state of the process of shaping the unified information knowledge space (UIKS) of the agroindustrial complex. To form the unified information space of the industry, it is necessary to develop and adopt regulatory documents at the industry level, unified methodological approaches, software and linguistic tools, data presentation format; to design the scheme of interaction between system participants. There are 216 research institutions (RI) operating in the agricultural industry, i. e. 181 research institutes (SRI), 35 experimental stations and 57 higher educational institutions (HEI). In 2012 by the decision of the Russian Agricultural Academy, the centralized electronic library system was created, the cornerstone of which is the Union Catalog. The joint software, linguistic tools, data presentation format, and methodological foundations also exist. However, the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences has changed the situation, some research institutes have ceased implementing the decisions of the Russian Agricultural Academy. The formation of the UIKS of the Agro-Industrial Complex requires the relevant regulations approved by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the willingness of the research institutions’ executives.

Automated measures of speech content and speech organization in schizophrenia: Test-retest reliability and generalizability across demographic variables

Technological advances in artificial intelligence and natural language processing have increased efficiency of assessing speech content and speech organization in schizophrenia. Despite these developments, there has been little focus on the psychometrics of these approaches. Using two common assessments, the current study addressed this gap by: 1) measuring test-retest reliability; and 2) assessing whether speech content and/or speech organization generalize across demographics. To test these aims, we examined psychometric properties of the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), a speech content measure, and the Coh-Metrix, a speech organization measure. Across baseline to six month (n = 101) and baseline to one year (n = 47) narrative speech samples, we generally observed fair reliability for speech content measures and fair to good reliability for speech organization measures. Regarding demographics, multiple speech indices varied by race, income, and education. The lack of excellent reliability scores for speech indices holds important implications for examining speech variables in clinical trials and highlights the dynamic nature of speech. This work illustrates the importance of designing speech content and speech organization measures with external validity across demographic factors. Future studies examining speech in schizophrenia should account for potential biases against demographic groups introduced by linguistic analysis tools.

ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ, ПУТИ, СПОСОБЫ И МЕХАНИЗМ ГРАММАТИКАЛИЗАЦИИ СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ

The article examines the phenomenon of grammaticalization on the material of syntactic constructions. The authors reveal the sources (linguistic means) of grammaticalization, their linguistic nature (causes of grammaticalization), determine the grammaticalization degree of each source; have formed a typology of sources for free and phraseologized syntactic constructions, have determined universal and unique sources; justified the allocation of syntactic sources proper. The paths of grammaticalization are described. Two means of grammaticalization have been established: the main one is the deactualization of the indicator, the secondary means is actualization. At the same time, both means lead to a generalization of lexical, grammatical and functional semantics, to decategorization or transcategorization of the language sign. Thus, we argue that in the field of syntactic constructions there is only one mechanism of grammaticalization - generalization / abstraction / expansion of the language sign meaning. We formulated the following definition of syntactic construction grammaticalization: grammaticalization of the compulsory unchangeable component of the fixed phrase scheme is the transition of a functional or notional lexeme (or a combination of lexemes) into a compulsory component of a phraseologized syntactic construction as a result of complete or partial deactualization of its lexical-morphological and syntactic meaning, i.e. the transition of language signs from the lexical-morphological sphere to the syntactic (syntaxization). The grammaticalization of the syntactic construction ultimately leads to the formation of a new linguistic tool (syntactic phraseological unit: a fixed model, fixed phrase scheme or fixed phrase) with new grammatical indicators, as well as a new way of representing both grammatical and dictum-modus (a fixed model, fixed phrase scheme) or only modus (fixed phrase) meaning.

Theoretical and Methodological Bases of Developing Save Digital Education Environment in Professional Education: Legal and Technological Aspects

This article is the continuation of the research started in 2020 based at Science and Education Centre “Digital education environment” of department of law at Lomonosov Moscow State University. Research subject are general methodological bases of developing save Digital education environment (DEE), technological and legal aspects of ensuring its safety. In this work, the authors have studied the idea of DEE security. The analysis of tendencies and challenges that influence the safety of DEE were provided. To ensure secure usage of online services and platforms, indicators of digital education environment safety were established and analyzed. Stated indicators are examined through the prism of education quality criteria (based on the previously developed approach). In this article, existing legal aspect of ensuring safety of DEE and its individual constituents are studied. In the context of securing DEE safety and other adjacent problems the authors have examined the prospects of legal and organizational regulation. Namely the licensing and certification, DEE users’ legal status, user identification and control mechanisms of DEE, technological aspects of DEE safety and their legalization, the development prospects of methodological and linguistic tools, safety of micro-teaching via DEE and gamification of DEE.

GENDER ASYMMETRY IN MODERN MASS MEDIA ENGLISH

The article explores the functioning of feminitives-neologismsin modern English. Feminitives are quite actively studied by modern linguists. Word formation studies the formation of feminitives, gender linguistics studies their use. The focus of linguistic gender studies is the study of the category of gender using linguistic tools, the representation of the category of gender in the language, the presence of gender asymmetry (this phenomenon is also called androcentrism of the language), etc. Feminitives are a struggle against the androcentrism of the language, in which the male norm is presented as universal. In the article, gender is considered as a stratification category, as one of the parameters by which the social identity of the speaker is constructed in communication. The English language tends to be politically correct and use gender-neutral words. The prevailing ideology and moral norms have led to the fact that they have become the basis for the formation of the language policy of states. Gender is a product of the development of culture and society. Of great interest is the study of gender in professional communication, attention is paid to the ways of nominating persons of different sexes. So, the purpose of the study is to conduct a gender analysis of the ongoing changes in the modern world.

Diskursive Landeskunde : Spracharbeit - recht(s) extrem

In a perception of our own or Foreign Cultures, we ascribe interpretations to specific situations that are shaped by our personal and selective experiences. Discourse-based cultural studies posit that these meanings are formed through conversation and discourse. Thus, cultural studies are intimately intertwined with language, arising and evolving through language usage and discourse. In this context, the following text presents a teaching example from a Finnish university German lesson to demonstrate how learners of German as a foreign language become active participants in the construction of meaning. They expand their opinions and question different positions in the discourse to comprehend and acknowledge them. Using the beginning of a coming-of-age novel as an authentic text on migration, learners engage in literary reception, enhancing oral and written communication skills while raising awareness of recognizing right-wing extremist language. Through discussions, learners explore social contexts and become conscious of symbols as linguistic tools.

Long Short-Term Memory for Non-Factoid Answer Selection in Indonesian Question Answering System for Health Information

Providing reliable health information to a community can help raise awareness of the dangers of diseases, their causes, methods of prevention, and treatment. Indonesians are facing various health problems partly due to the lack of health information; hence, the community needs media that can effectively provide reliable health information, namely a question answering (QA) system. The frequently asked questions are non-factoid questions. The development of answer selection based on the classical approach requires distinctive engineering features, linguistic tools, or external resources. It can be solved using deep learning approach such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). However, this model cannot capture the sequence of words in both questions and answers. Therefore, this study aims to implement a long short-term memory (LSTM) model to effectively exploit long-range sequential context information for an answer selection task. In addition, this study analyses various hyper-parameters of Word2Vec and LSTM, such as the dimension, context window, dropout, hidden unit, learning rate, and margin; the corresponding values that yield the best mean reciprocal rank (MRR) and mean average precision (MAP) are found to be 300, 15, 0.25, 100, 0.01, and 0.1, respectively. The best model yields MAP and MRR values of 82.05% and 91.58%, respectively. These results experienced an increase in MAP and MRR of 18.68% and 46.11%, respectively, compared to CNN as the baseline model.

Corpus-Based Analysis of French and English Neologisms in Media Discourse

Language development is an ongoing process, and changes occur at all levels of the lan-guage. This article discusses the changes in the lexical composition of French and English, namely neolo-gisms. Media discourse was chosen as the material for the study because it is characterized by a high dyna-mism of changes and reflects, interprets many new phenomena of objective reality, with new language struc-tures used to describe them. The study was based on linguistic data from Néoveille and WebCorp platforms. In addition to quantitative and distributive methods, a qualitative and component analysis of neologisms was applied to their word-formation models and connotations. In 2022 the most frequent neologisms in French were personnes-années, demies-journées, grande-reporters, and tout-mots, in English –liveaboard, micro-mobility, effective altruism, and tomato flu. Additionally, some neologisms were analyzed in context. In 2022 metaphorical neologisms were found to be more common in English than in French. Neologismsap-pear more often in contexts that are related to technology and politics. Based on the study, lists of the most common neologisms were compiled, which can be used in the teaching of foreign languages at high levels. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to further study neologisms that appear in different languages and the ways of detecting them in various texts because, despite the high level of development of the tools of computational and corpus linguistics, their methods and tools still have limitations and shortcomings that require an expert assessment of the results obtained.

Effectiveness of linguistic and extralinguistic tools across English language comics during the perception of scientific information

The modern development of social communications in connection with the mass transition to the online mode of life and education becomes decisive. At the same time this tradition changes communication channels and information transmission due to their pedagogical and educational contexts. Monitoring consists in studying the saturation of these channels with verbal, visual and symbolic systems of signs that manifest the phenomenon of polymodality. One of the active channels of communication on the Internet has become comic as a form of verbal-visual communication. Verbal saturation in comics is considered as a system of worked-out rules, and drawings. System of signs is filled with the purpose and goals by author of the text. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of main directions of English-language comics for the reader's perception of scientific literature through the use of linguistic and extralinguistic features. The analytical and bibliographic method of scientific literature in the context of the applied verbal and paraverbal elements of the text is adopted. Regarding, a questionnaire was used to verify the practical aspects of the perception of the comics test The results of the study made it possible to hierarchically construct the types of verbal and extralingual means used in English-language comics, and to characterize the peculiarities of verbal and extralingual means from the viewpoint of polymodality of their use.

The carving & healing of a wound: linguistic homelessness and disidentification as survival

Building on the work of chicana theorist Gloria Anzaldúa and queer theorist José Esteban Muñoz this paper analyses and discusses the affective component of language for those whose first language has been overshadowed by a second language. I ask how language affects the self’s sense of identity/belonging, the possibility for communicating/accessing queerness, and what linguistic or poetic tools can be employed to empower the self. Following the tradition of feminist thought that assumes that the personal is political, I write from personal experiences. As a Colombian-born migrant in Sweden, I explore how the overshadowing of my mother tongue (Spanish) by Swedish (as the language with the perceived highest social and cultural value in Swedish society) has impacted on my self-image, sense of identity, self-worth and queerness. Gloria Anzaldúa inspires me to mix languages and push the boundaries of the academic text format. Confronting it with a poetic, violent and desbordado language, I challenge normative ideas of academic writing, but I also hope that others might find beauty in the decisive ambiguity and the mixing of languages. I engage with what Gloria Anzaldúa (2012, 1984) and Cherrie Moraga (1984) call theorizing from the flesh and turn to concepts such as linguistic terrorism, while also approaching José Esteban Muñoz’s brown feelings (2020). Furthermore, I build on Torres (2017) who argues that the emotional bonds bilinguals have to different languages intersect with their sense of identity and place, thus evoking various emotions and memories. From here, I conclude that having one’s first language be overshadowed by a second one creates ambiguity and confusion about the self’s identity. Feeling homeless in language translates into an uncertainty about one’s claim to any citizenship or cultural identity, thus leading to anxiety, sadness and sense of non-belonging. I contrast this with the concept of disidentification (Muñoz 1999), which opens practices of survival through entering queer temporality and embracing ambiguity. Accordingly, the confusion about a defined identity (going along with a particular language) can become useful for negotiating the self’s queerness. For Muñoz, neither opting for assimilation nor counteridentification, but disidentifying allows the self to (re)construct a sense of identity and belonging.

БАЗА ЗНАНЬ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ФАЗОВОЇ СТАБІЛЬНОСТІ ТВЕРДИХ РОЗЧИНІВ

This research work is devoted to the development of a knowledge base for solving the current problem of forecasting the phase stability of solid solutions. Knowledge bases mean a set of facts and inference rules that allow logical conclusion and purposeful processing of information. The most important property of information stored in knowledge bases is the reliability of specific and generalized information in the database and the relevance of the original information obtained using the rules of inference embedded in the knowledge base. The best knowledge bases include the most relevant, reliable and fresh information, have perfect information search systems, a carefully thought-out structure and format of knowledge. The expert system embodies the methodology of adapting the algorithm of successful solutions from one sphere of scientific and practical activity to another. With the spread of computer technologies, it is an identical intelligent computer program that contains the knowledge and analytical abilities of one or more experts in some field of application and is able to draw logical conclusions based on this knowledge, thereby providing a solution to specific tasks. An intelligent information system (IIS) is one of the types of automated information systems, which is a complex of software, linguistic and logical-mathematical tools for the implementation of the main task, which usually consists of data interpretation and forecasting. Data interpretation is one of the traditional tasks for expert systems. Interpretation means the process of determining the content of data, the results of which must be agreed and correct. A multivariate analysis of the data is usually assumed, and the findings from this model form the basis for probabilistic estimates. Forecasting allows you to predict the consequences of some events or phenomena based on the analysis of available data. A parametric dynamic model is usually used in the forecasting system, in which parameter values are set for a given situation. As a result of the development, a knowledge base model was built for predicting the phase stability of solid solutions using a set of production rules, predicates, functions and operators.

LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY TOOLSIN TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSURANCE

The article summarizes a brief description of linguistic tools applied by localization agencies and professional translators: cloud services, evaluation metrics, terminology management, standalone Quality Assurance tools or integrated into Translation Memory databases and Computer Assisted/AidedTranslation tools. The functions and features of QA-tools reviewed in the paper imply accurate analysis of the particular context and active involvement of the translator while verifying the quality of a translation. Automated quality assessment tools prove useful eliminating formal (formatting) mistakes considerably reducing the time required for the monotonous repetitive process of proofreading and correction. Automated QA-methods are the main research topic of computational linguistics and language technologies (or natural language processing) along with language modelling, machine translation, natural language understanding and generation, automatic text summarization and data retrieval. The subject, methods, goals and approaches of Computational Linguistics as an interdisciplinary field of Digital Humanities are a matter of contoversy and considerable interest, thus encouraging further discussion on the topic.

The use of linguistic devices in advertisement slogans on social media

With the rise of modern technologies and the implementation of new businesses and brands, the urge for publicity has generated a demand for advertisements. As the key factor for spreading awareness and attracting new consumers, advertising has gained power by employing the written word as the best means of communication. Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest and many others) are chosen more and more often as they are used by a profuse number of potential customers. A lot of companies have acknowledged that thoughtfully chosen linguistic tools might enhance the popularity of the promoted product or service. Thus, the article aims to unveil the effectiveness of phonetic and semantic devices in advertisement slogans, analyse linguistic peculiarities that boost public interest and curiosity, specify which linguistic techniques evoke most of the emotions and make the advertisement both gripping and memorable. The research was based on the application of theoretical and descriptive comparative linguistic analysis methods. Having analysed a great many advertisement slogans, the number of samples carefully elucidated and presented in this article was 13, as they contained the required linguistic segments set in the objectives of this research, i.e., onomatopoeia, alliteration, rhyme, and rhythm, as well as denotative and connotative elements of the lexical meaning. The article reveals that the proper use of linguistic devices benefits to attract and manipulate the target audience; phonetic devices enable to reach the effect of memorability, whereas semantic devices play a crucial role in the domain of emotions.

СПЕЦИФИКА РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ОЦЕНКИ В АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫХ МЕДИАТЕКСТАХ (на примере рубрик “analysis”, “opinion”, “editorial”)

The study investigates the representation of the vaccine against COVID-19 in “editorial”, “opinion” and “analysis” articles. The study draws on the appraisal model as a linguistic tool to analyze the attitudinal language of the articles, the differences in which have the potential to be the ground for differentiating “opinion”, “editorial”, and “analysis” texts. The selected 30 articles belong to the period from March 2020 to January 2021, when the importance of the vaccine was unprecedented and all political and economic factors moved to the background. The findings indicate no significant differences in the types of evaluations used, though demonstrate some tendencies that constitute grounds for further research in the field: 1) “analysis” texts draw on less evaluative elements than “editorial” and “opinion”; 2) “opinion” texts demonstrate a balance of appreciation and judgment; 3) there is a dominance of judgment in “editorial” texts. The paper demonstrates that all texts judge the vaccines as effective tools and avoid emotional or negative evaluations.

Linguistic Data Consortium

The Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) creates, stores, and distributes language resources, in particular language corpora, for educational, governmental, and commercial purposes. At this time, the number of corpora available on the LDC platform exceeds 900, and new ones are added on a monthly basis. Since its founding in 1992, LDC has had thousands of members such as universities, libraries, government research laboratories, and corporations. While there is a plethora of language resources available to researchers these days, LDC continues to stand out by offering an unparalleled selection of carefully curated corpora combined with a variety of linguistic tools.

THE REPETITION OF ENGLISH PROVERBS

Repetition is one of the main linguistic tools that could be used in so many different ways to communicate ideas without stating that the repeated word is the importance. The repeated is significant to the addressee since they hear it and process twice or more. This paper has conveyed that proverbs in English can carry out different level of meanings. Repetition appears in so many forms. The researcher has showed the semantic and the phonological levels of repletion since they are the most noticeable ones in language. The researcher then took example of English proverbs and explain the various repetition forms and function. Therefore, the researcher has concluded that repetition is used in different forms that could semantic, formal or full.

Apocalyptic representation of COVID-19: A corpus-assisted discourse analysis of the World Health Organization's discourse practices

This study examines the interdiscursive representation of the coronavirus disease by the World Health Organization from the outbreak of the virus in January 2020 to the announcement of a successful vaccine in November 2020. The aim is to find out whether the agency has delivered apocalyptic language that increased anxiety and stress among the public leading to a weak human immune system, or contributed to creating global cooperation and placing emergency measures to fight the virus. I have adopted a discourse analysis approach, with the aid of NVivo qualitative software and corpus linguistic tools, for the analysis of a purpose-built corpus of the WHO Director-General’s speeches, focusing on referential, predication, perspectivation, intensifying, mitigation and argumentation strategies. The result of the analysis revealed that the WHO discourse referred to COVID-19 as an eccentric virus, qualified and intensified by the agency as a threat to humanity. The WHO adopted a subjective point of view, showing active involvement in the discursive representation of the virus and argumentatively asking people to unite until a vaccine is invented.