Linguistic System Research Articles

Lexico-semantic compatibility of words in Kazakh

The article examines the difference between the notions of compatibility and valency and distinguishes the types of combinations in the linguistic system. The aim of the article is to investigate the functions and types of combinations as a linguistic category. The article uses deductive, inductive methods and content analysis methods. The criterion of lexical combination in the linguistic system is analyzed. The potential of the combination of Kazakh words has also been considered. The analysis of the linguistic material has led us to the conclusion that lexical word combinations with an indicative component have an appositive potential. The study of the types of word combinations led to the hypothesis that the valency can be not only structural, stylistic, functional, but also semantic. The valency of words, although extremely important, is not dominant in determining their combinatorics. More important here seems to be their position of compatibility in meaning. The valence properties of the Kazakh language are described; the distinctive features of the manifestation of valence properties are revealed. The results of the analysis of valence properties of Kazakh vocabulary can also be used in the study of the valence theory of general linguistics. When studying the valence properties of a language, the analysis of its lexical semantics and the determination of its belonging to semantic groups characterized by a field structure is at the core.

Contrastive Study on Differences in Sentence Aspects between Arabic, Tamil, and English Languages

This research focuses on studying differences in sentence elements between Arabic, English, and Tamil by exposing similarities and dissimilarities. It uses a descriptive contrastive methodology. This research is based on a theory of linguistics. According to this, the researchers used books, articles, theses, and website articles to obtain the necessary information for Secondary data. It finds that Arabic, English, and Tamil belong to different linguistic families. The Arabic language belongs to the Semitic languages, no matter what, Tamil language belongs to Dravidian, and English belongs to the Indo-European family. In this case, they specialize in specific sentence elements according to their linguistic components. Based on this, there are more differences than similarities. For example, there are differences in gender, numeral, tense, pronouns, adjectives, genitives, and articles. These things affect learning a language as a foreign or second language. This study helps the learners to get the differences between the languages. Learners of Arabic, a foreign language, should pay attention to their own language grammar in order to be fluent in both languages to study the Arabic linguistic system in contrast to the Tamil language for learning a language in the best way and to learn Tamil language in the best way, regardless of their mother tongue to learn Arabic fluently.

Kamusal söylemde olumlu benlik temsili: İnkâr stratejilerinin eleştirel söylem analizine Ekşi Sözlük’ten örnekler

In today's society, racial and ethnic biases / concerns can be shown in a variety of ways. Members of the majority group primarily shape public discourse by expressing their ethnic perspectives in various ways. They may show, hide, and/or deny negative feelings against minorities, immigrants, refugees, and/or the others. In this regard, the present study attempts to examine and explore denial of unfavorable ethnic attitudes, biases, and worries voiced in public discourse regarding Turkey's Armenian minority. Within the framework of the study, I will investigate what kind of denial strategies may be found in the posts (comments) under the headings "Ermenilerden özür diliyorum" [I apologize to Armenians] and "Hepimiz Ermeniyiz" [We are all Armenians] posted on Ekşi Sözlük "Sour Dictionary" (one of the largest collaborative online communities in Turkey) between 2007-2008 years, shortly after the assassination of Hrant Dink (a journalist and member of the Armenian minority group living in Turkey) in 2007. Accordingly, I will discuss the sample entries within the scope of Critical Discourse Analysis and Teun van Dijk's denial strategies, which aim to show how ideology and ideological processes reveal themselves as linguistic systems. Then I will present my analysis of the most frequently used denial strategies observed in these entries. I will examine the denial methods used in the text and determine how racial or ethnic biases and concerns (at the macro level) are expressed in the text through word choice, sentence structure, hierarchy, and context (micro level). In this way, we will be able to see macro-level goals in the text through micro-level structures.

Tsui, Heart Expressions in the Gã Bible

The paper explores the metaphorical and metonymic expressions of the heart in Gã (a West African language) within the framework of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory propounded by Lakoff and Johnson. The aim is to examine the ways in which tsui, ‘the heart’ is used in the Gã Bible to express human experiences. The data are gathered from personal conversations with Gã scholars and the Gã Bible. The data revealed the underlying conceptual metaphoric and metonymic patterns and their expressions of various aspects of emotions, modes of rationality and interpersonal relationship in the Gã language. This demonstrates that there is a clear relationship between the linguistic systems of a people and their conceptual and cultural experiences.

Hybrid verbs of Slavic origin with the suffixes -inti, -yti, -uoti, -ėti, -auti in Lithuanian slang: derivative and adaptive hybrids

The article analyses 246 hybrid verbs of Slavic origin with the suffixes -inti, -uoti, -yti, -ėti, -auti from the Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary. The study reveals that borrowings with affixal adaptation are always adapted to the linguistic system. The most popular suffix is -inti (190 hybrid verbs). There are some (64) derivative hybrids with this suffix, hybrids are formed from the adapted basic words, and therefore, in such cases hybrid verbs are derivations of the suffix -inti. There are twice as many adaptive hybrids (126), which are morphologically adapted by replacing the derivative suffix of the language donor with the suffix of the language recipient. Other suffixes are rare: -uoti (21), -yti (12), -ėti (12), -auti (11), with which derivative hybrids are usually formed from already adapted basic noun in slang.

Investigating Lexical Concept and Semantic Representation of Covid-19 in Coronavirus Corpus: A Corpus-Based Study

This article discusses the lexical and semantic representation through the collocation that appeared in the Coronavirus Corpus. This research investigates the frequent collocates that appeared together with the node word Corona and find out how those collocates construct the meaning through the linguistic system and conceptual system as they are involved in lexical representation. This research offers a new insight into teaching language using Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models (Evans, 2009). The data collected are from the Coronavirus corpus by using the corpus-based method. The strength of the keywords and collocate is measured by using Mutual Information (MI). The MI was set in 5; therefore, three lexemes resulted, i.e., cases, patients, and outbreak. The data were analyzed using the lexical concept and cognitive model proposed by Evans (2009). The research results, in general, reveal that the information is coming from the “authorized institution” and “government’s representative”; it needs “the official approval or agreement” before publishing to the media, and in the passive form, it describes the foregrounded information and agentless informational assertion. Therefore, the information should be accurate and firm. However, another lexical concept reveals that the information is terrorizing and terrifying; the educated and trained person should also conduct the treatment.

Parallel structural patterns in internal linguistic systems of English: an integrated approach

This paper reviews the major parallel structural patterns common across all internal linguistic systems despite the fact that important differences exist between the different language systems besides similarities. However, the prevailing pedagogic approaches to treating these internal linguistic systems as mutually exclusive rather than complementary have highlighted the differences by bringing them to the fore and at the same time have obscured and ignored the essential similarities shared by them all. Drawing on Radford’s (2004) reflection that binarity is equally valid and applicable to the constituent structures of phonological and morphological systems and operations along with that of syntax, the present study extends certain other operations primarily discussed and analysed in terms of syntactic constituents to have been equal application and validity in other linguistic systems i.e., phonology, morphology, and lexicology. This study has concentrated on aspects of general structural patterns in three significant patterns such as ‘essential/non-essential dichotomy’, ‘ordering of elements in constituents at all levels, ‘subcategorization’ restrictions on elements of constituents at all levels. It has been concluded that all the features equally apply to all three internal linguistic systems.

Farāʾid Alfāẓ An-nābaāt fī al-Qurʾān al-Karīm: Dirāsaẗ fī al-‘iʿjāz al-Luġhowiy Wā At-Tarbiyah Al-Islaamiyah

This research is reveal the secrecy of the plant's sentences in the Qur'an, both specific and general aspects as it has not been previously revealed. This in-depth study in uncovering this uniqueness presents beauty because it is not repeated, and has root words so that it can be seen clearly the beauty of the presentation and arranged according to the context of the study is a clear linguistic system for those who understand. In addition to this linguistic beauty, the usefulness of this study also has meaning from the philosophical aspect of living life which can be used as a life lesson in the form of the value of life. This research is descriptive phenomenological research that uses an integrative approach and linguistic analysis by combining historical methods that explore phenomena both from the aspect of the word origin and the depth of meaning from the philosophical aspect of education. This research consists of two parts, namely the linguistic and philosophical aspects of Islamic education. From the linguistic aspect, there are three studies, namely the definition of linguistic and idiomatic characteristics, critical and rhetorical inheritance, and the uniqueness of plants in the Qur'an. Meanwhile, from the philosophical aspect of education, it is to explore the beauty of God's creation and make it an example in human life that provides many benefits to the surrounding environment. The results of the study conclude that ‎the study of plants in the Qur'an has diverse characteristics which are extremely beautiful in enriching language ‎scholarship and having a philosophical value from the living ways of plants that ‎ give benefits. The Qur'an has many unique characteristics, both historically and in contemporary reality. One of the uniqueness is the linguistic and rhetorical aspects of the word plant. The development of plants that provide many benefits to the surrounding nature can be imitated by humans as intelligent beings.

Social biases can lead to less communicatively efficient languages

ABSTRACT Language is subject to a variety of pressures. Recent work has documented that many aspects of language structure have properties that appear to be shaped by biases for the efficient communication of semantic meaning. Other work has investigated the role of social pressures, whereby linguistic variants can acquire positive or negative evaluation based on who is perceived to be using them. While the influence of these two sets of biases on language change has been well documented, they have typically been treated separately, in distinct lines of research. We used a miniature language paradigm to test how these biases interact in language change. Specifically, we asked whether pressures to mark social meaning can lead linguistic systems to become less efficient at communicating semantic meaning. We exposed participants to a miniature language with uninformative constituent order and two dialects, one that employed case and one that did not. In the instructions, we socially biased participants toward users of the case dialect, users of the no-case dialect, or neither. Learners biased toward the no-case dialect dropped informative case, thus creating a linguistic system with high message uncertainty. They failed to compensate for this increased message uncertainty even after additional exposure to the novel language. Case was retained in all other conditions. These findings suggest that social biases not only interact with biases for efficient communication in language change but also can lead to linguistic systems that are less efficient at communicating semantic meaning.

Touch and translanguaging in a multilingual early childhood education setting

Many children grow up in multilingual communities characterised by linguistic heterogeneity and semiotic and cultural complexity. Translanguaging theory has provided a perspective attuned to communication and education in multilingual settings. However, translanguaging pedagogies have not yet had a broad uptake in early educational settings. The recent interest in embodiment within translanguaging studies and the study of touch combinedly provide a potential perspective for early childhood education. This study examines the role of touch in a multilingual preschool featuring 2-year-olds. The results point to two key functions for touch. One is that touch creates a shared experiential ground where languages can be learned. The other function is that touch allows children to sensorially explore and learn multicultural experiences from the diverse cultural and linguistic systems available. Based on the results, the role of touch in early childhood translanguaging is discussed as a way forward for translanguaging pedagogies for creating both equitable and diverse educational opportunities for children in multicultural and multilingual communities.

Makna Abaqa Nabi Yusuf Dalam Al-Qur'an (Aplikasi Semiotika Roland Barthes Terhadap QS. As-Saffat: 140)

This paper aims to find out the expressed and implied meaning related to “Abaqo” (escape) in the story of the Prophet Jonah revealed in QS. as-Saffat: 140. This study uses descriptive analysis methods and approaches and applies Roland Barthes' semiotics theory. The theory offered by Roland Berthes presents a semiotic approach with two steps. The first step is the linguistic system or what is known as the meaning of denotation. Then in the second step, namely the mythological system or connotative meaning. In other words, the reading in the initial step is a textual reading looking at the writing and language aspects. Then in the second step the reading is done by looking at the contextual side that is happening. With this approach the authors get the results namely: first, the linguistic system contained in the word Abaqo is not only interpreted as running in general but running away from something, which has many implied meanings in the word Abaqo. Second, the meaning of the word Abaqo from the mythological system can be interpreted as Prophet Yunus who is claimed to have reneged on responsibility because Prophet Yunus experienced despair due to his failure and failure to propagate religion and the teachings that Prophet Yunus brought in the form of faith and monotheism.

SEMIOTIC POTENTIAL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Abstract. Despite the considerable number of studies dealing with the semiotic aspects of education, none show the full semiotic potential of pedagogical education. This study presents the hierarchies of sign systems and their application in the training and development of future teachers. The use of A.B. Solomonik’s pyramid of sign systems to determine the semiotic potential of pedagogical education is particularly relevant. In this context, two goals of pedagogical training are considered. The first one is to use the sign systems of the given classification to identify the contents of the subject mastered by future teachers and use them for pedagogical interaction. In this case, semiotic research is developed in three directions: the semiotics of visualization of the content of school subjects; semiotics of visualization of the teaching process based on modern possibilities of technical means of education and information and communication technologies; and semiotics of pedagogical communication (internal and external). The second goal defines the prospects for using the presented semiotic pyramid for cultivating a general professional culture for student teachers. However, as a science, education does not have formalized first and second-order systems within the given classification. In this study, stereotypes (perceptions, images, behaviors) that determine the dynamics of a future teacher’s education and development function as units of sign systems. The development of stereotypes of pedagogical culture in future teachers determines their professional and personal progress, and the emergence and dynamics of innovative solutions. The characteristics of the four-level sign systems are given 1) Natural Sign Systems. These are elementary representations of interaction between student and teacher, reflecting life experiences made before the beginning of professional education. 2) Image Systems. These are stereotypes about the school education system held by applicants to the pedagogical universities. Stereotypes have both positive and negative characteristics. 3) Linguistic Systems. Verbal texts contain theoretical information about a particular area of professional culture and presuppose that each student acquires it individually (lecture material, traditional learning assignments, homework). A semiotic model of learning is manifested. The teacher gives a theoretical introduction to pedagogical paradigms – meta stereotypes of pedagogical perceptions and behaviors through language systems. 4) Writing systems. This level of sign systems includes written texts (documents) reflecting pedagogical systems and technologies, educational programs, and standards. A certain role in the formation of stereotypes among teachers is played at this level by the lists of competencies and professional functions defined by educational and professional standards. A different approach to personal and professional development implies a practice-oriented educational system developed through the continuous exercise of job-related tasks. In this sense, teacher training should reflect professional activity with the broader perspectives of synergy.

How Tone, Intonation and Emotion Shape the Development of Infants' Fundamental Frequency Perception.

Fundamental frequency (ƒ0), perceived as pitch, is the first and arguably most salient auditory component humans are exposed to since the beginning of life. It carries multiple linguistic (e.g., word meaning) and paralinguistic (e.g., speakers’ emotion) functions in speech and communication. The mappings between these functions and ƒ0 features vary within a language and differ cross-linguistically. For instance, a rising pitch can be perceived as a question in English but a lexical tone in Mandarin. Such variations mean that infants must learn the specific mappings based on their respective linguistic and social environments. To date, canonical theoretical frameworks and most empirical studies do not view or consider the multi-functionality of ƒ0, but typically focus on individual functions. More importantly, despite the eventual mastery of ƒ0 in communication, it is unclear how infants learn to decompose and recognize these overlapping functions carried by ƒ0. In this paper, we review the symbioses and synergies of the lexical, intonational, and emotional functions that can be carried by ƒ0 and are being acquired throughout infancy. On the basis of our review, we put forward the Learnability Hypothesis that infants decompose and acquire multiple ƒ0 functions through native/environmental experiences. Under this hypothesis, we propose representative cases such as the synergy scenario, where infants use visual cues to disambiguate and decompose the different ƒ0 functions. Further, viable ways to test the scenarios derived from this hypothesis are suggested across auditory and visual modalities. Discovering how infants learn to master the diverse functions carried by ƒ0 can increase our understanding of linguistic systems, auditory processing and communication functions.

Occasional Word Formation in the Expressiveness of a Text

The article analyzes the contribution of occasional word formation to the expressiveness of the text. Making the text more expressive by means of an occasional word-formation takes place when the process of text creation involves a coining of a new word which violates the norms of lexical derivation in its structural and semantic parameters. Due to its optional, new, non-normative, functional one-time nature, occasional derivatives (coinages) have become one of the major linguistic means of forming the connotative component of the semantics of the text or its segment. An occasionally derived word appears as a result of a combination of common word-forming components, characteristic for a particular linguistic system, i.e. a creative basis and a derivational formant, but their interaction in a particular derivative may result in the expansion of internal valence and pushes it beyond the language norm. The article focuses on a detailed description of the non-normative interaction of common creative bases and forms within the main parts of speech and word formation methods as well as their role in the expressiveness of the text. The article also describes less common ways of forming the linguistic expression of the text by means of occasional coinages. The latter methods include the use of word-forming formats stylized according to the derivational means of another language present in the text, permutation of formative bases which are the components of a word-forming structure, the amalgamation of several prefixes, which either strengthen the meaning of the first one or neutralize the value of the following prefix. Emotionally colored occasional derivatives (coinages) constitute an important component of text creation as they are responsible for the pragmatic sphere of the text which is connected with the subjective modality of the text and its realization.

З ІСТОРІЇ ІНДОЄВРОПЕЇСТИКИ: ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТОХАРСЬКИХ МОВ І ГЕНЕАЛОГІЧНА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ

The task of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the study of “dead” Tocharian languages in their connection with other Indo-European languages at all levels of the language system in linguistics of the XIX — early XXI centuries. It is noted that the discovery and study of Tocharian A and Tocharian B, qualified as centum languages, played an important role in improvement of the genealogical classification of Indo-European languages. The study of Tocharian languages are briefly described in the studios of W. Krause, W. Thomas, A. J. van Windekens, D. Q. Adams, V. V. Ivanov, T. V. Gamkrelidze, S. A. Burlak, etc. The connections of Tocharian A and Tocharian B with Celtic, Italiс, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Thracian-Phrygian, Hittite, Armenian languages are revealed. There is also traced Tocharian non-Indo-European influence of agglutinative language (W. Krause). The author of the article gives a brief description of the Tocharian languages at the phonological, lexical, morphological and syntactic levels. The archaic features of the Indo-European dictionary have been preserved in the Tocharian languages. It is concluded that the place of Tocharian languages among other Indo-European languages has not yet been clearly defined. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of the facts of Tocharian A and Tocharian B for researchers of other groups of Indo-European languages, to review a lot of statements of Indo-European studies.

Emotion-Related Language Choice theory in the cross-fire: Evidence from Mexican-American bilinguals

Abstract The present study aims to determine the overall language choices that shape emotion-related language preference among bilingual communities. The author also seeks to answer the question of whether those choices are affected by norms or emotional spontaneity. Since the study yields only a slight preference for the second language, it may not necessarily lead to concluding any linguistic system to be more dominant than the other. Yet, the research proves not only that greater emotional weight of the situation results in a greater impact on the emotion-related language choice, but it also suggests that the main determiner of the language choice within bilinguals is not necessarily the different emotive power of both linguistic systems, but sociocultural norms.

Гиперо-гипонимические отношения в терминологии компьютерной лингвистики

The aim of the study is to reveal the features of gender-aspect relations in the terminology of computer linguistics on the basis of their comprehensive analysis. The article researches the structural organization of computer linguistics terms based on the processes of hyper-hyponymy, shows the relationship between the terms within the framework of privative and equivalent oppositions. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that a classification of gender-aspect relations in the terminology of computer linguistics formed according to various characteristics has been compiled for the first time. As a result of the study, the types of hierarchical structures have been identified representing the patterns of hyper-hyponymic relationships between the elements of the terminological system of computer linguistics.

ОТДЕЛ ПРИКЛАДНОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИКИ И ДИАЛЕКТОЛОГИИ: ВЕХИ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ

The article discusses the stages of formation of the Department of Applied Linguistics and Dialectology. This department was created on the basis of the Laboratory of Linguistics and Information Technologies of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Over the years of its existence, the laboratory has made a significant contribution to the support of the Bashkir language in computer technology. Standards for the code table and keyboard layout for the Bashkir language were developed, a number of software products were localized that created an «infrastructure» for the national language in IT technologies. The employees of the division created linguistic information systems: a machine fund of the Bashkir language, corpus projects, a terminological data bank, which operate on the Internet in the public domain. Significant work was done by Bashkir dialectologists in the early and middle of the 20th century: field material was collected on the reference points of dialects, dialectological dictionaries were published, the dialect system was described, and an atlas of dialects of the national language was prepared. But due to the departure of the generation of dialectologists and the mistakes made by the previous leaders of the IIL in the personnel issue, from the 90s to the present, a systematic scientific study of the Bashkir dialects and dialects has not been conducted at the IIL. The number of expeditions with a unified program for collecting the materials themselves has sharply decreased. The materials of previous expeditions were not digitized, most of them were lost. For more than 30 years, there have been shifts and changes in dialects and dialects that have not been recorded or studied. Modern dialectology puts forward new approaches to the study of dialects, a new methodology for processing field materials has appeared. Taking into account the need to restore research on Bashkir dialectology, in particular, the immediate start of collecting field materials, since the process of the disappearance of the speakers themselves is underway, creating information resources on dialects on their basis, the directorate of the institute and the leadership of the UFIC, it was decided to strengthen the staff of the unit with specialists in dialectology and transform the laboratory to the department. The article deals with new scientific tasks facing the department.

Correlated grammaticalization

AbstractGrammaticalization is characterized by robust directional asymmetries (e.g.,Kuteva et al. 2019). For instance, body-part nominals develop into spatial adpositions, minimizers develop into negation markers and subject pronouns become agreement markers. Changes in the opposite direction are either rare or unattested (Garrett 2012: 52). Such robust cross-linguistic asymmetries have led some scholars to reify grammaticalization trajectories as universal mechanistic forces (Heath 1998: 729). One consequence of such a view is that the ambient morphosyntax of a language has little or even no relevance for grammaticalization. This paper uses Bayesian phylogenetic methods to demonstrate the critical role that pre-existing morphosyntax can play in grammaticalization. The empirical basis for this claim is the grammaticalization of definite and indefinite articles in the history of Indo-European: indefinite articles developed at a faster rate among languages in which a definite article had already emerged compared to those lacking a definite article. The two changes are thus correlated. The results of this case study suggest that there is much more to be learned about when and why grammaticalization occurs by investigating its relationship to the pre-existing linguistic system (cf.Reinöhl and Himmelmann 2017: 381).

The Productivity of Lexemes of English Origin

The dynamism of a language is sustained by the flexible and receptive character at the lexico-semantic level. An important contribution to the development and enrichment of the current vocabulary is made not only by the lexemes of English origin (Anglicisms), but also by the derivatives produced from them. Integrated in the Romanian linguistic system, the newly created elements become authentic structural and functional units. In the present study, the author selected and analyzed a series of English words with extended circulation in the specialized languages and their lexical family, which they constitute/ complete in the meantime with units formed on Romanian territory. Most of the examined terms are recorded in the recent lexicographical works, but there are also words that circulate only in the mass media, in various fields of public activity and in the colloquial style, demonstrating the linguistic creativity and inventiveness of the users.