Linguistic Reasons Research Articles

О природе речевых ошибок многоязычных школьников

Elaboration of well-considered classification of speech errors of multi-language schoolchildren is the necessary factor of successful providing Russian language programs in the situation of multicultural education. Such classification could allow differentiated approach towards the education and certification of multilingual pupils. The article is a study of different types of errors and the reasons of such innovations. The article describes common errors of Russian-speaking and multilingual children. Special errors of bilingual children (including those appeared as the results of interference) are also studied in the article. Errors caused by linguistic reasons and failures caused by particularities of processes of speech perception and generation are under consideration. While analyzing the linguistic nature of deviation, authors give examples of errors: connected with (1) the system violations (a person is not well acquainted with language rules); (2) violation of the norm (a person owns language rules but does not acquainted with constraints imposed by the norm); (3) violations of usus (a person is not acquainted with the conditions of realization of the language norm). Interlingual interference is supposed to be a cause of errors of the first type: authors list the examples of sintagmatic and paradigmatic interference; analyze the cases of improper segmentation of speech flow under the influence of native/first language and wrong differentiation of language elements on phonetic, grammar and lexical levels. The errors connected with violation of norm are studied as ones caused with the language system structure: they appear when there are absolute or relative lacunas in language. Facts that are controversial to modern language rules and cases when the means of units of high level does not come from the units of low level. The study allows to differentiate the errors caused by the input failure and genetic errors — the deviations caused by the processes of natural language learning that pass with the accumulation of pupils language experience.

Religion and Society in the Diocese of St Davids 1485-2011 ed. by William Gibson and John Morgan-Guy

Reviewed by: Religion and Society in the Diocese of St Davids 1485-2011 ed. by William Gibson and John Morgan-Guy Paula Yates Religion and Society in the Diocese of St Davids 1485-2011. Edited by William Gibson and John Morgan-Guy. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. 2015. Pp. xii, 240. $124.95. ISBN 978-1-4094-4772-6. The diocese of St Davids was very much the largest diocese in Wales, covering most of the south of the country, until it was divided in two by the creation of the new diocese of Swansea and Brecon in 1923. This collection of essays does not set out to provide a comprehensive history of the diocese but nevertheless covers a great deal of ground, with four chapters devoted mainly to its history and four more on particular themes set in different periods. John Morgan-Guy, in two chapters devoted to the "long Reformation," describes a process of change which developed slowly, hampered by a lack of key texts in accessible Welsh until, he argues, the turn of the sixteenth-seventeenth century. He presents it as a largely peaceful and successful process, which benefited from the willingness of many of St Davids' bishops to make haste slowly in the matter of reform, resulting in a relatively small number of dissenters and very few recusants in the diocese after the Restoration. Robert Pope offers an analysis of theological debate in the diocese over three and a half centuries, moving from the detailed arguments between Calvinists and Arminians, through the rise of scholarly study and the establishment of theological colleges, of which there were several in the diocese, to the response to the challenges of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. William Gibson offers a robust contribution to the developing rehabilitation of the post-Restoration Church of England in Wales. Using examples from the diocese, [End Page 346] he argues that the "Great Awakening" was rooted in a church which had already been undergoing a process of reform from within for many years and that the perceived Welsh-English dichotomy in the Church does not stand up to scrutiny. Eryn White's contribution considers the many revivals which affected the diocese in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and very early twentieth century. She discusses the nature of revival in general and its possible triggers, as well as possible reasons why the phenomenon disappeared after the 1904–05 revival. She argues that, perhaps for linguistic reasons, revivalism in Wales was barely touched by the development of the more mechanistic and deliberate approach to revival developed elsewhere from the mid-nineteenth century. Mike Benbough-Jackson examines the variety of St David's Day celebrations in the diocese, categorizing them loosely as cultural, religious, political, or military. He notes their fluctuating popularity and their tendency to provide a focus, in the latter part of the nineteenth century, for the expression of rival political and religious points of view. Harri Williams' study of Bishop John Owen highlights his role in the disestablishment debate. Williams argues that Owen's role in defending the Church before 1914, and especially in encouraging the Welsh dioceses to prepare for disestablishment, rather than campaign for its repeal, has been seriously underestimated. He sees Owen as largely responsible for the improved financial arrangements when the Church was finally disestablished in 1920. William Price uses successive bishops as a framework to take the reader from disestablishment to the present day. Touching on themes such as ecumenism, clerical churchmanship, gender issues, and clergy numbers, he traces the diocese's response to the challenges of the twentieth century and notes the problems facing the diocese today. Overall, the volume provides a useful insight into developments in St Davids, and more widely in Wales, over some 450 years, though significant variations in focus, and some overlap between authors, will probably disappoint those expecting a coherent history of the diocese. Paula Yates St. Michael's College Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales Copyright © 2019 The Catholic University of America Press

Gatsby? Which Gatsby? How the Novel Fares in Italian Translation

Abstract While anyone proficient in English can read Fitzgerald's texts as he wrote them, for millions of non-English speakers the only option is to rely on translations. The Great Gatsby alone has been translated into at least forty-two different languages. If we take into account that often more than one translation exists within each individual language community, we have to ask ourselves: are we all reading the same text? The novel under examination will be The Great Gatsby and its fifteen Italian translations to date. This article will first follow the editorial journey of the work in Italy, with focus on the first two translations. It will also discuss paratextual elements—the publishing companies, the series within which the novel appeared, dust jackets, product positioning, and so on—and will then concentrate on the transformation of the actual text. One of the debates within translation studies is how “faithful” the translator can or should remain to the original. This article will analyze the varying degrees of freedom available and the consequent effect on an audience which, for linguistic reasons, does not have access to the original version. Elements under investigation will include vocabulary, syntax, and stylistic devices—with specific attention to the way in which culture-specific references have been handled.

La Guinée Équatoriale: en lien entre l’Afrique, la péninsule ibérique et l’Amérique latine

No passado, os intercâmbios entre a África Subsaariana e a América Latina se limitavam ao comércio escravo do Atlântico. A África subsaariana forneceu escravos para plantações na América Latina. A abolição da escravidão, a presença de afrodescendentes, a independência dos países da América Latina e da África mudaram as relações entre as duas regiões do mundo. Por razões históricas e linguísticas, a Guiné Equatorial é um elo entre a África, a Península Ibérica e a América Latina. Em 1984, o Congresso internacional hispânico e africano da cultura teve lugar em Bata. Em 2013, Malabo acolheu a terceira Cúpula da África e América do Sul. Durante o mesmo período, a Guiné Equatorial ingressou na comunidade dos países de língua oficial portuguesa (PALOP). Em 2011, o país adotou o português como terceira língua oficial. Em 2014, a Guiné Equatorial tornou-se membro da organização dos países de língua oficial portuguesa. Este artigo analisa as origens e os impactos do Congresso hispânico e africano internacional da cultura de 1984. Em seguida, estuda as questões e perspectivas da Cúpula da África e da América do Sul de 2013, com base em documentos de arquivo e de entrevistas.

Reasons to Think That Anglo-Frisian Developed in Britain

Linguistic evidence is adduced indicating that (as non-linguistic evidence long known also suggests) the origin of Anglo-Frisian goes back to a period of common development in SE Anglo-Saxon England around 475–525. The linguistic reason to think so is that almost every characteristic innovation of Anglo-Frisian has a plausible motivation in terms of infl uences from Brittonic. It seems that the later Frisians originated as Anglo-Saxons, occupying territory between Kentish and Pre-Mercian, who left England and went back to the continent, of course to the coast, around 540. The conclusion is that Frisian is similar to English because Frisian is descended from English.

An Analysis of Key Ideas of Deconstruction through Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis

In On Truth and Lies in an Extra-Moral Sense, Friedrich Nietzsche challenged the correspondence theory of linguistic truth, suggesting that the inherently analogous nature of linguistic reason renders even the most foundational of truths to be illusory metaphors. Following in this distinctly anti-metaphysical strand of continental philosophy, Jacques Derrida formed a deconstructive method of reading where this Nietzschean approach to linguistic truth is imbued with a further ethico-political dimension. This entails undermining the ostensibly immutable and neutral character of metaphysical binaries inherent to our method of contradistinctive reason, instead presenting these binaries as rationally unstable hierarchies. This paper intends to apply such a method of reading to Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis, whereby methods of human reason are immediately undermined as the protagonist’s unexplained and inexplicable metamorphosis into an insect occurs in the first sentence. Most prominently, this paper aims to discuss how Kafka deconstructs the metaphysical distinction between man and animal and the hierarchical relation implicit in this distinction. This distinction is particularly pertinent to Nietzschean scepticism towards linguistic reason, given both that our language remains a fundamentally human construct and the Aristotelian-scholastic notion of man as a ‘rational animal’.

English and Mauritian Creole: A Reflection on How the Vocabulary, Grammar and Syntax of the Two Languages Create Difficulties for Learners

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the various linguistic reasons that cause Mauritian students to experience difficulties while learning English. As Mauritius is a former British and French colony, most Mauritians are bilinguals. Both English and French are compulsory subjects up to Cambridge O’Level. English is the official language and also the language of instruction but French is much more widely used and spoken. Also Mauritian Creole is the mothertongue of the majority of Mauritians. This linguistic situation impacts heavily on the teaching and learning of English both at primary and secondary level. Often, students encounter a number of problems at the vocabulary and grammatical level ; these are due to the linguistic specificities of both English and Mauritian Creole. Today, the different types of ‘ Englishes’ emerging around the world, are making it increasingly confusing for teachers to teach this language and for learners to learn it.

Developing an e-rater Advisory to Detect Babel-generated Essays

Background: It is important for developers of automated scoring systems to ensure that their systems are as fair and valid as possible. This commitment means evaluating the performance of these systems in light of construct-irrelevant response strategies. The enhancement of systems to detect and deal with these kinds of strategies is often an iterative process, whereby as new strategies come to light they need to be evaluated and effective mechanisms built into the automated scoring systems to handle them. In this paper, we focus on the Babel system, which automatically generates semantically incohesive essays. We expect that these essays may unfairly receive high scores from automated scoring engines despite essentially being nonsense. Literature Review: We discuss literature related to gaming of automated scoring systems. One reason that Babel essays are so easy to identify as nonsense by human readers is that they lack any semantic cohesion. Therefore, we also discuss some literature related to cohesion and detecting semantic cohesion. Research Questions: This study addressed three research questions:Can we automatically detect essays generated by the Babel system?Can we integrate the detection of Babel-generated essays into an operational automated essay scoring system while making sure not to flag valid student responses?Does a general approach for detecting semantically incohesive essays also detect Babel-generated essays?Research Methodology: This article describes the creation of two corpora necessary to address the research questions: (1) a corpus of Babel-generated essays and (2) a corresponding corpus of good-faith essays. We built a classifier to distinguish Babel-generated essays from good-faith essays and investigated whether the classifier can be integrated into an automated scoring engine without adverse effects. We also developed a measure of lexical-semantic cohesion and examined its distribution in Babel and in good-faith essays.Results: We found that the classifier built on Babel-generated essays and good-faith essays and using features from the automated scoring engine can distinguish the Babel-generated essays from the good-faith ones with 100% accuracy. We also found that if we integrated this classifier into the automated scoring engine it flagged very few responses that were submitted as part of operational submissions (76 of 434,656). The responses that were flagged had previously been assigned a score of Null (non-scorable) or a score of 1 by human experts. The measure of lexical-semantic cohesion shows promise in being able to distinguish Babel-generated essays from good-faith essays.Conclusions: Our results show that it is possible to detect the kind of gaming strategy illustrated by the Babel system and add it to an automated scoring engine without adverse effects on essays seen during real high-stakes tests. We also show that a measure of lexical-semantic cohesion can separate Babel-generated essays from good-faith essays to a certain degree, depending on task. This points to future work that would generalize the capability to detect semantic incoherence in essays. Directions for Further Research: Babel-generated essays can be identified and flagged by an automated scoring system without any adverse effects on a large set of good-faith essays. However, this is just one type of gaming strategy. It is important for developers of automated scoring systems to continue to be diligent about expanding the construct coverage of their systems in order to prevent weaknesses that can be exploited by tools such as Babel. It is also important to focus on the underlying linguistic reasons that lead to nonsense sentences. Successful identification of such nonsense would lead to improved automated scoring and feedback.

Abrasive slurry jet cutting model based on fuzzy relations

The cutting process of pre-mixed abrasive slurry or suspension jet (ASJ) is a complex process affected by many factors, and there is a highly nonlinear relationship between the cutting parameters and cutting quality. In this paper, guided by fuzzy theory, the fuzzy cutting model of ASJ was developed. In the modeling of surface roughness, the upper surface roughness prediction model and the lower surface roughness prediction model were established respectively. The adaptive fuzzy inference system combines the learning mechanism of neural networks and the linguistic reasoning ability of the fuzzy system, membership functions, and fuzzy rules are obtained by adaptive adjustment. Therefore, the modeling process is fast and effective. In this paper, the ANFIS module of MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox was used to establish the fuzzy cutting model of ASJ, which is found to be quite instrumental to ASJ cutting applications.

Effect of augmented reality game Pokémon GO on cognitive performance and emotional intelligence in adolescent young

The main aim was to analyse the effect of 8 weeks of Pokémon GO on cognitive performance (memory, selective attention, concentration, mathematical calculation and linguistic reasoning) and emotional intelligence (well-being, self-control, emotionality and sociability) in Spanish adolescents between 12 and 15 years. A longitudinal design was used, with a Control Group (n = 103) that did not use Pokémon GO, and Experimental Group (n = 87) that used Pokémon GO during 8 weeks. Age, sex, BMI, maternal educational level, number of computers at home and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were used as confounders. Results showed that players walked 54 km and spent 40 min/day playing in this period. Boys played more, won more points and reached a higher level in the game than girls. The players playing Pokémon GO significantly increased their selective attention (p = 0.003), concentration levels (p < 0.001), and sociability levels (p = 0.003) against their peers. It is concluded that Pokémon GO increases, in a playful way, the amount of daily exercise in adolescents, could positively affect their cognitive performance, and improve the social relationships. Further studies are required to perform comparisons between single and collaborative play and to identify the pedagogical benefits through some subjects such as Physical Education.

The Iranian Origin of the Word ‘Barid’

The origin of the Arabic word barid (“the post”) is problematic; various interpretations have been advanced, but are based solely on linguistic reasoning, which is an essential yet insufficient approach. Loan words like barid must be assessed in the global historic and anthropological context of the Middle East during the transition to Islam. In particular, the importance of oral culture during this period in Sasanian and Arab societies needs to be considered.

Digital Divide: Low German and other Minority Languages

This paper investigates the online presence of Low German, a minority language spoken in northern Germany, as well as several other European regional and minority languages. In particular, this article presents the results of two experiments, one involving Wikipedia and one involving Twitter, that assess whether and to which extent minority languages are used on these websites. The article argues that minority and regional languages are not only underrepresented online due to a combination of historical, linguistic, sociological, and demographic reasons, but that the overall architecture of the World Wide Web and its most visited websites is such that smaller languages do not stand a chance to gain a meaningful online presence.

Finding Signatures of Linguistic Reasoning

Finding Signatures of Linguistic Reasoning

Integrating Principal Component Analysis, Fuzzy Linguistic Reasoning and Taguchi Philosophy for Quality-Productivity Optimization

The present work demonstrates a multi-response optimization problem for selection of optimal cutting parameters (optimal process environment) for machining (turning) of nylon 6; by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) followed by fuzzy linguistic reasoning in combination with Taguchi’s robust design technique. In this study, three controllable process parameters: cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut have been considered for obtaining desired Material Removal Rate (MRR) of the process and favorable multiple surface roughness features for the machined product; based on L9 orthogonal array experimental design. The study has been aimed to search an appropriate process environment for simultaneous optimization of quality-productivity favorably. Various surface roughness parameters of statistical importance (of the machined product) have been considered as product quality characteristics whereas; MRR has been treated as productivity measure for the said machining process. To avoid assumptions, limitations, uncertainties and imprecision in application of existing multi-response optimization techniques; Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been proposed to convert correlated responses into uncorrelated quality indices (called individual principal components); next, a fuzzy inference system (FIS) has been proposed for meaningful and feasible aggregation of individual principal components into an equivalent single quality index, thereby, converting such a multi-objective optimization problem into an equivalent single objective optimization situation. A Multi-Performance Characteristic Index (MPCI) has been defined based on the FIS output. MPCI has been optimized finally using Taguchi method. The study exhibits application feasibility of the proposed approach with satisfactory result of confirmatory test.

A linguistic approach to non-identical parallel processor scheduling with fuzzy processing times

This study presents an application of non-identical parallel processor scheduling under uncertain operation times. We have been motivated from a real case scheduling problem that contains some uncommon welding operations to be processed by workers in an automotive subcontract company. Here each operator may weld each job but in different processing times depending on learning effect because of operator’s ability and experience, and batch sizes. To determine the crisp operation times in such a fuzzy environment, a linguistic reasoning approach (with a 75-“If- Then” rules) considering the learning effect is proposed in the study. Since the fuzzy linguistic approach allows the representation of expert information more directly and adequately, it can be more possible to make realistic schedules under uncertainty. With the objective to balance the workload among all operators, the longest processing time heuristic algorithm is been used and measured average makespan. For evaluating the effectiveness of this approach, it is compared with the scheduling method that use the random operation times generated from a uniform distribution. Results showed that the proposed fuzzy linguistic scheduling approach has balanced the workload of operators with a standard deviation of 0.37 and improved the Cmax value as 16%. A general conclusion can be drawn the proposed approach is able to generate realistic schedules and especially useful to solve non-identical parallel processor scheduling problem under uncertainty. An important contribution of this study is that Mamdani inference method with learning effect is the first time used to obtain the crisp processing times of non-identical processors by the help of a rule base with expert knowledge.

Case report: Elonis v. United States

The U.S. Supreme Court’s 2015 decision in Elonis v. United States (575 U.S. __ (2015)), a case about threats, and the underlying trial and appellate decisions, are analysed. Threats can be perlocutionary or illocutionary. When they are illocutionary, they are always indirect speech acts, requiring a Gricean chain of reasoning to infer their threatening nature. This has the consequence that every putative threat has, also, a non-threat interpretation, making it sometimes difficult to prove that an utterance was a threat. In this report, Anthony Elonis’s Facebook postings of allegedly threatening items are analysed pragmatically; the sophisticated linguistic reasoning used by the appeals court after Elonis’s conviction – involving semantic opacity – is described; and the final outcome of Elonis’s case, the Supreme Court’s decision, is analysed. That decision is both frustrating, because it leaves unresolved what the standard for proof is for threatening, and interesting, because the majority opinion, and, in particular, the dissent by Justice Alito, adduce a factor – recklessness – unnecessary to the linguistic analysis of threatening but relevant to the legal standard of proof for conviction for unlawful threatening.

Arab EFL Students' Application and Awareness of Critical Thinking in College Writing: A Case Study

This paper sheds light on the necessity of engaging critical thinking skills in teaching college writing to EFL students at university. The study investigates students’ attitudes towards writing, the challenges they face when writing paragraph assignments in terms of generating and organizing ideas. It has been noticed that students’ performance in English college writing is not satisfactory not just for linguistic reasons but for lacking critical thinking skills. Many studies focused on the grammatical and vocabulary problems that face Arab EFL learner’s when writing in English. Albeit, this research takes us a step further and even more pedagogical than just linguistic. It addresses the difficulties that students face when writing assignments that require them to argue, analyze, infer and judge. Results show that students’ inefficient writing is due to their lack of critical thinking skills which are neglected throughout their writing experience at high school.

English and the Brain Drain: an Uncertain Relationship

Abstract In his book Linguistic Justice for Europe and the World, Van Parijs analyses in one of his chapters the brain drain from non-Anglophone to Anglophone countries, which hurts the economic development of the non-Anglophone states. Van Parijs deems it clear that English is a very important factor to explain high-skilled migration. He, therefore, urges the non-Anglophone countries to relax their linguistic territorial constraints and allow English as a communication language in many different sectors, most notably higher education and scientific research. This would remove the incentive for potential expatriate brains to migrate for linguistic reasons. This article takes a closer look at Van Parijs’ reasoning and proposed solutions. It is concluded that the assumed connection between English and high-skilled migration cannot be proven empirically for research on this topic is scarcely available. Furthermore, the solutions presented by Van Parijs will produce uncertain results at best. Van Parijs rightfully puts the brain drain problem on the political and research agenda, but much more additional studies are needed to formulate solid solutions.

A Fuzzy TOPSIS+Worst-Case Model for Personnel Evaluation Using Information Culture Criteria

Personnel evaluation process is aimed at choosing the best alternative to fill the defined vacancy in an organization. It determines the input quality of personnel and thus plays an important role in human resource management. The multi criteria nature and the presence of qualitative factors make it considerably more complex. This paper proposes a hybrid fuzzy MCDM model for personnel evaluation. It combines the fuzzy TOPSIS method with fuzzy worst-case (or entropy) method for linguistic reasoning under group decision making. Fuzzy worst-case and entropy methods are used to get weights of criteria, while fuzzy TOPSIS is utilized to rank the alternatives. The weights obtained from fuzzy worst-case and entropy methods are included in fuzzy TOPSIS computations and the alternatives are evaluated. The fuzzy MCDM for group decision making enables to aggregate subjective assessments of the decision-makers and thus offer an opportunity to perform more robust personnel evaluation procedures. To evaluate the alternatives the authors have formed an executive group consisting of five decision-makers. For evaluation the group has decided to consider five information culture criteria expressed in linguistic variables. A numerical example demonstrated the possibilities of application of the proposed method.

Complex problem solving in L1 education: Senior high school students' knowledge of the language problem-solving process

ABSTRACTThe solving of reasoning problems in first language (L1) education can produce an understanding of language, and student autonomy in language problem solving, both of which are contemporary goals in senior high school education. The purpose of this study was to obtain a better understanding of senior high school students' knowledge of the language problem-solving process. Fifty-three 11th-grade high school students solved standard, comprehension, and linguistic reasoning problems. Before solving the problems, the participants had filled in open-ended questions inquiring about their knowledge regarding the effectiveness of a chosen problem-solving strategy. Content analysis of the responses indicated four categories and nine subcategories. The implications of the relatively few responses in the category of explicit knowledge of the language problem-solving process are discussed in the light of the changing needs of L1 students.