Philosophy Of Language Research Articles

FEATURES OF PHILOSOPHICAL METHODS IN THE STUDY OF CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND MAN

Philosophical methods, which differ in their universality and focus on the search for fundamental principles, have been studied, which allows to complement scientific methods in the search for root causes and general patterns. It has been proven that philosophy not only intersects with other sciences and fields of knowledge, but also creates new fields of research. The creation of new methods within the framework of philosophy itself is considered. Philosophical methods are justified as more free and flexible compared to scientific methods, which allows philosophers to explore the nuances and complexities of concepts and ideas. The development of the philosophy of language, which gave a powerful impetus to the formation of universal translator programs based on artificial intelligence, is analyzed.

Making Sense of Emoji

AbstractMany online messages now contain emoji – these small images have quickly become an important means of communicating. Yet they have not yet been taken seriously in philosophy of language. In this exploratory paper, I attempt to remedy this neglect by analysing the communicative functions of emoji. I argue that emoji have at least three communicative functions. Firstly, they can serve a replicative function, in that they can play the same role as words and punctuation, thereby replicating the function of existing written communicative devices. Secondly, they can serve a compensatory function, in the sense that they can be used to make up for features of face-to-face conversation which are lost in written online conversation. Thirdly, they can serve supplementary functions, in that we can perform new communicative acts with emoji which we could not previously perform either in written or face-to-face communication.

Философия языка А.М. Деборина

The article is devoted to one of the little-known episodes of the scientific life of the famous Soviet philosopher Academician Abram Deborin. The author will analyze his works on linguistics. In the mid 1930s. Abram Deborin enthusiastically set about creating his own linguistic and philosophical concept of the origin of language and thinking on the basis of Nikolai Marr’s “New theory of language”. He developed and supplemented this doctrine, building a complete philosophy of language. Marr’s doctrine correlated with the Marxist-Leninist worldview of Abram Deborin, and also corresponded to his adherence to the doctrine of Hegel. The focus of the article is the book The New Doctrine of Language and Dialectical Materialism (1935), as well as his other works that deal with questions of linguistics. Developing the ideas of Marr, the Soviet philosopher strengthened his Marxist argument and resolved some of the contradictions of Marrism. He left aside the insignificant linguistic aspects of Marrism, which had nothing to do with philosophical problems. Abram Deborin became the first author of works on linguistics written from the standpoint of the “New theory of language”, and he was the only one to remain so. After the famous discussion on linguistics in 1950, when Joseph Stalin came out with the work Marxism and Problems of Linguistics, in which Marrism was crushed, Abram Deborin was forced to repent of his mistakes, demonstrating his rejection of the “New theory of language”. However, the scientist did not abandon the important idea of Nikolai Marr about the transition from synthetic thinking in primitive society to analytical thinking in class society. This idea was developed in his works at the junction of philosophy and linguistics, written after 1950. In this period particularly developed in his philosophy of language was the idea of the coincidence of opposite meanings in one word expressing some concept of the human protolanguage.

Recent Dantean Perspectives: A Review Article

Abstract: This article focuses on two monographs and an edited volume of essays on Dante Alighieri, all published in Legenda’s Italian Perspectives series during the years 2021–22. The monographs share a common openness to theory (e.g. cognitive neuroscience, video-game criticism, philosophies of language, and lyric theory), while the volume of essays testifies to a growing international interest in Dante’s cultural afterlives, both in and outside Italy. With this eclectic volume in mind, the article ends by commenting on the ascendancy of Reception Studies as one of the most productive areas of research today in Anglophone (particularly British) Dantism.

Philosophical Investigations into AI Alignment: A Wittgensteinian Framework

We argue that the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language and mathematics, substantially focused on rule-following, is relevant to understand and improve on the Artificial Intelligence (AI) alignment problem: his discussions on the categories that influence alignment between humans can inform about the categories that should be controlled to improve on the alignment problem when creating large data sets to be used by supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms, as well as when introducing hard coded guardrails for AI models. We cast these considerations in a model of human–human and human–machine alignment and sketch basic alignment strategies based on these categories and further reflections on rule-following like the notion of meaning as use. To sustain the validity of these considerations, we also show that successful techniques employed by AI safety researchers to better align new AI systems with our human goals are congruent with the stipulations that we derive from the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy. However, their application may benefit from the added specificities and stipulations of our framework: it extends on the current efforts and provides further, specific AI alignment techniques. Thus, we argue that the categories of the model and the core alignment strategies presented in this work can inform further AI alignment techniques.

The Institutional Aspect of the Formation of the Russian Philosophical Language: Towards the Formulation of the Problem

The Institutional Aspect of the Formation of the Russian Philosophical Language: Towards the Formulation of the Problem

The Role of Image Schemas in Interpreting English Phrasal Verbs: A Philosophical and Linguistic Perspective

Phrasal verbs pose challenges for interpretation due to unpredictable meanings. This study examined how image schemas aid comprehension from linguistic and philosophical viewpoints. A literature review methodology integrated insights from cognitive linguistics, philosophy of language, and related fields to provide a comprehensive understanding. Linguistically, image schemas offer a cognitive framework for processing phrasal verbs by mapping meanings to embodied experiences. Philosophically, schemas reflect how language emerges from and shapes conceptualization. Comparative analysis showed linguistics emphasizes schemas' mental role in comprehension, while philosophy explores their existential significance. Results identified schemas like CONTAINER and PATH that extend metaphorically from physical interactions to abstract phrasal verb meanings. Linguistically, schemas provide a framework for analyzing structures and meanings. Philosophically, schemas reflect language's emergence from embodiment and influence on thought. Teaching implications were to connect phrasal verbs to familiar embodied experiences through schemas. Theoretical implications were that schemas are fundamental to thought and linguistic expressions. By synthesizing perspectives, this study enhanced understanding of the intricate cognitive mechanisms linking schemas to phrasal verbs. It highlighted implications for language education and advances in interdisciplinary inquiry into embodied cognition and communication.

Limits of Human Rationality: A Language Philosophy and Evolutionary Biological Interpretation

Limits of Human Rationality: A Language Philosophy and Evolutionary Biological Interpretation

Analysis of Mudjia Rahardjo's Views: Language Philosophy and Efforts to Preserve Regional Languages

<p>The current era of globalization and westernization poses a real threat to the existence of regional languages, one of which is manifested in the single market program agreed upon by ASEAN countries. In line with that, the study of language philosophy has a very important role in cultural preservation, especially regional languages. This article discusses the views of Mudjia Rahardjo, an Indonesian linguist and philosopher, regarding the philosophy of language and efforts to preserve regional languages with the aim of finding a harmonious correlation between the study of the philosophy of language and efforts to preserve regional languages. Through the content analysis method with data sources from the Philosophy of Language lecture material delivered by Mudjia Rahardjo in the Postgraduate class at Darussalam Gontor Ponorogo University. Based on the content analysis of the lecture material on the philosophy of language delivered by Mudjia Rahardjo, the author concludes that there are several correlations that are compatible between the study of the philosophy of language and efforts to preserve the local language. 3. Philosophy of language can provide a philosophical basis for efforts to preserve regional languages</p>

Augustine as a Philosopher of Language

Augustine as a Philosopher of Language

From the Ordinary to the Everyday

Abstract This is a new English translation of “De l’ordinaire au quotidien,” originally published in French in 2023. In paragraph 116 of Philosophical Investigations Wittgenstein seems to outline the fundamental goal of his philosophy: “What we do is to bring words back from their metaphysical to their everyday use.” The everyday use to which Wittgenstein constantly refers is far from self-evident: it is just as elusive and indeterminate as our forms of life. The project of Philosophical Investigations is not to replace disqualified logic with the study of use, finding therein a new foundation or new convictions, even purely practical ones. The study of everyday language use presents new problems, arduous in a different way from those of logical analysis, as J. L. Austin and the Oxford School later showed—the same school that, in coining the term Ordinary language philosophy, formalized the Ordinary rather than the Everyday as a central concept. The present article considers several reasons for returning to the concept of the Everyday, Wittgenstein’s point of departure, in the philosophy of language.

Constitucionalismo de exceção, pós-democracia e o julgamento da reforma trabalhista pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal – STF

This paper will analyze the judgment of Direct Actions of Unconstitutionality ADI 5685, ADI 5938 and ADI 5794 by the Supreme Federal Court, with the objective of verifying whether the Judiciary has echoed the discourse of the economic-financial crisis and legitimately ratified the exceptional measures of austerity , with a cut in labor matters. The epistemological scientific orientation of the papper is the Ecology of Knowledge. For which it will combine resources from the French Discourse Analysis, from Bakhtin’s Marxist philosophy of language, to contributions from the Sociology of Law and the Sociology of Absences. Our research hypothesis is that such judicial decisions, permeated by the austerity discourse, are constituted as Exceptional Constitutionalism and produce the absence of labor rights. As well as the ontological degradation of its holders, the functional de-differentiation of Law and its ethical delegitimation. Such judicial decisions and the Constitutionalism of Exception are a symptom of a scenario of exception and post-democracy generated by neoliberalism. Documentary and bibliographic research techniques will be necessary.

In Search of the "Other" into the Night: A Study of the Double in a Polyphonic Perspective

From the perspective of psychology, the individual becomes conscious of or rethinks about themselves in the relationship with their double, represented artistically through conflicts that constitute the human psyche. From the perspective of the philosophy of language, especially the Russian scholar Mikhail Bakhtin, the double consists of the fear of others, that is, the image others make of the subject. Whichever the perspective adopted is, the literary work, as it represents the man and his world, provides an effective means of understanding the subject’s conflicts and existential and identity crises evidenced in the discourses registered in the aesthetic object. This paper intends to analyze how duplicity-understood here as multiplied consciousness-takes place among characters in the narrative of Night, by the Brazilian author Erico Verissimo, in which the duplicated individual is the sign of a fragmented self. The aim is to examine which enunciative-discursive positions the protagonist assumes in the narrative to emphasize the duplicity of the subject from a polyphonic perspective; that is, by the biases of philosophy, psychology, and psychoanalysis and philosophy of language. As theoretical support for the examination of the double, we invite authors who navigate through philosophy, such as Clément Rosset; psychology and psychoanalysis, such as Otto Rank, Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and C. F. Keppler; and, in the field of philosophy of language, Mikhail M. Bakhtin. Although the theorists adopt different views in re-examining the double, the approach is possible given that most admit certain correlations regarding the subject of otherness.

God's pronouns

Abstract The Church of England is currently debating what pronouns to use of God in liturgy. Opinions are strongly established on various sides. This article aims to slow the pace at which strong judgements are arrived at, through four sets of arguments. First, the distinctiveness of English compared with some other European languages and the danger of allowing the contingencies of English pronoun use to dominate the possible meanings of scripture. Second (drawing on the work of Janet Martin Soskice), the complexity of the figure of the fatherhood of God. Third, the significance of German philosophy of language in relation to negative theology and the particular ways in which the inadequacy of language about God has theological consequences. Fourth, a more philosophical discussion of the ways in which what is necessary or possible in one language cannot adequately be conveyed, as necessary or merely possible, in translation.

Somānanda’s Critique of Bhartṛhari’s Doctrine of the Levels of Speech

Somānanda, a famous Kashmiri philosopher of the 10th century CE and the founder of the Pratyabhijñā tradition, criticized Bhartṛhari’s view that the paśyantī speech was identical to Brahman. Later Pratyabhijñā philosophers adopted Bhartṛhari’s doctrine of the three levels of speech and added a fourth level — the Supreme Speech (parā vāc). Modern scholars of Pratyabhijñā usually believe that Bhartṛhari was aware of the fourth level of speech and that Somānanda criticized him because he did not know his works properly. The article describes the doctrine of speech levels in Bhartṛhari’s Vākyapadīya and in the commentaries, as well as the evolution of this doctrine in the works of Kashmiri philosophers. No traces of the fourth level of speech can be found in Bhartṛhari’s work. It can be suggested that Somānanda in his critique highlighted the ambiguous ontological status of speech in Bhartṛhari’s linguistic philosophy.

Filsafat Bahasa dalam Kajian Pendidikan Islam

Islamic education is an important aspect in forming a person's personality and spiritual understanding. In this context, philosophy of language plays a central role in understanding the nature of religious teachings and Islamic values. The study of philosophy of language is not limited to linguistic analysis, but also includes philosophical implications in the context of Islamic education.Understanding the philosophy of language allows you to delve deeper into the meaning of the verses of the Quran and Hadith and understand that language is the most important tool for communicating Islamic values.Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explain the relevance and contribution of language philosophy in the development of curriculum and teaching methods in Islamic education, thereby creating a deeper and more meaningful learning environment.

Editors’ Introduction: Fictions in Law, Literature, and Philosophy

While several collections have been published recently from the perspective of common law focused specifically on jurisprudence and from the perspective of both literary theory and the philosophy of language, a more integrative approach that sharpens the underlying fundamental concept(s) by bringing together insights from legal theory/history, doctrinal legal scholarship, literary studies, and analytic philosophy has been missing so far. Not only has an examination of a decidedly interdisciplinary perspective been rare in research on fictions and fictionality, but also a decidedly integrative view of European and Anglo-American research approaches has been the exception. This special issue both addresses and seeks to bridge this research gap. In shedding light on the family resemblances and differences of “fiction(s)” in each of the aforementioned disciplines, we hope to identify blind spots and offer some fresh ideas with regard to a transdisciplinary theory of fiction(s) which considers their conceptual, functional, as well as historical characteristics. A particularly significant aspect of this project is that it fuses contributions from an anglophone law and literature perspective with contributions from European continental contexts, offering perspectives from related but also distinct legal and literary traditions.

What’s in a Name? Legal Fictions and Philosophical Fictionalism

This paper uses analytic philosophy to prevent merely verbal disputes about the concept of fiction within discussions on fictiones iuris. It provides a survey of potentially fruitful connections between legal fictions and fictionalism. More specifically, I will argue that by enriching current accounts of legal fictions in legal theory with insights from (1) the philosophy of language on fictional speech and from (2) contemporary metaphysics on philosophical fictionalism, it seems natural to explore the position that talk involving fictiones iuris is structurally an exemplification of elliptical speech. Such fictionalism about legal fictions illuminates why prominent condemnations of fictions in law – e.g. as blatant falsehoods, shady fraudulences, or legal defects – are theoretical myths, since they fail to distinguish between analytically distinct (ontological, epistemic, alethic, semantic, and evaluative) levels. Moreover, a fictionalist account might even sharpen our sense of which legal fictions are more “innocent” than others. I will begin by introducing philosophical fictionalism (II), before the fictiones iuris will be characterized as an operation in legal reasoning by consulting the Leibnizian reconstruction of Roman Law’s epistemology (III). Sections IV and V seek to provide further clarifications on the ‘fictional’ / ‘fictitious’ distinction as well as the heterogeneity of fictionalist research questions. Section VI then contains a little guided tour through the different analyses of the concept of fiction(s) within fictionalism. Subsequently, I will show how insights from those discussions contribute to demystify some of the most prominent allegations raised against legal fictions (VII). Fictionalism about legal fictions, Section VIII tentatively suggests, might not only harmonize with both classic and recent treatments of legal fictions, but help to also highlight their epistemic values. In slogan form: fictiones iuris are instruments to preserve legal truths worth having.

Elementary Errors: Philosophers, Idolaters, and τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου in Paul and Clement of Alexandria

Abstract Historically, interpreters of Gal. 4 have found the literal sense of τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου, “the elements of the world” to be unintelligible in context. Although a compelling Pauline vision of enslavement to these στοιχεῖα has remained elusive, this paper argues that it is possible to recapture that vision with recourse to the traditional usage of the phrase in ancient Greek philosophical literature. By examining one of the earliest extant quotations of Gal. 4 – i.e., that of Clement of Alexandria in his Protrepticus (c.190 CE) – and the philosophical language with which Clement associates Paul’s στοιχεῖα, this paper argues that Paul uses the phrase τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου according to its meaning in the ancient philosophical Sondersprache. Because an ambiguity between matter and divinity already characterized ancient philosophical thought about στοιχεῖα, Paul’s “elements” need not be either “cosmological” or “principial” (as most previous interpreters have thought), but both.

John Wallis on sound symbolism

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to give an account of John Wallis’s analysis of sound symbolism in his English Grammar (1653), and to position this in the larger context of contemporary linguistic controversies concerning the search for a universal or philosophical language, as discussed both by other thinkers in the circle of the Royal Society and also by scholars on the continent of Europe. Although Wallis is usually taken to be a critical observer rather than an active participant in these debates, the paper will attempt to provide detailed evidence for his having been a previously unidentified source for the various alternative proposals for phonetic notation developed in John Wilkin’s philosophical language scheme (1688).