Linguistic Organization Research Articles

Audibly Not Saying Something with Clicks

ABSTRACTThis article explores the use of clicks—a nonverbal vocalization—in everyday talk. It is argued that clicks are one way of not saying something, i.e., of not producing talk when talk was due. While many clicks occur alongside verbal material, which provides a method for participants to ascribe an action to the turn in which they are embedded, many do not. The article explores the linguistic (especially phonetic), sequential and embodied resources available to participants to make sense of such clicks. It is argued that some clicks have properties of linguistic organization: They have nonarbitrary form-meaning mappings. Other clicks by contrast are interpreted more as ad hoc, singular events. The article contributes to a less logocentric view of talk-in-interaction. Data are in British and American English from audio and video.

МЕДИАЛИНГВОСТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРЯМОГО ТЕЛЕВИЗИОННОГО ВКЛЮЧЕНИЯ

The phenomenon under study as a branch of linguistics and a unique product of speech and cognitive activity is also subject to characterization, linguo-stylistic analysis, because any communication of society is part of speech genres, and for practicing direct inclusion of journalists it is necessary to have the skills to use an oral television text, which is a linguistic organization that attracts attention audience with its anthropocentric nature. It also has a specific style, which completely depends on the composition and construction of media communication, since the quality of an oral message in the context of direct inclusion depends on its logic, connectedness, accuracy and accessibility. Therefore, direct television inclusion, in addition to the creative component, is a complex syntactic and lexical system, which has communicative and functional significance for the scientific and applied environment. Over the more than twenty years of its development, live broadcasting has not only become a strategic component of air, broadcasting and reporting, but has also generated new dynamic genre forms in television journalism, for example, performance, and this, in turn, has led to the emergence of an important trend in television organizations. Its essence is in relying on the reporter, which led to the emergence of such a concept as «universalism», which modern journalists aspire to in order to cope with all the tasks of television production, and therefore to compete confidently in the labor market.

ФОЛЬКЛОРНЫЙ ТЕКСТ В РЕЖИМЕ ДИАЛОГА: К ВОПРОСУ О СТАТУСЕ ЯЗЫКА ФОЛЬКЛОРА

The status of the language of folklore is a theoretical problem of Folklore Studies that has a long history, but it has become even more relevant recently due to the expansion of the Folklore Studies research field. Traditionally, characteristic features of the language of folklore were defined in relation to dialect and literary language, and the researchers supposed that the language of folklore is supradialectical phenomenon, like the literary language of dialect speakers. However, observations of linguistic organization of oral prose with a focus on reliability (mythological stories, etc.) show that these theoretical approaches are not applicable to such texts. The language of these texts is the colloquial (dialect, vernacular, or literary) speech existing in a dialogic mode and possessing all the structural features of spontaneous colloquial speech. The article suggests to distinguish between “the language of folklore” and “the language of folk tradition”, that is, the language of the genres of traditional folklore (songs, epics, fairy tales, etc.) – structurally ordered, “polished” by numeroius repetitions in the process of transmission, with a clearly expressed aesthetic function, and the language of everyday communication in which texts expressing traditional knowledge emerge and exist.

ЕКСПРЕСИВНІСТЬ ІНШОМОВНОГО СЛОВА В СУЧАСНИХ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ТРЕВЕЛОГАХ

У статті розглянуто експресивність іншомовних слів, зокрема екзотизмів, варваризмів і агнонімів у сучасних українських тревелогах. Актуальність дослідження обумовлена поглибленням глобалізаційних процесів і, як наслідок, взаємопроникненням культур. Метою роботи є виявлення основних функцій іншомовних слів у текстах тревелогів. Основним завданням є виявлення стратегій уведення в текст іншомовних слів. У результаті дослідження з’ясовано, що іншомовні елементи вносять у текст своєрідну експресію — і ту, що вже існувала в цих одиницях у мові-джерелі, і ту, якою їх наділяє автор у процесі лінгвістичного осмислення подорожніх вражень.

Language disintegration in spontaneous speech in Huntington’s disease: a more fine-grained analysis

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease causing motor symptoms along with cognitive and affective problems. Recent evidence suggests that HD also affects language across core levels of linguistic organization, including at stages of the disease when standardized neuropsychological test profiles are still normal and motor symptoms do not yet reach clinical thresholds (‘pre-manifest HD’). The present study aimed to subject spontaneous speech to a more fine-grained linguistic analysis in a sample of 20 identified HD gene-carriers, 10 with pre-manifest and 10 with early manifest HD. We further explored how language performance related to non-linguistic cognitive impairment, using standardized neuropsychological measures. A distinctive pattern of linguistic impairments marked off participants with both pre-manifest and manifest HD from healthy controls and each other. Fluency patterns in premanifest HD were marked by prolongations, filled pauses, and repetitions, which shifted to a pattern marked by empty (unfilled) pauses, re-phrasings, and truncations in manifest HD. Both HD groups also significantly differed from controls and each other in how they grammatically connected clauses and used noun phrases referentially. Functional deficits in language occurred in pre-manifest HD in the absence of any non-linguistic neuropsychological impairment and did largely not correlate with standardized neuropsychological measures in manifest HD. These results further corroborate that language can act as a fine-grained clinical marker in HD, which can track disease progression from the pre-manifest stage, define critical remediation targets, and inform the role of the basal ganglia in language processing.

Language disintegration under conditions of severe formal thought disorder

On current models of the language faculty, the language system is taken to be divided by an interface with systems of thought. However, thought of the type expressed in language is difficult to access in language-independent terms. Potential inter-dependence of the two systems can be addressed by considering language under conditions of pathological changes in the neurotypical thought process. Speech patterns seen in patients with schizophrenia and formal thought disorder (FTD) present an opportunity to do this. Here we reanalyzed a corpus of severely thought-disordered speech with a view to capture patterns of linguistic disintegration comparatively across hierarchical layers of linguistic organization: 1. Referential anomalies, subcategorized into NP type involved, 2. Argument structure, 3. Lexis, and 4. Morphosyntax. Results showed significantly higher error proportions in referential anomalies against all other domains. Morphosyntax and lexis were comparatively least affected, while argument structure was intermediate. No differential impairment was seen in definite vs. indefinite NPs, or 3rd Person pronouns vs. lexical NPs. Statistically significant differences in error proportions emerged within the domain of pronominals, where covert pronouns were more affected than overt pronouns, and 3rd Person pronouns more than 1st and 2nd Person ones. Moreover, copular clauses were more often anomalous than non-copular ones. These results provide evidence of how language and thought disintegrate together in FTD, with language disintegrating along hierarchical layers of linguistic organization and affecting specific construction types. A relative intactness of language at a procedural, morphosyntactic surface level masks a profound impairment in the referential functioning of language.

Ідіостиль авторів газети «День»: основні тенденції та ознаки мовної організації текстів

Ідіостиль авторів газети «День»: основні тенденції та ознаки мовної організації текстів

On the way to the problem of "Semantic Web – Data Base"

The present state of the problem of "Semantic Web – Data Base" is analyzed. "Semantic Web" is analyzed from the standpoint of the integration approach, covering the results of research in the fields of neurophysiology, psychology, philosophy; it allows to formally define the quantum of knowledge as a separate situation of the visual level and clearly define the scheme of its verbalization in the form of a basic semantic-syntactic structure. The main result of the integration approach is presented by the following thesis: “The structural level of the linguistic organization is derived from the structural and functional level of the neural organization of the visual path”. From here we have a productive conclusion: the structural and functional level of the language organization will be the same for all languages. The second component of the "Data Base" covers (should cover) the entire social cognitive potential of knowledge, presented by a plurality of accumulated texts. The structured level of knowledge base organization is presented by a very small fragment of the neural network, which reproduces a separate situation of text information, but which, through a plurality of separate tokens, of its constituents (with corresponding references to other structural formations) forms a practically cognitive neural network of a certain knowledge area.

Disturbing the rhythm of thought: Speech pausing patterns in schizophrenia, with and without formal thought disorder.

Everyday speech is produced with an intricate timing pattern and rhythm. Speech units follow each other with short interleaving pauses, which can be either bridged by fillers (erm, ah) or empty. Through their syntactic positions, pauses connect to the thoughts expressed. We investigated whether disturbances of thought in schizophrenia are manifest in patterns at this level of linguistic organization, whether these are seen in first degree relatives (FDR) and how specific they are to formal thought disorder (FTD). Spontaneous speech from 15 participants without FTD (SZ-FTD), 15 with FTD (SZ+FTD), 15 FDRs and 15 neurotypical controls (NC) was obtained from a comic strip retelling task and rated for pauses subclassified by syntactic position and duration. SZ-FTD produced significantly more unfilled pauses than NC in utterance-initial positions and before embedded clauses. Unfilled pauses occurring within clausal units did not distinguish any groups. SZ-FTD also differed from SZ+FTD in producing significantly more pauses before embedded clauses. SZ+FTD differed from NC and FDR only in producing longer utterance-initial pauses. FDRs produced significantly fewer fillers than NC. Results reveal that the temporal organization of speech is an important window on disturbances of the thought process and how these relate to language.

Метафорична концептуалізація НЕГАТИВНОГО і ПОЗИТИВНОГО МИСЛЕННЯ (на матеріалі сучасного американського психологічного дискурсу).

A growing body of literature on positive psychology necessitates the study of the linguistic organization of the positive thinking discourse and cognitive mechanisms of its formation. Professional psychologists widely employ language and metaphorical formations in particular as a powerful instrument of transforming one’s thinking patterns. The shift from negative to positive thinking presupposes changing a person’s mindset by activating a new set of conceptual schemes. The analysis of metaphorical conceptual models allows revealing differences in the conceptualization of POSITIVE THINKING and NEGATIVE THINKING concepts as an integral part of modern American conceptual worldview.

Progress in Reading Instruction Requires a Better Understanding of the English Spelling System

It is widely claimed that the English spelling system conforms to the alphabetic principle, according to which letters or letter combinations (graphemes) represent speech sounds (phonemes). But this is not accurate. English spellings have evolved to represent both phonemes and meaning (through morphology and etymology), and in direct contradiction to the alphabetic principle, spellings prioritize the consistent spelling of morphemes over the consistent spellings of phonemes. This is important because the alphabetic principle provides the main theoretical motivation for systematic phonics instruction that explicitly teaches children grapheme–phoneme correspondences in English without reference to morphology and etymology. Furthermore, this theoretical claim has biased the research literature, with many studies considering the efficacy of phonics but few studies assessing the relevance of morphology and etymology to reading instruction. We briefly describe the linguistic organization of the English spelling system and then outline pedagogical and empirical arguments in support of the hypothesis that reading instruction should be designed to teach children the logical and meaningful organization of English spellings.

Z dziecięcych refleksji nad językiem

<p>Celem niniejszego artykułu jest lingwistyczna analiza wypowiedzi dziecięcych pod kątem ich refleksji (językowej i metajęzykowej) nad przyswajanym językiem. Badanie będzie próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, na jakich poziomach, w jakim wymiarze badane dzieci obserwują mowę oraz jak mówią o języku za pomocą samego języka. O ile na gruncie psychologii odnotowuje się prace poświęcone metajęzykowi, o tyle w lingwistyce trudno dotrzeć do badań skoncentrowanych na metajęzyku tak specyficznego użytkownika języka, jakim jest dziecko. Niejednorodność poglądów psychologów odnośnie do rozumienia pojęcia świadomości (meta)językowej pozwala mimo wszystko oprzeć analizę na podstawowym założeniu, że o zachowaniach językowych – by mogły zostać uznane za metajęzykowe – można mówić wtedy, kiedy człowiek wykonuje je świadomie, kiedy posiada zdolność refleksji nad językiem oraz wykazuje intencję kontrolowania własnej aktywności.</p><p>Część empiryczna artykułu, obfitująca w liczne wypowiedzi dzieci świadczące o ich refleksji nad językiem, pozwoliła na wyciągnięcie konkretnych wniosków: dzieci myślą o tym, co i jak mówią, analizują wypowiedzi swoje oraz innych; refleksji dziecięcej podlegają różne poziomy języka: fonologiczny, leksykalny, składniowy, analizują i różnicują skład morfemowy leksemów, zwracają uwagę na stałe połączenia wyrazów, identyfikują określony rejestr językowy oraz kwestie stylistyczne dotyczące użycia wyrazów, nie operując sprawnie aparatem pojęciowym są w stanie same wymyślić własny, umieją bawić się słowami oraz ich znaczeniami.</p>

ЖАНРОВАЯ РАЗНОВИДНОСТЬ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЕКЛАМЫ НА ТАТАРСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article analyzes the genre variety of advertising in the Tatar language, which is conditioned by the growing competition in the market of goods and services and the need for the creation and development of advertising material in the Tatar language for the Tatar-speaking population. The author gives the classification of Tatar advertising, taking into account linguistic features in it. The analysis of the genres characteristic for advertising in the Tatar language is conducted. The paper considers the peculiarities and regularities of the linguistic organization of the texts of Tatar newspaper and radio advertisements. The research is based on Tatar printed advertising texts from the local and regional press and radio advertising from three Tatar-speaking radio stations.

‘What is to be Done?’: Grammars of Organisation

The question ‘what is to be done?’ is most often uttered at moments of great urgency and political crisis. It operates in a divide between theory and practice, when thinking should end, and action must proceed. This article considers how the grammar of this question produces relationships between subjects, action and the future, drawing a relationship between the constituent grammar of the question and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's notion of the collective assemblage of enunciation. For Deleuze and Guattari, the collective assemblage of enunciation denotes amongst other things an immanent relationship between language and action: a relationship in which politics and language are bound together in a relationship of forces. This approach aims to rethink the urgency and force that is associated with the question through examining and re-proposing the connection between the linguistic organisation of the question and the different forms of political organisation that the question might produce. In so doing, Deleuze and Guattari provide a conceptual and linguistic apparatus for rethinking the plane of political action and organisation.

Albanian Language and Dialect of Rahovec/Rahovec in One Century of Coexistence

The idea of this paper is mainly focused in bilingualism of small town of Rahovec. Dialect of this territory is studied from linguists for different purposes of historical linguistic, so because of this bilingualism isn’t treated in this small town. Is important to emphasize that bilingualism is extended only in the city of Rahovec/Rahovec not in the villages. Social factors are very important to set the human psycholinguistics. This maybe would find explanation if we remember Pavlov, who managed to learn the cat to open the cage’s door putting the food out of the cage, in psychology this theory is known as learning theory by trying. It looks like this happened with the citizens of Rahovec/Rahovec which were looking for a linguistic code that would distinguish them from the other part of society that does not cultivate wine. Certainly the development of the language might be in the end of XlX century when Ottoman Empire was weakening. The need to communicate with other countries and to gain amnesty from Ottoman Empire which banned cultivation and using of wine, made possible to create a new linguistic code, which for a sort of time couldn’t be organized in linguistic aspect in any linguistic fields, didn’t create morphological rules (in word formation and in formation of plural nouns and adjectives), didn’t create syntactic rules, but created a mixed vocabulary between Balkan languages (Albanian and Slavic) and oriental languages. The researchers that studied vocabulary of “Sheh Maliqi’s Divan” (Idriz Ajeti, J.Hundozi e Kadri Derguti) emphasize that in Divan’s vocabulary are used four Slavic words that let us think that creation of dialect of Rahovec’s code is behind hand and found in the beginning of destruction of Ottoman Empire and couldn’t have any linguistic organization. As a result this linguistic code couldn’t be part of cultural language for its users and didn’t fulfill spiritual requests of society.

Boundary Assignment: A Cognitive Motivation for Lexicalization

Lexicalization is a process of structural innovation in language change, which is motivated by a human cognitive ability of structural boundary assignment in the construction of linguistic structures. In this process, the first innovative form may be a result of a language user’s intentional violation of a structural organization rule for a certain communicative purpose. The receiver, trying to correctly understand what the producer means, will have to make cognitive efforts to establish a structural gestalt by way of assigning structural boundaries. If the receiver’s boundary assignment comes to an agreement with the producer’s and accords with Gestalt Laws in human cognition, the innovative form will be accepted and spread in the language community and then finally entrench itself as new grammatical convention. That is the general process of lexicalization. The boundary assigning tendency manifested in the process of linguistic structure construal is a cognitive ability dominated by Gestalt Laws in human cognition of the world and world relations, which is actually a driving force for linguistic structural organization, and therefore an important motivation for lexicalization.

ЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ ТА ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНО-СТИЛЬОВІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ РЕКЛАМНИХ ПОСТІВ У СОЦІАЛЬНІЙ МЕРЕЖІ FACEBOOK

The article analyzes the linguistic and functional-style features of advertising posts in the social network of Facebook on the example of the Ukrainian advertising agency "Kiwi Agency", whose purpose is to increase the process of selling and providing various commercial services on the media market; the main extralinguistic factors that influence the linguistic organization of this genre of Internet communication are determined. It has been established that advertising agencies that carry out an advertising campaign through the social network Facebook, attract SMM managers, copywriter and graphic designer. The main requirements for the creation of advertising posts are the uniqueness of the text, creativity, adaptability to the target audience, expressiveness, easiness of perception of information, call - to - action, correspondence of the text and its visual part. The conducted analysis of advertising publications made it possible to distinguish their main functions, which their structural and content features are related to: contact, call, information-entertaining, social, cognitive; find out the most important extralinguistic factors of the writing of posts, which include: purpose and communication tasks, adaptation to the target audience, information media, the influence of other languages ​​and cultures, etc., which led to the use englishisms, neologisms, created from the name of the brand of toys or abbreviation of the store "House of Toys", which is played by various variants: repetitions, alliteration, graphic means, rhyming, lexemes with affixes of an enlarged sign, exclamations, isotopes, imperative-vocative and nominative syntactic constructions; the use of speech techniques and allusions - the recognition of users of social media Facebook texts created by analogy with cartoons and famous songs. The article concludes that today in the language of Internet advertising as an effective marketing tool there are active processes of word formation, the tendency to simplify syntactic constructions, the growth of the role of visual means, mixing of styles.

Словесно-образний аналіз літературного твору в школі: первинний рівень застосування

The article outlines the initial stage of implementing the verbal imagery analysis in the secondary school and determines the corresponding system of students’ knowledge andskills. Such analysis can be used both as an independent activity and in combination with other activities. It is designed with due consideration of all literary genres. The authorelaborates the technique of this activity, explaining its algorithmic model, the purpose of its usage, and offers his own definition of it. He has identified a number of activities which don’t require providing theoretical information on the linguistic organization of a literary text but still enable the students to perceive and comprehend the verbal textual structure from the viewpoint of its semantic richness and aesthetic expressivity. These activities include expressive reading and its preparatory stages, reflection on and interpretation of literary tropes, compiling glossaries of an author’s literary expressions, lexical and phraseological commentary, comparing word meaning, replacing the author’s expression by own verbal constructions, choosing synonyms for author’s expressions, determining the associative and semantic content of a verbal image, “editing” the author’s language, “stylistic experiment”, comparing different versions of a text, different authors’ languages, verbal means of literature and the means of other arts, as well as students’ choice of expressions to be used in essay writing. The author sees the listed activities and the verbal imagery analysis as a whole as offering ample opportunity to improve the linguistic and communicative skills of students as part of their psychological development. Moreover, they ensure realization of one of the key methodological principles – the study of literature which takes into account its verbal and artistic nature.

A parataxe nos escritos do Profeta Gentileza

Neste artigo, investigamos o processo de integração de orações por meio de relações paratáticas presentes nos escritos do Profeta Gentileza. Utilizamos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos oriundos da Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso. Propomos uma análise que compreenda a parataxe no nível discursivo, e a atuação do princípio da iconicidade na organização linguística do texto, com o aporte teórico das unidades retóricas. Objetivamos apresentar uma reflexão sobre as pressões pragmático-discursivas que atuam nas unidades constitutivas do discurso, demonstrando que o processo de parataxe é influenciado por fatores que estão além do nível estritamente linguístico. Concluímos que as orações mais curtas da parataxe facilitam a repetição e a memorização, aspecto comum dos textos religiosos e propagandísticos. Além disso, o uso da parataxe é uma estratégica compatível com o paralelismo frequentemente adotado pelo Profeta Gentileza.

Dependency networks: A discussion note about Lamb’s theory of linguistic structure

Sydney Lamb (2016) presents a theory of linguistic structure that reaches through all levels of linguistic organization (semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology). The network architecture of Lamb’s system is analogous to the network of neurons in the brain. Lamb’s theory organizes linguistic units in part in terms of constituencies. This discussion note explores the possibility of recasting Lamb’s theory entirely in terms of dependencies. An approach that relies more on dependency as the principle organizing the units of linguistic structure would result in simpler networks, increasing plausibility and thus being more consistent with the network of neurons in the brain.