Linguistic Ontology Research Articles

ONTODIC

Abstract After analyzing other linguistic ontologies and lexical models with a variety of perspectives, objectives and results, it was found that they were unsuitable for building dictionaries. To help overcome these issues, a model of linguistic knowledge representation was designed. The ONTODIC model presents two major differences with respect to other ontologies. On the one hand, the aim of ONTODIC has been to model language from the premises of linguistics. This means studying the linguistic elements in their natural contexts, that is, the texts. On the other hand, the design of ONTODIC is based on the principles of description logic.

CONCEPT OF "DEVOTION": SEMANTIC, COGNITIVE, LINGUOCULTURAL APPROACH

The choice of anthropocentric linguistics as a scientific paradigm is due to the inclusion of the studied problems in the study of the semiosphere of the inner world of man, which is one of the priorities of modern research. In modern linguistics, it becomes relevant to understand and describe the linguistic ontology of the concept of “loyalty” to the fullest extent possible, to identify and form the conceptual properties of the concept, to characterize its objective structure as a moral concept.

Linguistic ontology and epistemology: modern approaches

This article analyzes the linguistic science of the 20th century, its interaction with the ontology and epistemology of linguistic objects. The author explores the ontological status of objects of linguistic research, raising questions about the nature of these objects: whether they are internal, external, or have both properties. The article offers an overview of contemporary approaches to these issues and their epistemological implications, addressing different positions within the academic debate. The main focus is on the analysis and critical assessment of various theoretical answers proposed in modern linguistics.

Changing the functioning of the article in the history of the German language

The subject of the study is the historical changes in the syntactic structure of the German language; the object of the study is articles. The authors consider in detail the use of definite, indefinite and null articles based on the material of a fragment of the Gospel of Luke, which were published in various periods of the German language: the text of Tatiana, translated by Martin Luther, made in 1545; an adapted version of Luther's translation, published in 2017 and a lightweight electronic version created as a result of deviation from the canonical translation. Particular attention is paid to the frequency of use of articles, the reasons for the increase or decrease in their use, as well as other means of determination. It is established that modern electronic text shows a tendency to decrease nominal groups, which, accordingly, leads to a decrease in articles. The tendency to decrease the zero article is manifested by the early Upper German period; in modern German, there is a displacement of the definite article. The methodological basis is based on a systematic approach to the interpretation of the phenomena of linguistic ontology in diachrony. The research methods are comparative historical analysis, the method of distributive analysis, quantitative analysis, methods of N. Chomsky's theory of control and binding. The main conclusions of the proposed study are the revealed historical processes in the system of articles of the German language. It was found that at an early stage of language development, the zero article dominated in texts, which significantly narrowed the manifestation of determination. The main burden during this period fell on possessive nominal groups, which primarily included proper names. The definite article was used much less frequently. In nominal groups that are part of the prepositional group, the zero article was mainly used, which eventually led to the creation of stable prepositional constructions with a zero article. The largest number of all types of articles falls on Luther's translation adapted to the modern grammatical structure of the German language, which is associated with the maximum use of nominal groups. What is new is the establishment in modern German of a tendency to reduce the zero and definite articles.

Information extraction tool text2alm: From narratives to action language system descriptions and query answering

In this work we design an information extraction tool text2alm capable of narrative understanding with a focus on action verbs. This tool uses an action language ALM to perform inferences on complex interactions of events described in narratives. The methodology used to implement the text2alm system was originally outlined by Lierler, Inclezan, and Gelfond (In IWCS 2017 – 12th International Conference on Computational Semantics – Short Papers (2017)) via a manual process of converting a narrative to an ALM model. We refine that theoretical methodology and utilize it in design of the text2alm system. This system relies on a conglomeration of resources and techniques from two distinct fields of artificial intelligence, namely, (i) knowledge representation and reasoning and (ii) natural language processing. The effectiveness of system text2alm is measured by its ability to correctly answer questions from the bAbI tasks published by Facebook Research in 2015. This tool matched or exceeded the performance of state-of-the-art machine learning methods in six of the seven tested tasks. We also illustrate that the text2alm approach generalizes to a broader spectrum of narratives. On the path to creating system text2alm, a semantic role labeler text2drs was designed. Its unique feature is the use of the elements of the fine grained linguistic ontology VerbNet as semantic roles/labels in annotating considered text. This paper provides an accurate account on the details behind the text2alm and text2drs systems.

Construction and Statistical Analysis of Discourse Cohesive Components in Modern Chinese

In discourse semantic analysis, the primary focus lies on cohesive elements that maintain discourse coherence. Additionally, attention is given to referring components and topic description structures that facilitate articulation. Various terms are used to refer to these cohesive elements, such as connecting components, logical connectives, relational words and cohesive components. However, there is a lack of unified terminology. The concept of cohesive components has been proposed before. In prior research, it primarily encompassed connectives, discourse markers and tone words, all of which contribute to discourse coherence. However, these definitions were relatively imprecise, and previous studies did not systematically categorize discourse cohesive components based on specific semantic functions. Consequently, they were inadequate for chapter-level semantic analysis. This paper extends the definition and scope of cohesive components based on existing research. It categorizes cohesive components according to both their formal characteristics and semantic functions. We extract cohesive components from the BLCU-CST tree bank, filter them based on specific scope and definition, and summarize a total of 247 logical connectives, 118 discourse connective markers and six types of numerical sequence connectives. In terms of semantic function, we analyze the distribution of 14 different logical-semantic relations that cohesive components indicate within discourse. This analysis not only enriches the understanding of discourse semantics for natural language comprehension but also offers valuable insights for linguistic ontology research.

The Via Negativa and the Aura of Words

The negative capacity is essential to creative thinking; we find it in the transcendentalism of the Judaeo-Christian tradition, though the Neoplatonist explanation of unknowing goes far further than simply pointing to the beyond; the idea of aura provides some understanding of how a word retains its influence even when negated; words or names are crucial in the move upwards in the mystical journey, and in the Neoplatonist and Christian tradition names or words are said to be fundamental, despite the via negativa; the linguistic ontology of Platonism underpins the existence of the names: but we do not have to believe in the ontic status of names for their aura to operate as we meditate over them.

Linguistic reflexivity and language-shaping: Countering representationalism in ecological research on language

Everyday metalinguistic ascriptions (“My name is Oliver”, “Swahili ng'ombe means cow”, “She lied about you”) seemingly attribute properties to phenomena of a distinctively linguistic ontology. However, non-representational approaches to cognition, such as ecological psychology, cannot accommodate this linguistic ontology without contravening their non-representational principles. An alternative might be to construe metalinguistic ascriptions as ‘folk’ fictions which are, strictly speaking, false. Yet this would render unintelligible the practical role that metalinguistic ascription occupies in everyday discourse. We suggest another alternative. By analogy to mindshaping approaches in folk-psychological debates, we propose a non-representational account of metalinguistic ascription as a form of language-shaping. Metalinguistic ascriptions shape language behavior over temporal and social scales by prospectively shaping discursive niches.

A model for representing the semantics of MWEs: From lexical semantics to the semantic annotation of complex predicates.

Multiword expressions (MWEs) are sequences of words that pose a challenge to the computational processing of human languages due to their idiosyncrasies and the mismatch between their phrasal structure and their semantics. These idiosyncrasies are of lexical, morphosyntactic and semantic 11 nature, namely: non-compositionality, i.e., the meaning of the expression cannot be computed from the meanings of its constituents; discontinuity, i.e., alien elements may intervene; non-13 substitutability, i.e., at least one of the expression constituents is lexicalized and therefore, does not enter in alternations at the paradigmatic axis; and non-modifiability, in that they enter in syntactically 15 rigid structures, posing further constraints over modification, transformations, etc. The paper presents a model for representing MWEs at the level of semantics by taking into account all these inherent idiosyncrasies. The model assumes the form of a linguistic ontology and is applied to Greek verbal multi-word expressions (VMWEs); moreover, the semantics of the lexical entries under scrutiny is also represented via the semantics of their arguments based on corpus evidence. In this regard, modeling the semantics of VMWEs is placed in the lexicon-corpus interface.

Internalist priorities in a philosophy of words

Words appear to be denizens of the external world or, at any rate, not wholly mental, unlike our pains. It is the norm for philosophical accounts of words to reflect this appearance by offering various socio-cultural conditions to which an adequate account of wordhood must cleave. The paper argues, to the contrary, that an adequate account of word phenomena need avert to nothing other than individual psychology along with potential external factors that in-themselves do not count as linguistic. My principal leverage will be that, by everyone’s lights, whatever words are, they are syntactically combinable and possess structural properties. But such conditions cannot be externally realised; instead, they are aspects of our internally realised cognitive capacity. It will also be argued, however, that the position is consistent with much of our common lore about words, albeit sans an externalist linguistic ontology.

A Semantic and Smart Framework for Handling Multilingual Linguistic Knowledge

The authors propose a semantic and smart assistance framework for handling linguistic knowledge, called LingFramework. It targets both expert and novice users. It aims to assist the user in understanding the different aspects of the linguistic domain and ease the process of proposing lingware applications. LingFramework is based on a multilingual linguistic domain ontology called LingOnto. It allows (1) representing linguistic data, linguistic processing functionalities and linguistic processing features, and (2) reasoning, via a SWRL-based reasoning engine, about the linguistic knowledge. Currently, it covers English, French, and Arabic languages. To facilitate the interaction with LingOnto, an ontology visualization tool called LingGraph is proposed. It offers an easy-to-use interface for users not familiar with ontologies. It provides a SPARQL pattern-based approach to allow a smart search interaction functionality. LingFramework is applied to assist the user in identifying valid linguistic processing pipelines related to lingware applications. The evaluation results are promising.

An Ontology based Smart Management of Linguistic Knowledge

Natural language processing provides a very significant contribution to various application areas such as multilingual big data, information retrieval, data integration and multilingual web. However, handling linguistic knowledge to develop such lingware applications is a crucial issue, especially for linguistic novice users. To deal with this issue, a "smart" linguistic knowledge management may help the users to understand the meaning, scope and especially the use of related techniques and algorithms. In this paper, (1) we propose a semantic processing of linguistic knowledge based on a multilingual linguistic domain ontology, called LingOnto. Compared to related work, LingOnto does not only handles linguistic data, but also linguistic processing functionalities and linguistic processing features. Besides, it allows, via a reasoning engine, inferring new linguistic knowledge and assisting in the process of proposing lingware applications. This is particularly useful for novice users, but can also provide new perspectives for the expert ones. LingOnto covers the French, English and Arabic languages. (2) We propose also an assisted user friendly ontology visualization tool called LingGraph. It facilitates the interaction with LingOnto. It offers an easy to use interface for users not familiar with ontologies. It is based on a SPARQL pattern-based approach to allow a smart search interaction functionality to visualize only the ontological view corresponding to the user’s needs and preferences. In order to evaluate LingOnto, we apply it to a framework of identifying valid natural language processing pipelines. Finally, we give the results of the carried-out experiments.

Towards a Sigmatics of the Word ‘Norm’: An Ontological Turn in the Semiotics of the Normative

During the twentieth century, the development of semiotics and philosophy of language had a great influence on the investigation of normative phenomena, particularly within the philosophy of law: the analysis of normative language became the prevalent methodological approach among many legal philosophers, and the science of law was frequently understood as an analysis of the object language of law. This approach led to the development of a linguistic ontology of the normative and to a semiotic theory of the validity of norms, in which norms are conceived of as linguistic entities, and their validity is accordingly conceived of as a predicate of normative sentences. However, the resort to a semiotic approach for the investigation of normative phenomena does not necessarily imply the adoption of a linguistic ontology of norms. The semiotic analysis of the possible referents of the word ‘norm’ elaborated by Conte (“Studio per una teoria della validità”, Giappichelli, Torino [1970]1995; entry “Norma” in Enciclopedia filosofica, Bompiani, Milano, 2006) shows that the word ‘norm’ may alternately refer to both linguistic entities and non-linguistic entities, such as deontic states-of-affairs and deontic noemata. Such a “sigmatic” analysis exhibits the relevance of the ontological notion of deontic states-of-affairs, and of the correlative notion of “syntactical validity”. After reconstructing Conte’s theory of validity, we wonder whether validity is necessarily to be conceived of as systemic validity, or also an asystemic and factual validity of norms should be considered.

Towards ontological interoperability of cognitive IoT agents based on natural language processing¶

The interoperability of devices from distinct brands on the Internet of Things (IoT) domain is still an open issue. The main reason is that pioneer companies always deliberately neglected to deploy devices able to interoperate with competitors products. The key factors that may invert such a trend derive, on one hand, from the abstraction of communication protocols that facilitates the migration from vertical to horizontal paradigms and, on the other hand, from the introduction of common and shared ontologies encoding devices specifications. The Semantic Web, with all its layers, can be considered the main framework for delivering ontologies, and by virtue of its features, it is surely the ideal means for providing shared knowledge. In this paper we present a framework that instantiates cognitive agents operating in IoT context, endowed with meta-reasoning in the Semantic Web. The framework, called SW-Caspar, is also provided with a module that performs semi-automatic ontology learning from sentences expressed in natural language; such a learning process generates a conceptual space reflecting the domain of discourse with an instance of a novel foundational ontology called Linguistic Oriented Davidsonian Ontology (LODO), whose main feature is to increase the deepness of reasoning without compromising linguistic-related features. LODO is inspired by the First-Order Logic Davidsonian notation and is serialized in OWL 2. Well-known examples derived from the theory of logical reasoning and a case-study applied to automation on health scenarios are also provided.

Translanguaging as decolonial praxis

Epistemic ruptures in normative conceptualisations of language bring into sharper focus the absurdities of education in entrenched linguistic and disciplinary regimentations. At a time when neoliberal forces push educational processes farther from traditional disciplinary arrangements and towards nuclear marketisation of knowledge and processes of knowledge production, the convergence of epidemiological and social crises occasioned by the Covid-19 pandemic forces educators to recalibrate pedagogical structures that have guided schooling processes for decades. Drawing insights from two emergency remote courses, this article examines the pedagogical and conceptual thrusts of translanguaging in US higher education. It outlines specific ways in which the institutional formations of knowledge – its (re)production, structuration and transaction – undercut the logic and political potency of translanguaging. Specifically, it locates translanguaging within a broader constructionist linguistic ontologism, which now provides conceptual tools for readjusting the epistemic aperture through which new cultural attitudes to knowledge – and to education – can materialise institutional transformations towards what Lewis Gordon (2021) calls ‘teleological suspension’. While public consciousness remains inured to the presumed cultural neutrality and political benignity of schooling as pervasive social practice, this study contends that it is precisely in the ubiquitous subtleties of institutional formations that the politics of official knowledge exercises most effectively its technologies of cultural control, and of exploitation. As such, the epistemic shifts which translanguaging and similar expressions of constructionist linguistic ontology invite extend far beyond language policy changes and point to radical social transformations.

Reorganizing Educational Institutional Domain using Faceted Ontological Principles

The purpose of this work is to find out how different library classification systems and linguistic ontologies arrange a particular domain of interest and what are the limitations for information retrieval. We use knowledge representation techniques and languages for construction of a domain specific ontology. This ontology would help not only in problem solving, but it would demonstrate the ease with which complex queries can be handled using principles of domain ontology, thereby facilitating better information retrieval. Facet-based methodology has been used for ontology formalization for quite some time. Ontology formalization involves different steps such as, Identification of the terminology, Analysis, Synthesis, Standardization and Ordering. Firstly, for purposes of conceptualization OntoUML has been used which is a well-founded and established language for Ontology driven Conceptual Modelling. Phase transformation of “the same mode” has been subsequently obtained by OWL-DL using Protégé software. The final OWL ontology contains a total of around 232 axioms. These axioms comprise 148 logical axioms, 76 declaration axioms and 43 classes. These axioms glue together classes, properties and data types as well as a constraint. Such data clustering cannot be achieved through general use of simple classification schemes. Hence it has been observed and established that domain ontology using faceted principles provide better information retrieval with enhanced precision. This ontology should be seen not only as an alternative of the existing classification system but as a Knowledge Base (KB) system which can handle complex queries well, which is the ultimate purpose of any classification system or indexing system. In this paper, we try to understand how ontology-based information retrieval systems can prove its utility as a useful tool in the field of library science with a particular focus on the education domain.

Алгоритм психолингвистического анализа текстовых данных социальных сетей с применением модели «Большая пятѐрка»

The paper presents an approach to determining the psychological characteristics of a user of social networks through the analysis of text messages in social networks. The proposed approach includes the user's texts classification using machine learning. The results of the analysis of user surveys in accordance with the Big Five model, as well as a set of author's text data from social network pages, are used as training data. The questionnaire contains paired statements, and the respondent determines the degree of their own agreement with one or another statement on a scale from 0 to 4. Natural language text processing (NLP) methods were applied to the text resources used as input data for the classifier, as well as the RuWordNet linguistic ontology, in order to level out a number of features of social network texts, for example, the presence of grammatical errors and emoticons that complicate the process. semantic analysis. Two models were used as classifiers: the support vector machine and the random forest method. The area under the error curve (AUC ROC) metric was used to evaluate performance. The experiments used open text data of more than 1000 users of social networks.

Синтаксисът като езикова онтология

In our opinion, * `logical basis` and *` syntactic basis` are incorrect from a cognitive point of view. The subjunctive is a syntactic category and the qualification `logical` is an oxymoron, or at least a dissonance. In logic, the category is the subject. And since the subjunctive is the syntactic category, even more disturbing is the tautological * `syntactic subjunctive`. The article substantiates the cognitive reading of the substratum. What is new is the derivation of linguistic ontology as a category of the cognitive method in syntax, of cognitive syntax.

Linguistic Ontologies: Designing and Using in the Educational Intellectual Systems

The purpose of the article is to investigate and consider the general trends, problems and prospects of designing and using linguistic ontologies in educational intellectual systems. The research methodology consists in semantic analysis methods of the basic concepts in the considered subject area (linguistic ontologies in the educational intellectual systems). The article discusses approaches to the use of linguistic models in modern educational intelligent systems. The novelty of the research is the analysis of the linguistic ontologies use in the educational intellectual systems. Conclusions. A model of linguistic ontology for the domain (disciplines “Computer Networks” and “Modelling Systems”) is presented. This model is used in the development of an educational intellectual system that supports online learning in these disciplines. The proposed model describes a set of relations of linguistic ontology, specially selected to describe the analyzed domain. To ensure these properties, it was proposed to use a small set of relationships. The proposed linguistic ontological model is implemented in an educational intelligent system that supports such disciplines as “Computer Networks” and “Modelling Systems”.

Подход к автоматическому построению лингвистической онтологии для определения интересов пользователей социальных сетей

Social networks provide researchers with the opportunity to obtain an array of text data for further analysis within a certain subject area. Each subject area has its own specific professional vocabulary and writing style. When defining the subject area of text material there is a big problem with building dictionaries, thesauri, and ontologies. In this article a linguistic ontology is considered under ontology and which is aimed to determine the subject area of text material. An algorithm for the automatic construction of an ontology based on the Wikidata knowledge graph is presented. The task is to map a set of objects of the Wikidata knowledge graph to a set of entities of a linguistic ontology. The article proposes an algorithm for determining the degree of belonging of the text material to the subject area. Experiments on assessing the time of building an ontology and the applicability of the obtained linguistic ontologies to the problem of determining the degree of belonging of text materials in the subject area have shown: the running time of the algorithm and the number of terms in the formed ontology are directly proportional to the number of analyzed properties and Wikidata objects; the formed linguistic ontology is applicable to the problem of determining the degree of belonging of a text to a subject area.