Linguistic Influences Research Articles

The Linguistic Influence of the Norman Conquest (11th Century) on the English Language

<p class="1"><span lang="X-NONE">In this paper I present some historical facts that took place regarding the Norman Conquest in England, then, I discuss the different Linguistic influences on English which appears to lend support to the fact that the French Normans had a major effect on the English Language. Evidence of some changes that took place on English as a result of the Norman invasion is presented, and finally I shall conclude with the fact that some views may not be as convincing as they were once believed to be. The claim that the Normans did not have any influence on the structure of English is falsified by Lars R.'s. (1975) analysis that proves the opposite, and which is discussed later in this paper.</span></p>

Exploring cultural and linguistic influences on clinical communication skills: a qualitative study of International Medical Graduates

BackgroundInternational Medical Graduates (IMGs) are known to perform less well in many postgraduate medical examinations when compared to their UK trained counterparts. This “differential attainment” is observed in both knowledge-based and clinical skills assessments. This study explored the influence of culture and language on IMGs clinical communication skills, in particular, their ability to seek, detect and acknowledge patients’ concerns in a high stakes postgraduate clinical skills examination. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions framework was used to look at the impact of culture on examination performance.MethodsThis was a qualitative, interpretative study using thematic content analysis of video-recorded doctor-simulated patient consultations of candidates sitting the MRCP(UK) PACES examination, at a single examination centre in November 2012. The research utilised Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory, a framework for comparing cultural factors amongst different nations, to help understand the reasons for failure.ResultsFive key themes accounted for the majority of communication failures in station 2, “history taking” and station 4, “communication skills and ethics” of the MRCP(UK) PACES examination. Two themes, the ability to detect clues and the ability to address concerns, related directly to the overall construct managing patients’ concerns. Three other themes were found to impact the whole consultation. These were building relationships, providing structure and explanation and planning.ConclusionHofstede’s cultural dimensions may help to contextualise some of these observations. In some cultures doctor and patient roles are relatively inflexible: the doctor may convey less information to the patient (higher power distance societies) and give less attention to building rapport (high uncertainty avoidance societies.) This may explain why cues and concerns presented by patients were overlooked in this setting. Understanding cultural differences through Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory can inform the preparation of candidates for high stakes bedside clinical skills examinations and for professional practice.

COGNITIVE BASIS OF MENTAL PROCESSES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

The article is devoted to the cognitive role of the language study in the process of the world mental representations, forms of their existence and transformation in one’s consciousness. Human cognitive activity is defined not only as a reciepience or an acquisition of knowledge from the outside environment, but also as a mastery and usage of various practical abilities and skills to process coming information. It means that person’s activity to cognize the world is in focus. Al in all cognitive linguistics deals with the investigation of informative language and mental data, that is the information stored in the mental lexicon inside one’s mind which forms the basis for mental processes progressing in human consciousness. In order to understand how people think and cognize the world one should study cognition realized by men. The main constituent part of cognition is language. It reflects the results of the cognition as a process focused on the solution of practical tasks on one’s adaptation to the environment, data classification of immediate perception, processing and mastering of information etc. Cognition is connected with all these processes by means of which sensory data are transformed, stored and used. So cognition is a manipulation with knowledge and work with information. Within the bound of cognitive linguistics the study of such a phenomenon as a “concept” is a matter of topical interest. It acts as a universal mental unit of consciousness which is able not only to accumulate all peculiarities of things but also to covert already obtained knowledge. It’s necessary to point out that concept is not a constant invariable unit; there can be different changes in its content caused by the development of linguistic community and influence of extralinguistic factors. doi: 10.17748/2075-9908-2016-8-2/1-127-132. [ru; en]

Islam and Social Media: Attitudes and Views

<p>Social media has become an integral part of our daily life encapsulating time and place, creating new relations and fostering old ones not only on an individual level but also on social and global ones. This revolution in human interaction was led by the introduction of Facebook in 2004 that was followed by other social media platforms such as Twitter and Instegram. This electronic revolution swept over to reach mobile phones and to introduce new platforms such as WhatsApp and Viber. The present study investigated attitudes and views towards the use of social media in promoting Islam. A random sample of Facebook users was asked to fill in a questionnaire that tackled questions related to their attitudes towards the role of social media in promoting Islam, the linguistic influence of the social media on their English language skills when talking about Islam and the most preferred social media platform. . Respondents were then classified according to education and gender. The study revealed that the social media have affected the way the other is addressed when discussing Islamic topics. Despite some negative stands, the positive attitudes towards social media in promoting Islam prevailed. The views were influenced by the respondents’ age, gender and education. The linguistic influence of the social media on developing English skills was viewed positively. The Facebook was the most preferred social media platform. Further research is recommended on the interrelationships between social factors and views of social media. Code-switching among social media users and the effect on Arabic might be also investigated.</p>

Mapping explorations of linguistic influences on nonlinguistic thought

De récentes découvertes à base expérimentale démontrent que les disparités interlangues influent sur la cognition extralinguistique de manières très variées. Ces découvertes suggèrent qu’à quelques exceptions près, les chercheurs concernés par la question de la relativité linguistique vont au-delà de la question insipide : Est-ce que notre vision du monde est modelée ou déterminée par notre langue maternelle ? Au lieu de cela, ils cherchent à mieux éclairer les voies par lesquelles s’entrecroisent les deux formes linguistique et extralinguistique de la cognition, et à comprendre si ces intersections sont larges ou étroites. Le paysage post-Whorfien est rassasié d’études tentant à rendre compte minutieusement de confusions extralinguistiques tout en délivrant des preuves de la diversité cognitive entre des populations de langues différentes. Nous décrirons des résultats majeurs de recherches démontrant les effets relativistes associés à trois domaines sémantiques : l’espace, la numération et la couleur. Nous constatons qu’en dépit de la luminescence actuelle de la recherche portant sur ces thèmes, le débat populaire sur la relativité linguistique est différé en raison d’une focalisation anachronique sur les idées pionnières de Whorf.

Cultural Proficiency: Supporting the Development of Cultural Competence in Mentoring Relationships

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's (ASHA's) Strategic Pathway to Excellence calls for increased cultural competence of association members (ASHA, 2016a). This objective, fueled by a longstanding recognition of the need to educate ASHA members about the influence of culture and language on assessment and intervention (ASHA, 1985, 2004), has resulted in a greater number of resources for acquiring these knowledge and skills. However, little has been written about how mentors can facilitate the development of cultural competence among new and future professionals. In order to share this knowledge, mentors must exercise “cultural proficiency” (ASHA, 2016b). Culturally proficient mentors demonstrate an awareness of the variables that exist between the mentor and mentee as well as the clinician and client. They work strategically to help mentees develop their own awareness of cultural and linguistic influences, and apply this during clinical decision making. This article explores the critical need for cultural proficiency in mentoring relationships with our students and clinical fellows, methods for exercising cultural proficiency, and its potential impact on service provision in speech-language pathology and audiology.

Uticaj lingvistike na formiranje kulturno-istorijskog pristupa u arheologiji


 
 Kritičko preispitivanje istorije arheologije u ovom radu ima za cilj da ukaže na uticaj lingvistike i, uopšte, uloge jezika u modernom društvu na formiranje kulturno-istorijskog pristupa u arheologiji, sa posebnim osvrtom na takve pojave u srpskoj arheologiji. U tom pogledu, ovaj rad se nadovezuje na seriju sličnih, kritičko-istorijskih pregleda i priloga o istoriji arheologije, koji ukazuju na tzv. konceptualni tovar koji sa sobom nosi kulturno-istorijska praksa klasifikovanja artefakata prema njihovoj kulturnoj pripadnosti, prilikom čega se po automatizmu izvode pretpostavke o kulturnom/ etničkom identitetu ljudi koji su koristili određene artefakte. Potreba da se sagleda pomenuti odnos između lingvistike i arheologije u vreme formiranja discipline potiče sa stanovišta da je, bez nužnog odbacivanja celokupne kulturno-istorijske tradicije (što je, uostalom, još uvek nemoguće), potrebno razumeti kako je došlo do formiranja određenih značenja implicitnih arheološkom konceptu kulture, te da je tim putem moguće izbeći interpretativne greške koje nameće pomenuti konceptualni tovar.
 

De la Septante aux Pères de l’Église et à Byzance : les apports du livre de Job à la langue des chrétiens, une étude de cas

It is made an analysis of the Job’s text from the linguistic point of view in order to find neologisms, hapax and classical words which have a new sense. Besides, it is verified that 14.28% of the neologisms were used exclusively in the ecclesiastic literature. The Job’s text had a great influence in the hagiography’s contents and topics and besides it had a linguistic influence in the patristic and Byzantine literatures: the creative facet of its vocabulary has survived throughout the late antiquity and the Middle Ages because it has been picked up again in other literary discourses.

Specialised language varieties: When a cognitive framework can explain semantic changes

The aim of this paper is to explore the role of semantic change in the creation and development of scientific, and the interaction between this and common everyday language. To this end, the theoretical tenets of Dik Geraeerts’s Diachronic Prototype Semantics plus ideas on the influence of cognitive linguistics (George Lakoff) on semantic change as developed by Gyori Gabor have been taken into account. The analysis of terms found in astronomy and history texts from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reveals that metaphor is the fundamental cognitive mechanism involved in meaning shifts from scientific to common core vocabulary use.

Dutch Guiana

The first one hundred years of the Dutch presence on the “Wild Coast” of Guiana, beginning with exploratory voyages and establishment of trading networks, and culminating in the establishment of plantation societies in Berbice and Essequibo, forms the historical context for the emergence of the Dutch creole languages of Berbice and Essequibo. This article explores that historical backdrop, focusing on the early plantation colonies, their management, and the presence and roles of different linguistic groups: Amerindian, Dutch, African. Amerindians—both free and enslaved—formed a numerically dominant presence in the initial plantation phase; although they were soon to be outnumbered by enslaved Africans, they were present on and around the plantations throughout the history of these Dutch colonies. It is surprising, then, to note that Arawak-origin material in rather peripheral domains of the Berbice Dutch lexicon forms the sole evidence of an Amerindian presence during its formation. This contrasts sharply with the very central Eastern-Ijo derived contribution to basic lexicon and bound morphology. On the Dutch side, given the dominance of the southwestern provinces in the colonization of both Berbice and Essequibo, it is not surprising that Zeelandic Dutch characteristics can be recognized in many of the Dutch-derived forms. The marginal linguistic role played by Amerindians suggests that the dynamics of slavery determined the linguistic influence of the different groups historically present in the plantation society.

Interlanguage Asymmetry as a Kind of Lexical Difficulties in the Tatar-Russian Translation

Throughout the history of human society, different people come and engage in trade, military, economic, political, scientific, cultural and other relations with each other. Since the communication is carried out, and in different languages, the need for translation from one language to another and translators has been and will remain. To transfer was the most appropriate, the translator just needs to have information about what lexical difficulties and where it is waiting for. One of the most traditional forms of lexical difficulty is the problem so-called "false friends". Historically, the "false friends" are the result of linguistic influence, in a limited number of cases it may be the result of random coincidences. Their total number and the role of each of the possible sources of their formation are different for each individual language pairs, identify the genetic and historical ties languages. Passing from one language to another, the words can develop and change their values. They are not only fixed in the new cultural and language environment realities of another culture, but also can "choose" from a semantic system borrowed words such values that are at the periphery; sometimes they get too narrow, or, on the contrary, broad, generalizing value. Therefore, among similar in external form of tokens of two languages, a rather large group are those whose values are not equivalent, ie. E. Completely asymmetrical. This article discusses cross-language inconsistencies resulting from the random phonetic matches and different understanding of loanwords. The paper also carried out a study on the transfer of debt, the problem of penetration of loans in the Tatar and Russian language study "false friends" as one of the main difficulties of lexical translation. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s3p205

The Rhyme Book Culture of Pre-Tang China

Due to theTang’s and later imperial courts’ enforcement, yunshu 韻書(rhyme books) such as Qieyun 切韻(Spelling Rhymes), Yunlue 韻略(Concise Rhymes), and Hongwu zhengyun 洪武正韻(Standard Rhymes of the Hongwu Reign Period) came to exert extensive linguistic and cultural influence. However, during their inception before the Tang, rhyme books did not enjoy broad recognition, belonging more or less within circles of experts. In examining the case of Lu Fayan’s 陸法言(fl. 581–601) Qieyun (Spelling Rhymes; compiled ca. 601), which is often characterized as the incipient guan yun 官韻(official rhyme book) in Chinese history, the author argues for its more private and personal nature and brings to light a different picture of pre-Tang “tonal and rhyming” culture.

Language may indeed influence thought.

We discuss four interconnected issues that we believe have hindered investigations into how language may affect thinking. These have had a tendency to reappear in the debate concerning linguistic relativity over the past decades, despite numerous empirical findings. The first is the claim that it is impossible to disentangle language from thought, making the question concerning “influence” pointless. The second is the argument that it is impossible to disentangle language from culture in general, and from social interaction in particular, so it is impossible to attribute any differences in the thought patterns of the members of different cultures to language per se. The third issue is the objection that methodological and empirical problems defeat all but the most trivial version of the thesis of linguistic influence: that language gives new factual information. The fourth is the assumption that since language can potentially influence thought from “not at all” to “completely,” the possible forms of linguistic influence can be placed on a cline, and competing theories can be seen as debating the actual position on this cline. We analyze these claims and show that the first three do not constitute in-principle objections against the validity of the project of investigating linguistic influence on thought, and that the last one is not the best way to frame the empirical challenges at hand. While we do not argue for any specific theory or mechanism for linguistic influence on thought, our discussion and the reviewed literature show that such influence is clearly possible, and hence in need of further investigations.

CONTEXTUAL CLASSROOM EXPERIENCE THROUGH GENRE BASED APPROACH

This paper is formulated to elaborate the understanding ofGenre Based Approach as the part of Systemic Functional Lin-guistic infl uence. SFL has been developed by Halliday that focuson function and meaning as the core aspects. Because of its infl u-ence in linguistic, SFL gives inspiration for inventing GBA, as thekind of approach in language learning. The aims of the study areto explore the base understanding of GBA from its historical anddevelopment perspective. In addition, the paper is trying to analyzethe main points of GBA and its impact to improve learner skills inclassroom activity for some skills, they are writing, reading, speakingand listening.

Using Listener Judgments to Investigate Linguistic Influences on L2 Comprehensibility and Accentedness: A Validation and Generalization Study

The current study investigated linguistic influences on comprehensibility (ease of understanding) and accentedness (linguistic nativelikeness) in second language (L2) learners’ extemporaneous speech. Target materials included picture narratives from 40 native French speakers of English from different proficiency levels. The narratives were subsequently rated by 20 native speakers with or without linguistic and pedagogical experience for comprehensibility, accentedness, and 11 linguistic variables spanning the domains of phonology, lexis, grammar, and discourse structure. Results showed that comprehensibility was associated with several linguistic variables (vowel/consonant errors, word stress, fluency, lexis, grammar), whereas accentedness was chiefly linked to pronunciation (vowel/consonant errors, word stress). Native-speaking listeners thus appear to pay particular attention to pronunciation, rather than lexis and grammar, to evaluate nativelikeness but tend to consider various sources of linguistic information in L2 speech in judging comprehensibility. The use of listener ratings (perceptual measures) in evaluating linguistic aspects of learner speech and their implications for language assessment and pedagogy are discussed.

Cognitive and linguistic influences on speech motor development

Speech development is affected by the interaction of the development of various domains, including motor control and language. Infants demonstrate strong associations between speed and range of movement of the lips and jaw with cognitive (attention, memory) and language (number of words understood/expressed, number of gestures used) skills during language acquisition (Nip et al., 2011). In addition, goal-directed vocal behaviors (e.g., words) are produced with faster lip and jaw speeds in infants (Nip et al., 2009). Similar task-related changes can be observed in older children. Tasks requiring greater language formulation demands (e.g., re-telling stories) are produced with greater movement speeds and oral excursions than tasks requiring fewer demands (e.g., repeating syllables) (Nip & Green, 2013). Kinematic descriptions of speech production may provide insight into the acoustic consequences of adapting movement strategies for different tasks; increasing oral excursions may be a strategy to increase articulatory precision and may account for the reduced speaking rate during speaking tasks requiring greater demands (Nip & Green, 2013). In addition, coordination of articulatory movements is highly associated with intelligibility in children with and without speech disorders (Nip, in press). Understanding the interactions among motor control and language may explain patterns of speech development.

Impact de la culture dans la transmission des valeurs à l’enfant en pratiques éducative, familiale et sociale en Afrique

ObjectiveThis literature review aims to show the contribution of culture in the construction of the child identity and its role in the transmission of each community values. Patients and methodsTo address the issue, the author relies on a literary review based on African cultures from 1960 until today, to support his work. ResultsThe review clearly demonstrates the evolution of the child in its different environments during rearing practices: the traditional one (not yet influenced by other cultures) and, the transitional one (where he has crossed different cultural, social and linguistic influences) and his confrontation with modernization and globalization. ConclusionSuch an approach helps caregivers while managing children from other cultures than their own.

Hungarian linguistic influence in the vocabulary of the Martjanci hymnal

This article presents Hungarian linguistic influence as expressed in the first preserved linguistic monument of the Prekmurje language, the Martjanci hymnal. Hungarian loanwords and Hungarian calques are presented in dictionary format and the dictionary entries contain grammatical information, etymological explanations, references to available Prekmurje dialect and historical dictionaries, and illustrative examples.

Impersonal verb forms and the formation of subordinate clauses in the Subit (Torre) dialect

This article focuses on the formation and use of impersonal (non-finite) verb forms, the formation of subordinate clauses, and the use of subordinating conjunctions in the local dialect of Subit (in the Municipality of Attimis) of the Slovenian Torre dialect in Italy. It also presents the influence of Romance contact languages on the syntax of the Subit dialect. The author distinguishes between borrowing of syntactic patterns, linguistic influence on the frequency of using structures, and the influence of contact languages on spreading the structure’s function by analogy.

Convergence in generic pronouns: Language contact and Faroese mann

Despite state-driven language policy against Danish linguistic influence, the Faroese language has borrowed the Danish generic pronoun mann ‘one’. As in Danish, this pronoun varies with generically used tú ‘you’. An analysis of the variation in Faroese shows that Faroese tú is used more often than its Danish equivalent du (26% vs. 16.5%) and that although there is extensive inter-individual variation, different linguistic factors (inclusion of the addressee in the referent of the pronoun, use in a conditional construction and verb tense) and social factors (age, gender and peripherality of location; possibly also speech style) constrain this variation in Faroese and in Danish. This suggests that extensive bilingualism has not led to sociolinguistic convergence between Faroese and Danish. Inclusion of sociolinguistic analysis in language contact research can help further our understanding of contact processes and inform language policy.