Linguistic Expertise Research Articles

On the mixed character of the Old Turkic literary language of the 7th–8th centuries

This paper attempts to draw the attention of experts in Turkic linguistics to the mixed nature of the Old Turkic literary language. It is no surprise that an ancient literary language is linguistically not uniform, consisting as it does of artificial and clever amalgams, of words and forms taken from different dialects. This koiné phenomenon is known to different writing cultures. With regard to the Old Turkic koiné, the question of interest is which dialects were subject to amalgamation and which linguistic features allow us to distinguish between these dialects. As the article shows, it is the features described in Mahmud al-Kashgari’s Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk – a unique source on the Old Turkic dialect system, even if it is not fully comprehensive or complete – that help us to solve the problem.

Características y capacidad de respuesta lingüística del habla afectiva de los educadores de párvulos al interior de la sala de clases

Increasing attention is being given to early childhood educators’ verbal abilities due to its well-recognized role in teaching and learning by means of a plurality of meanings that are transmitted through them to children. Nevertheless, moderate interest has been devoted to the study of these abilities when addressing the affective domain in early childhood educators’ interactions with children. Therefore, this study identifies qualitative nodes of characteristic uses, meanings, and phrasings produced by these professionals and associated to the affective domain, to then access the degree of expertise in such communicational interactions with preschool children. Through a mixed cross-sectional design, twenty early childhood educators provided a large number of continuous audio-recordings while working in regular educational environments, to identify sentences that, by their phrasings, recall an affective connotation. The findings suggest 8 differential nodes of affective connotations: Positive emotions v/s Negative emotions; Teaching v/s Learning processes; Expression, distinguish, sharing and/or inhibition of emotions; Emotions before, during, and after behavior; Calls for attention, warnings, reprehension and praise; Touching and the body; Increasing, decreasing and normalizing language; and, educators’ own emotions. The degree of linguistic expertise was identified by experts and a blind sequential procedure, showing early childhood educators’ affective-speech is mostly limited to noticing children’s emotional experiences. The scope of these findings is briefly discussed taking into consideration future studies as well as its contributions to early childhood educators’ formative processes

The significance and role of scientific linguistic expertise

The significance and role of scientific linguistic expertise

SHAXSIY YOZISHMALARDA VULGAR SOʻZLAR VA LINGVISTIK EKSPERTIZA

This article provides information on non-literary lexical elements in Uzbek texts. The concept of linguistic expertise, its importance in various fields and to humanity, the tasks of the expert in the analysis of the text are discussed.

TRANCE-TERMINOLOGIZATION IN THE RESEARCH SPACE OF LEGAL LINGUISTICS: THE CONCEPTS OF DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE GROUPS

A term as a linguistic unit has many functions, including the ability to differentiate conceptual categories, display the results of scientific knowledge, be a tool for scientific research, and form the basis for communicative interaction. It is also necessary to highlight the predictive ability of the term, which becomes apparent through identification of research lacunae. This function lays the foundation for the development of conceptual systems of new scientific directions. An example of this can be legal linguistics. The experience of conducting special applied research has revealed that lack of an adapted system of terminology makes it impossible to verify certain methodological approaches and procedures of expert textual analysis. This problem has proved particularly acute in analyzing speech within extremist discourse. From the point of view of linguistic expert analysis, the most significant categories of extremist discourse are the concepts of dominant and recessive groups. These terms have long been cultivated in the paradigm of the natural sciences, as well as in the humanities. The dominant trait is regarded as predominant, whereas the recessive one – as suppressed. The addressees of extremist discourse are, as a rule, potentially like-minded people (“friends”) acting as recipients of “disturbing” facts about their opponents. Their opponents (“foes”) are, on the other hand, the objects targeted by extremist speech. Thus, “the friends” make up the dominant group, while “the foes” – the recessive group. From within the members of the dominant group, the author of an extremist text spreads information that sows discord and creates hostility. Discord sown by extremist texts urges the members of the dominant group to recognize the fact that they have diverging interests with the members of the recessive group. Hostility generated through extremist texts encourages the members of the dominant group to resort to struggle against the recessive group.

Typical errors in the appointment of linguistic expertise in criminal cases

Typical errors in the appointment of linguistic expertise in criminal cases

The development of biology instructional media based on macromedia flash from the invertebrate’s inventory output at “Pulau Tikus”

The Purpose of this research is: 1) to know and inventories the types of invertebrates which live is in Tikus Island; 2) to develop the biology instructional media of animal course based on the macromedia flash for the 10th grade of high school students, 3) to study the quality of learning based media through the invertebrate’s macromedia, and its assessment on biology teachers. The object of this study utilizes the invertebrate inventory at Tikus island, in which practical survey, interview and explorative descriptive on another types of biota was conducted at Tikus island. The development of product learning was based on macromedia flash research (Research and Development), by implementing the ADDIE Model (Analysis, Design, Development and Production, Implementation, Evaluation). According to the obtained results, there were 18 Species taken from 6 phylum invertebrates. These are Porifera, Coelenterate, Mollusca, Vermes, Echinoderms and Arthropods. The survey showed that based on the validation of linguistic expert (86,4%), validation subject matter experts (83,9 %), validation of media expert (87,8%) the validator eligibility by teachers (84,5%) and the test of the students (86,04%) are all in very good criteria. As seen at the percentage range, it can be inferred that biology media based on macromedia flash of the invertebrate inventory at Tikus island is deemed as very appropriately used by the teachers and students.

ПОНЯТИЕ «НЕПРИЛИЧНАЯ ФОРМА»: ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗГРАНИЧЕНИЯ ЮРИДИЧЕСКОГО И ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОГО

Controversial text often becomes the object of linguistic expertise in court cases of insult. In view of this, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the set of features that are necessary to identify the offensive component in the text under study. One of such features is an indecent form of expression. The article addresses the concept of «indecent form of expression» as the main component of an insulting speech act. The author investigates the options for interpreting the concept from linguistic and legal points of view. The main goal of the study is to compare and analyze the concept in order to determine how fully it is revealed and how it is used in solving issues of practical forensic linguistic examination in cases of insult. In the course of the research, the author identified the differences in understanding the concept of indecent form of expression and lack of clarity in distinguishing the concept from legal and linguistic approaches. Moreover, ambivalence in the definition of an indecent form can have significant consequences in determining the offensive nature of the statement under examination. Based on the results of the research, the author substantiates the need for further indepth consideration of the problem raised. This article may be useful to experts conducting linguistic examinations (including cases of insult). The article will also be supporting material for judges, investigators and lawyers who will be able to correctly qualify the case (protection of honor, dignity and business reputation or insult), clearly see the object of examination in cases of insult and will not make mistakes when assigning linguistic examinations in cases of insult.

РАСПОЗНАНИЕ ПРОПАГАНДЫ И УЛУЧШЕНИЕ МЕДИАГРАМОТНОСТИ В ИНТЕРНЕТ-СМИ ПУТЕМ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ЭКСПЕРТИЗЫ (ЛЭ) / ONLINE MEDIA PROPAGANDA IDENTIFICATION AND MEDIA LITERACY PROMOTION THROUGH LINGUISTIC EXPERTISE

The aim of paper is to study one of the main components of media literacy, namely ‘context’ component. Contextual analysis by means of linguistic expertise can contribute to the development of media literacy and identification of violations in journalistic ethics, such as excessive emotionalism, neutrality breach, biasedness, conflict of interest, etc. The article “In the middle of COVID-19 crisis, Armenia launches military attack against Azerbaijan” by Los Angeles Times Español has been chosen as an object of the analysis. Discourse and sentiment analysis are used as methods of linguistic expertise. Thus, we can conclude that LE helps us solve two of the above issues: developing media literacy and improving journalistic ethics.

Linguistic expertise of legislative and other legal documents

Linguistic expertise of legislative and other legal documents

Process abnormity identification by fuzzy logic rules and expert estimated thresholds derived certainty factor

Abnormity identification plays a significant role in keeping a process healthy and safe. The rule-based expert system (RB-ES) is an efficient approach in this field. However, the relationship between propositions is fuzzy and uncertain when the process knowledge is summarized into rules. Moreover, the process data utilized as observed evidence to activate the uncertain rules face the imprecise measurement problem. The imprecise measurement problem comes from noises, heavy dust, grease pollution, and other circumstance factors that influence sensors. To address the above issues, an abnormity identification framework based on fuzzy logic rules is proposed in this work. Two kinds of uncertain rules with fuzzy linguistic information and expert estimated threshold in premises are specially considered. First, a deviation estimation method based on probability distribution is proposed to extend the imprecise data into the interval data to solve the uncertain problem caused by imprecise measurement. Second, the fuzzy piecewise membership function is utilized to calculate the certainty factor (CF) of the premise in rules, which describes the occurrence risk of an event or abnormity. Third, the inference steps based on the CF expert system with uncertain rules and imprecise activated variables are presented to identify the abnormity in the complex industrial processes. The proposed method is applied to the thickening process in hydrometallurgy and performs better than the traditional rule-based method and the PLS method on the actual process data. The accuracy of the proposed method still maintains higher when more noises are added, generally 8%–10% higher than the other two methods. The proposed method also shows advantages in identifying multi-abnormity and reducing model establishing workload.

Defining linguistic reasoning

Abstract Until recently, throughout the world, linguistic theory was virtually absent in secondary education, mostly limited to grammar teaching still based on 19th century linguistic theory. There is a growing call, however, for enriching grammar teaching with modern linguistic insights, integrating higher order critical thinking skills, like reasoning. This study tries to lay the groundwork for a model of linguistic reasoning in particular. Based on a well-established model for historical reasoning (Van Boxtel & Van Drie, 2018), a linguistic model is developed in two steps. First, the components of the historical model are theoretically analysed and transposed to the linguistic domain, and second, the model is applied in qualitative analysis of linguistic experts’ reasoning. It is found that the model fits linguistic reasoning fairy well: all central components can be observed, and are evenly distributed over different experts. It is concluded that the linguistic reasoning model can be used in the development of a new grammar pedagogy.

The Notion of Threat in Linguistic and Legal Expert Understanding and in Belarusians’ Naïve Linguistic Picture of the World

In our research we perform a comparative analysis of the category of threat in the scientific and naïve pictures of the world. In the former case we treat threat as an object of research in modern linguistic text evaluation, in the latter – as a concept reflected in the naïve language consciousness. The analysis is based on the characteristics of the parametric forensic linguistic model of threat as defined in article 186 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, namely offences committed verbally, and on the survey data collected from individuals residing in Vitebsk Region (100 respondents). The methodological basis of our study comprises methods of parameterization, a survey, the comparative method as well as statistical tools for preparing and processing the resultant survey information. As a result, the research provides a detailed description of identification parameters of threat as they are defined by the Belarusian national legislation: 1) type of offensive action; 2) subjectivity of action; 3) targetness; 4) temporal markedness. The attempt to construct a parametric model of threat as a phenomenon of everyday language consciousness is based on the results gathered from the survey conducted on residents of Vitebsk Region (60 female respondents: 40 – urban residents, 20 – rural residents; 40 – male respondents: 30 – urban residents, 10 – rural residents). The comparative analysis shows that there is a noticeable gap between the scientific and naïve perceptions of threat. Unlike the forensic linguistic model of threat, its perception by Belarusian individuals does not have identifiable features for markedness and is recognized at the intuitive level; the parameter that the naïve picture of the world regards as important is a harmful action. It also appears worthwhile to note that though there are no gender or age peculiarities in everyday perception of threat as an illegal action, it features distinct local specificity.

Concepts of linguistic expertise in the ordinary language consciousness Concepts of linguistic expertise in the ordinary language consciousness Concepts of linguistic expertise in the ordinary language consciousness

The article points out the need to study the vocabulary that is actively used in controversial texts submitted for research by linguistic experts. The objects of consideration are concepts of linguistic expertise (swearing, invective, slander) that have a verbal expression. The features of perception of these lexemes by ordinary language consciousness are revealed. The psycholinguistic description of the studied concepts is based on the results of a psycholinguistic experiment conducted using the method of free associative experiment. The authors have compiled associative fields of lexemes, identified semantic groups and formulated psycholinguistic meanings. A comparison of lexicographic descriptions of lexemes and the experimental information. Lexicographic description of lexemes is based on both the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language and legal dictionaries, dictionaries of literary concepts, the dictionary of argo, etc. The problems of distinguishing the meanings of legal concepts and improving the legal literacy of native speakers are raised. It is shown that the studied lexemes are generally well assimilated by the language consciousness of native speakers (except for invective) and their legal aspect is partially realized by respondents. Some conclusions about the importance of conducting psycholinguistic research in the practice of linguistic expertise are made, because they allow us to clarify the meaning of legal concepts and show the features of perception of such concepts by ordinary language consciousness.

ЧУЖАЯ РЕЧЬ В ПРОТОКОЛЕ ДОПРОСА КАК ВИД ВТОРИЧНОГО ТЕКСТА

Statement of the problem. The tasks of modern forensic linguistic expertise include solving the question of whether the text contains a negative evaluation component that characterizes a person. The qualificative, “properly human” [Shmelev, 1981, р. 5] category of assessment, which organizes the process of conflict communication, is manifested in the interrogation protocol at the lexical level within the framework of an invective utterance. For the first time, the article considers secondary invective statements as substantial inclusions in the structure of the interrogation protocol of someone else’s conflict speech. The purpose of creating such speech utterances is assessment which determines the negative attitude of the subject to the object. Secondary invective statements are examined from the point of view of their formal content structure, as well as ways of their representation in the text of the interrogation protocol. The purpose of the article is to study the features of reproduction of someone else’s conflict speech in the interrogation protocol as a secondary speech genre. The material of the study was the interrogation protocols compiled by officials during the preliminary investigation of criminal cases about insulting a representative of the authorities or contempt of court. The research methods used are general scientific research methods (observations, comparisons, descriptions), as well as methods of semantic, functional, component and propositional analysis.

Semantic Drift in Multilingual Representations

Multilingual representations have mostly been evaluated based on their performance on specific tasks. In this article, we look beyond engineering goals and analyze the relations between languages in computational representations. We introduce a methodology for comparing languages based on their organization of semantic concepts. We propose to conduct an adapted version of representational similarity analysis of a selected set of concepts in computational multilingual representations. Using this analysis method, we can reconstruct a phylogenetic tree that closely resembles those assumed by linguistic experts. These results indicate that multilingual distributional representations that are only trained on monolingual text and bilingual dictionaries preserve relations between languages without the need for any etymological information. In addition, we propose a measure to identify semantic drift between language families. We perform experiments on word-based and sentence-based multilingual models and provide both quantitative results and qualitative examples. Analyses of semantic drift in multilingual representations can serve two purposes: They can indicate unwanted characteristics of the computational models and they provide a quantitative means to study linguistic phenomena across languages.

Positioning students as linguistic and social experts: Teaching grammar and linguistics in the United States

Positioning students as linguistic and social experts: Teaching grammar and linguistics in the United States

Babbel Language Learning Podcasts

<p class="0BodyText">Winner of the 2020 IELA E-Learning Award in the category Mobile Learning, Babbel’s slate of language learning podcasts provide innovative audio learning experiences, designed and hosted by linguistic experts. This article describes the pedagogical method and expertise behind Babbel's podcasts along with some best practices for creating effective audio-based learning experiences.</p>

Forensic Psychological Aspects of the Term “Provocation” in Criminal Proceedings

Based on the expert analysis of legal norms, using the term “provocation”, the author of the paper is trying to develop an expert concept of “provocation”, which can be used in forensic psychological and comprehensive psychological and linguistic examination. It is demonstrated that the focus of a subject’s communicative activity on incitement to commit particular actions (offer, giving or getting a reward, or readiness to do so) leading to negative consequences in the form of prosecution, is such a concept. This focus expresses as a formation of a particular mental set. The development of consent or offer to commit a specific action seem to be the psychological features of the phenomenon described in law as “to incite, incline, induce, directly or indirectly, to commit unlawful acts (provocation)” . The author proposes the questions which may be put to experts when assigning an examination or a provocation to bribe” diagnostic complex. The expediency to conduct a comprehensive psychological and linguistic expertise when investigating crimes under articles 290, 291, 291.1 of the Russian Federation’s Criminal code in cases of suspicion that illegal actions resulted from entrapment is justified.

Modern Languages and/as Area Studies: Towards a New Humanities or Path to Oblivion?

There is an ambivalence regarding the traditional disciplinary affiliation of Modern Languages, split between Area Studies, with its orientation to the social sciences, and an arts wing aligned with literary and cultural studies. The Area Studies contingent has itself been hampered by its struggle to convince social scientists that linguistic expertise is anything more than a practical tool enabling them to extend their research agendas to non-English speaking environments. My article will argue that the apparent incoherence highlighted by this double tension provides an impulse for Modern Linguists to renew their discipline by forging a more equal partnership with the social sciences and enhancing their significance within the humanities. It focuses on the renewed social scientific interest in spatio-temporal situatedness, contending that language’s critical role in the lives of humans as spatio-temporally embodied beings can transform linguistic expertise from a mere facilitating skill into the intellectual core of a reconceived New Area Studies (NAS). It will demonstrate how, freed from Cold War geopolitics and from its attachment to the Great Power as its primary unit of analysis, NAS rejects the very notion of areas as bounded entities, privileging what ‘flows through’ them (media, artistic forms, images and knowledge, as well as people) over what is ‘in’ them. I will discuss what this means for the future of Modern Languages in the academy, concluding that the discipline’s ability to operate across multiple boundaries in this context gives it the power to reassert itself in the forefront not just of NAS, but of a revitalised humanities more generally.