Linguistic Control Research Articles

Totalitarianism Through Newspeak and Doublethink: An Evaluation Through George Orwell's 1984

Dictatorship, loss of privacy and cognitive control can result solely from the usage and control of language. The Scandinavian Realists' recognize 'wordmagic', the inherent power of words to influence action. Doublethink goes further. It restricts expression, perception and thinking- it is propaganda. This paper examines the society and underlying themes in George Orwell’s novel “Nineteen Eighty-Four”, comparing it with politics today. The emphasis is on totalitarianism and control of the mind through linguistic and ideological control: Newspeak and Doublethink. It looks at how limiting the scope of language can lead to a dictatorship. Sources include the book itself and secondary sources.

Valence-specific conflict moderation in the dorso-medial PFC and the caudate head in emotional speech

Emotional speech comprises of complex multimodal verbal and non-verbal information that allows deducting others' emotional states or thoughts in social interactions. While the neural correlates of verbal and non-verbal aspects and their interaction in emotional speech have been identified, there is very little evidence on how we perceive and resolve incongruity in emotional speech, and whether such incongruity extends to current concepts of task-specific prediction errors as a consequence of unexpected action outcomes ('negative surprise'). Here, we explored this possibility while participants listened to congruent and incongruent angry, happy or neutral utterances and categorized the expressed emotions by their verbal (semantic) content. Results reveal valence-specific incongruity effects: negative verbal content expressed in a happy tone of voice increased activation in the dorso-medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) extending its role from conflict moderation to appraisal of valence-specific conflict in emotional speech. Conversely, the caudate head bilaterally responded selectively to positive verbal content expressed in an angry tone of voice broadening previous accounts of the caudate head in linguistic control to moderating valence-specific control in emotional speech. Together, these results suggest that control structures of the human brain (dmPFC and subcompartments of the basal ganglia) impact emotional speech differentially when conflict arises.

Grammatical Comprehension in Spanish-speaking children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI).

The Grammatical Structures Comprehension Test (CEG) was used to analyze grammatical comprehension problems in native Spanish-speaking children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). The test is divided into 20 blocks containing the most common grammatical structures in Spanish. Our objective was to establish whether the CEG was sensitive in detecting these problems and whether there were differential patterns in grammatical comprehension between children with SLI (14 participants) and two control groups: a chronological control group (CC) with 14 participants and a linguistic control group (LC) also with 14 participants. We found significant differences between the SLI group and the chronological control participants (Box's M = 63.080, F = 1, 159, p = .238), with a correct classification rate of 85.7 % in the discriminant function analysis. These differences did not occur in all the blocks, in which we identified a range of different performance patterns that varied according to the structures being analyzed. This work helps to clarify certain questions about grammatical comprehension in children with SLI and contributes to the debate on delay vs. "delay within the delay".

Linguistic Controller Design of LDS upon Cell-to-Cell Mapping

The theory of linguistic dynamic system (LDS) focuses on modeling, analysis, control and evaluation of complex systems at a linguistic level through computing with words. The concepts, frameworks and methods in conventional dynamic systems (CDS) are adopted in research of LDS. This paper is concerned about linguistic controller design of LDS upon cell mapping concept. In view of the studies of controller design for type-I and type-II LDS and optimal fuzzy controller design and tuning methods based on cell-to-cell mapping, two approaches to construct optimal linguistic controller for LDS using cell-to-cell mapping techniques are outlined in this paper.

Intra and Inter Language Control for French to Arabic Machine Translation in the Security Domain

The TACCT (Traduction Automatique Contrôlée Centre Tesnière) system architecture draws its strength from two main areas governed by microsystemic theory due to Sylviane Cardey: controlled language and contrastive linguistics. In this approach where the French and Arabic languages are brought close together by using a comparison of the two linguistic systems and control of the respective languages, the most appropriate approach seems to be unquestionably the microsystemic one. This is because the microsystemic approach is able to address the particular needs of each language considered by the system. The microsystemic approach decomposes the whole system into dynamic subsystems, unknown at first, their boundaries being dependent on the architecture of the machine translation system. The resulting fragmentary nature of the microsystems is aimed at apprehending the whole language with a detailed analysis of each of its constituent components and at the same time formalizing the nature of interactions between them. The syntactic-semantic model adopted for Machine Translation in the TACCT system is therefore the result of this new two-faceted approach based on both the study of divergences and convergences between French and Arabic conducted on a large bilingual safety corpus and also on an intra-and inter-language control-oriented analysis. Because of this we distinguish in our research between different types of control: static control and dynamic control.

The German Translation and Validation of the Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language and Communication: A Factor Analytic Study

The Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language and Communication (TLC) represents an instrument for the assessment of formal thought disorder (FTD). The factorial dimensionality of the TLC has yielded ambiguous results for a distinction between positive (e.g. circumstantiality) and negative (e.g. poverty of speech) FTD. The purpose of the current study was to first translate and validate the TLC scale in German. Second, the internal structure was explored in order to identify different FTD dimensions. Two hundred and ten participants (146 patients with ICD-10 diagnoses: depression n = 63, schizophrenia n = 63, mania n = 20; 64 healthy subjects) were interviewed and FTD was rated with the TLC. The principal component analysis of the German TLC version revealed a 3-factor solution, reflecting a disorganized factor, an emptiness factor and a linguistic control factor. The current investigation yielded similar results to those originally reported for the TLC. Thus, a distinction between a positive disorganized, a negative and a semantic word level factor can be supported for the German translation.

Assessing language dominance with functional MRI: The role of control tasks and statistical analysis

There is a discrepancy between the brain regions revealed by functional neuroimaging techniques and those brain regions where a loss of function, either by lesion or by electrocortical stimulation, induces language disorders. To differentiate between essential and non-essential language-related processes, we investigated the effects of linguistic control tasks and different analysis methods for functional MRI data. Twelve subjects solved two linguistic generation tasks: (1) a verb generation task and (2) an antonym generation task (each with a linguistic control task on the phonological level) as well as two decision tasks of semantic congruency (each with a cognitive high-level control task). Differential contrasts and conjunction analyses were carried out on the single-subject level and an individual lateralization index (LI) was computed. On the group level we determined the percent signal change in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG: BA 44 and BA 45). The conjunction analysis of multiple language tasks led to significantly greater absolute LIs than the LIs based on the single task versus fixation contrasts. A further significant increase of the magnitude of the LIs could be achieved by using the phonological control conditions. Although the decision tasks appear to be more robust to changes in the statistical threshold, the combined generation tasks had an advantage over the decision tasks both for assessing language dominance and locating Broca's area. These results underline the need for conjunction analysis based on several language tasks to suppress highly task-specific processes. They also point to the need for high-level cognitive control tasks to partial out general, language supporting but not language critical processes. Higher absolute LIs, which reflect unambiguously hemispheric language dominance, can be thus obtained.

MANIPULATION OF TEENAGERS THROUGH ADVERTISING: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE APPROACH

The possible harmful effects of advertising in magazines aimed at teenagers have not lost relevance.Thus the aim of this article is to explore the linguistic characteristics used as foregrounding devices in a corpus of English advertisements aimed at teenagers. My underlying premise is that some linguistic messages or images convey information which is picked up by teenagers creating in them the desire to obtain certain products. In my analysis I attempt to ascertain, if any, what kind of linguistic control and what linguistic devices advertisers use to achieve their goal. Additionally, I try to find out to what extent the power of advertising has something to do with social problems related to compulsive consumerism, health disorders and behavior which affect teenagers. Hence, in my research, I gathered linguistic data from four magazine advertisements and identified the strategies used by prestigious brands to create in teenagers artificially constructed necessities on the basis of Donald Gunn’s classification of manipulative techniques in advertising.

Bioprocess monitoring and control via adaptive sensor calibration

AbstractTo ensure optimal product quality of bioprocesses, it is necessary to develop intelligent control systems with integrated monitoring of key parameters. Having optimal yeast propagation in brewing technology is important to increase the efficiency of subsequent processes. Major drawbacks are: lacks in online detection of yeast attributes and temporal control schemes. One solution is to accurately detect essential process parameters combined with expert knowledge of linguistic control mechanisms. Those needs can be fulfilled by fuzzy logic or state observers including process dynamics associated with accurate multivariate calibration of sensing devices. Ultrasonic‐based devices could monitor key parameter but their inline implementation is limited due to influences of the temperature and gas bubbles. Thus, incipient stages for calibration of the device including temperature dependencies using time and frequency properties of ultrasonic waves are presented. A multivariate model using offline measurements with a maximum prediction error of 0.48 g/100 g is reported in this study. Additionally, we show preliminary results of a mechanistic model for the temperature dependency of yeast growth adapted from the literature (biomass and ethanol production, substrate consumption). The results will lead to flexible control of temperature and aeration resulting in vital yeast and enhanced transparency of propagation progress according to the demands.

Fuzzy sliding mode control based on hybrid Taguchi genetic algorithm for magneto-rheological suspension system

Magneto-rheological (MR) suspension systems display non-linearity and parameter uncertainty and thus it is difficult to derive an accurate model for designing a model-based controller. In this study, a novel fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) approach based on the hybrid Taguchi genetic algorithm (HTGA) is proposed to suppress the vibration of the MR suspension system. As the first step, the MR absorber is designed and manufactured based on the damping force level and mechanical dimensions required for the test car. After experimentally measuring the current-dependent damping force characteristic, a precise inverse model of the MR absorber is formulated. Subsequently, FSMC based on the HTGA is formulated on the basis of a quarter car model incorporated with an MR absorber. The linguistic variables and control rules of the fuzzy logic controller are optimized using the HTGA. For comparison purposes, two representative controllers including a conventional sliding mode controller and a fuzzy logic controller are also proposed. Finally, simulations and a road test are performed to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed FSMC.

Intertextuality as Resource for Building ELLs Generic Competence: A Systemic Functional Linguistic View

This research examines how elementary English language learners(ELLs) used intertextuality as a resource to compose informational texts. The research examines ELLs’ use of intertextuality (Fairclough, 1992, 2003; Lancia, 1997) as a resource for developing generic competence (Bhatia, 2002). Using the tools of critical discourse analysis (CDA) and systemic functional linguistics (SFL), the researchers locate instances of manifest intertextuality to evaluate the extent of reliance on intertextual resources. While findings suggest strong reliance on intertextual resources and thus the potential to see this appropriation as a form of “transgressive intertextuality” (Pennycook, 2004), the close SFL analysis revealed that students’ grammatical moves to make the text their own have the potential to increase their linguistic control over the target genre of informational text.

De la politesse et des usages dans les interactions en Haïti

Starting from an ethnographic enquiry and with examples from Haitian literary authors, this paper offers a pragmatic analysis of greetings, rites of interaction, and acts of language within a Haitian context which is imbued with symbolism. Indeed, in Haiti, respect for others is the concern of everyone and each person is responsible for their own behaviour, and must be careful to avoid causing offence to any member of this cosmos either by what they say or what they do. Controlling one's body and one's speech is a guarantee of harmony and friendly relations within the community and helps to maintain the balance between the visible and the invisible. These principles form the whole basis of the way children are brought up. A foray into studies devoted to forms of address and courtesy in seventeenth century Europe and into manuals concerning the education of children in France from bygone days allows us to see that these Haitian forms of address are vestiges of the forms of courtesy used by the French gentleman of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These were codes which prescribed the acquisition of bodily as well as linguistic self control. However, the length of these greetings seems more African than French in origin, which would indicate that these exchanges should be placed on a continuum moving from Europe to Africa, and this independently of the actual language used by the speakers.

Linguistic control of visual attention: Semantics constrain the spatial distribution of attention

Linguistic control of visual attention: Semantics constrain the spatial distribution of attention

DMLHFLC (Dual mode linguistic hedge fuzzy logic controller) for an isolated wind–diesel hybrid power system with BES (battery energy storage) unit

Abstract Design of DMLHFLC (dual mode linguistic hedge fuzzy logic controller) for an isolated wind–diesel hybrid power system with BES (battery energy storage) unit is proposed in this paper. The design methodology is a hybrid model based on the concepts of linguistic hedges and hybrid genetic algorithm-simulated annealing algorithms. Dual-mode concept is also incorporated in this proposed controller because it can improve the system performance. The system is simulated and the results are compared with proportional plus integral controller and FLC (fuzzy logic controller). Sensitivity analysis and robustness of the controller is tested. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

Linguistic control of visual attention: Differential access and focus or just confusion?

Investigation of the linguistic control of visual selective attention has shown that spatial language cues produce a cued-location effect (increased RTs in response to “left” and “right” when compared to “Above” and “Below”; Logan, 1995; Gibson & Kingstone, 2006). The cued-location effect is generally interpreted as representing differential access to spatial locations. In addition, an opposite-compatibility effect (distractors at uncued locations opposite the target decrease RTs when compatible and increase RTs when incompatible; Gibson, Scheutz, & Davis, in press) has been demonstrated that is unique to the cues “Left” and “Right.” The opposite-compatibility effect has been interpreted as representing a differential focus of attention. The present experiment explored an alternative explanation that confusion about locations along the horizontal axis is the underlying cause of these effects by separating cue processing from the visual selection task. In this experiment, subjects were presented with the spatial cues “Above,” “Below,” “Left,” and “Right” and asked to move a joystick in the corresponding direction. Immediately following their response, subjects engaged in color discrimination task where the target was indicated by the preceding word cue. Results of the joystick task showed that subjects were both slower in responding to “Left” and “Right” and also made significantly more errors when compared to “Above” and “Below.” Results of the selection task demonstrate a significant cued-location effect but not a significant opposite-compatibility effect. These results suggest that left/right confusion cannot explain the differential efficiency of accessing spatial locations across the axes but may influence attentional focus. An alternative “embodied cognition” interpretation of the non-significant opposite-compatibility effect is also discussed.

An intelligent system of catalyst layer deposition for proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Reliability and durability are two main factors influencing fuel cell commercialization. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is the key component of the proton exchange membrane (or polymer electrolyte membrane) (PEM) fuel cell. The performance of MEA is primarily impacted by the structure of the catalytic layer. Various methods for coating catalyst material onto the membrane and the gas diffusion layer (GDL) have been surveyed. Various parameters to be controlled to optimize the catalytic layer characteristics have been discussed. There is no direct mathematical model available correlating the two most important quality factors, the thickness and evenness, and the machine control parameters, traveling speed of the spraying nozzle and the distance between two paths. High‐level intelligent control architecture for the auto‐spray process is proposed in this paper to automatically generate the appropriate spray trajectory and speed in real‐time for the low‐level controller to achieve a homogeneous catalyst layer coating (evenness and thickness). The method proposed in this paper provides a non computational high‐level linguistic control without use of an explicit mathematical model while the coupling dynamics exist.

Design of Dual Mode Linguistic Hedge Fuzzy Logic Controller for an Isolated Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System with Lossy Magnetic Energy Storage Unit

In this paper, a dual mode linguistic hedge fuzzy logic controller for an isolated wind-diesel hybrid power system with lossy magnetic energy storage unit is proposed. The design methodology is a hybrid model based on the concepts of dual mode control, the linguistic hedges and the hybrid genetic algorithm-simulated annealing algorithms. The system is simulated with the dual mode linguistic hedge fuzzy logic controller and the frequency deviation resulting from the step load disturbance is presented. It is observed from the result that with the application of the proposed controller, the system performance is improved significantly. It has been also found that the proposed controller is less sensitive to the changes in the parameters of the system and also under different operating modes of the hybrid power system.

Fuzzy logic Controller Design for gun-turret system

High precision control is desirable for future weapon systems. In this paper, several control design methodologies are applied to a weapon system to assess the applicability of each control design method and to characterize the achievable performance of the gun-turret system in precision control. The design objective of the gun-turret control system is to achieve a rapid and precise tracking response with respect to the turret motor command from the fire control system under the influences of disturbances, nonlinearities, and modeling uncertainties. A fuzzy scheme is proposed for control of multi-body, multi-input and multioutput nonlinear systems with joints represented by a gun turret-barrel model which consists of two subsystems: two motors driving two loads (turret and barrel) coupled by nonlinear dynamics. Fuzzy control schemes are employed for compensation and nonlinear feedback control laws are used for control of nonlinear dynamics. Fuzzy logic control (FLC) provides an effective means of capturing the approximate, inexact nature of the real world, and to address unexpected parameter variations and anomalies. Viewed in this perspective, the essential part of the FLC is a set of linguistic control rules related by the dual concepts of fuzzy implication and the compositional rule of inference. In essence, the FLC provides an algorithm which can convert the linguistic control strategy based on expert knowledge into an automatic control strategy. Accordingly, the design must be robust, adaptive, and, hopefully, intelligent in order to accommodate these uncertainties. Simulation results verify the desired system tracking performance.

Neural correlates of narrative shifts during auditory story comprehension

The ability to segment continuous linguistic information online into larger, meaningful units is a key element in narrative comprehension. Narrative shifts, i.e. transitions between individual units, are postulated to continuously update the mental situation model. Their cerebral correlates, however, have hardly been investigated. Under highly naturalistic conditions this study seeks to identify the neural correlates of implicit processing of narrative shifts during continuous speech comprehension. 16 male native German speakers listened passively to a German novella for 23 min while BOLD signal was recorded with fMRI. Text comprehension was tested in a short post-scan interview asking for critical episodes of the story. Narrative shifts were defined on the basis of a macropropositional analysis. Compared to listening to text passages of the narrative that neither contained narrative shifts nor structurally similar linguistic control events (i.e., sentence boundaries), narrative shifts evoked increased BOLD signal changes in the right temporal gyrus, precuneus and posterior/middle cingulate cortex bilaterally. When narrative shifts were contrasted with sentence boundaries, activation in the right precuneus and cingulate cortex remained significant. The results strengthen the relevance of medial parietal structures for natural language comprehension. More precisely, the precuneus and posterior cingulate appear to be the neural substrate for updating mental story representations and can be regarded as critical parts of a more complex, distributed neural network underlying story comprehension.

The adaptive fuzzy designed PID controller using wavelet network

During the past several years, fuzzy control has emerged as one of the most active and fruitful areas for research in the applications of the fuzzy set theory, especially in the realm of the industrial processes, which do not lend themselves to control by conventional methods because of a lack of quantitative data regarding the inputoutput relations i.e., accurate mathematical models. The fuzzy logic controller based on wavelet network provides a means of converting a linguistic control strategy based on expert knowledge into an automatic strategy. In the available literature, one can find scores of papers on fuzzy logic based controllers or fuzzy adaptation of PID controllers. However, relatively less number of papers is found on fuzzy adaptive control, which is not surprising since fuzzy adaptive control is relatively new tool in control engineering. In this paper, fuzzy adaptive PID controller with wavelet network is discussed in subsequent sections with simulations. An adaptive neural network structure was proposed. This structure was used to replace the linearization feedback of a second order system (plant, process). Also, in this paper, it is proposed that the controller be tuned using Adaptive fuzzy controller where Adaptive fuzzy controller is a stochastic global search method that emulates the process of natural evolution. It is shown that Adaptive fuzzy controller be capable of locating high performance areas in complex domains without experiencing the difficulties associated with high dimensionality or false optima as may occur with gradient decent techniques. From the output results, it was shown that Adaptive fuzzy controller gave fast convergence for the nonparametric function under consideration in comparison with conventional Neural Wavelet Network (NWN).