Linguistic Area Research Articles

Letter from the editor

Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 4, 2022, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The journal opens with articles by Chinese researchers devoted to the art of Ancient China. In the article "The Heaven-and-Man Oneness Concept and the Style of Funerary Plastic Art During the Han Dynasty", Xiang Wu analyses the idea of heaven-and-man oneness, which was important for the art of this period. It was based on the Confucian view, the rituals of a strict social hierarchy and Taoist metaphysics. Qiu Mubing’s scientific research topic is “Objects of the Funerary Cult in the Han Dynasty. Gold and Silver Items. Aesthetics of Gold and Silver in the Han Dynasty”. Examining archaeological sources, the author concludes the high achievements of Chinese artisans during the Han Dynasty on examples of works of arts and crafts made of precious metals. In the article “Aesthetics of the Song Dynasty. The Origins of the New Style of Furniture Design in China", N.Kazakova and Qiu Qi analyse the vector of development of the furniture industry through the prism of the industrial design evolution. The reasons for the emergence of the New style in furniture design in China are studied. They are analysed in detail against the background of changing economic, political and cultural realities. The issues of the influence of Ancient China aesthetics on the formation and development of a new language in furniture design are touched upon. In the article "Problems of Colour Harmonisation of Composition and Development of Associative and Imaginative Thinking in the Environmental Design", N.Bogatova reveals the potential of colouristic graphic two-dimensional modelling in artistic and imaginative thematic compositions. On the example of the compositional laws of colouristics, the author traces the path of ascent from the concrete to the abstract, pictorial to the expressive, and emotional to the figurative. P.Dobrolyubov presents the text “Sculptor Alexander Matveev’s School and His Students”, which includes many archival documents and photographs. The author describes the process of learning from teacher and sculptor A.Matveev, names the main dates in his creative work, reveals the details of the sculptural craft, talks about the variety of moves in the master’s plasticity, analyses the methods and principles of work in sculpture, shows the attitude of students to their teacher, and highlights the entire course of historical milestones in the sculptor’s creative biography. In the article "The Golden Age of PRC History Painting (1949–1966): Origins, Searches, Achievements”, K.Gavrilin and L.Xiaonan consider the issues of the formation of the modern Chinese art school. Its foundation was laid in the framework of the creative and educational dialogue between China and the Soviet Union at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. The authors believe that the characteristic features of the golden age of Chinese historical painting were, on the one hand, the popularisation of painting as an art form and, on the other hand, the predominance of the dominant position of realism over the traditional styles of Chinese painting. It is noted that during this period, two main plots became widespread: scenes of socialist construction and historical events of the revolution. S.Zubarev considers theoretical and practical aspects of the activities of military musicians in the article "Academic Music in the Practice of Russian Military Bands of the 19th - early 21st Centuries". In the process of studying military bands, special attention is paid to the study of the features of military band service development in the 19th and 20th centuries. Factors revealing the role of Russian composers in the history of military musical culture are highlighted, and several works of academic music performed by military bands are analysed. In conclusion, the author notes that in the national culture, unique conditions for the development of military musicians’ arranging activity were created. They made it possible to preserve the traditions of the military band service and form the value principles of academic art. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.

A Linguistic and Socio-affective Approach to Developing an Online Spanish Heritage Placement Exam

Abstract This article describes the development and validation of a placement exam designed to identify and place Spanish heritage language learners in the heritage language program at Lehman College, the City University of New York (CUNY), an urban institution located in Northeastern United States (Bronx, New York City). Building upon previous research (e.g., Fairclough et al., 2010; Potowski et al., 2012), we provide an overview of the process we followed, including selecting content, computerization of the exam, and reliability analysis. A combination of quantitative analyses and qualitative observations during the pilot phase allowed us to identify the linguistic areas that were better at discriminating among levels, and the socio-affective factors that had to be taken into account to understand learners’ needs. As we continue to improve subsequent versions of the exam, this approach will allow us to better place students while reassessing and redesigning the curriculum.

Identity construction of multilingual parents in the context of parental engagement

Abstract Parental engagement is a multidimensional construct closely linked to pupils’ success at school. Despite this relevance, multilingual families often face challenges in the process of engaging with their children’s learning, since they might deal with barriers and constraints in the school space due to prevailing structures and dominant ideologies. In order to support their children in their learning process, however, multilingual parents seek to invest in practices and negotiate identities to gain membership in the school community. Considering this context, this ongoing research aims to analyze how multilingual migrant adults with kindergarten and school-aged children construct their identity while engaging with their children’s education. To achieve this goal, case studies have been conducted with multilingual parents in Austria, collecting data from diary entries, narrative interviews and observations of parent-school meetings. This triangulation of methods intends to provide an emic and etic overview of the data, which will be analyzed according to steps proposed by the Discourse Historical Approach and the ethnographic framework. Within this scope, this study aims to contribute to enhance parental engagement by multilingual families in the context of migration, by suggesting a shift from a dominant point of view to a more comprehensive understanding of parental engagement. Besides that, this research also contributes to broaden discussions in the research areas of Educational Linguistics, Applied Linguistics, as well as Teacher Education. This paper is part of the AILA Europe Special Issue in the modality short paper for Junior Researchers, which intends to give a slight overview of an ongoing research.

Внутренняя форма слова в отечественном языкознании XX-XXI веков: обзор становления и употребления термина

The aim of the study is to identify how, over the past decades, the formation, composition, development of the content of the complex and multifaceted term “internal word form” have taken place, to identify the areas of Russian linguistics in which this notion is being actively elaborated, to present the motivated views of philologists studying the internal word form during the XX-XXI centuries. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the work presents for the first time a comprehensive analysis of philological concepts that explain the nature of such a unique interdisciplinary phenomenon as the internal word form, and also gives the characteristics of new aspects of studying this category. As a result, it is proved that the comprehension of the above notion took place gradually over a long period within the framework of various scientific areas and in the 21st century has reached a new level of linguistic research and generalizations, including interdisciplinary ones.

Gastrointestinal, metabolic, and nutritional disorders: A plant-based ethnoveterinary meta-analysis in the Catalan linguistic area.

Veterinary care is fundamental for animal wellbeing, and so is achieving a comprehensive understanding of traditional ethnoveterinary applications. However, little attention has been paid to it so far in industrialized countries, and in particular in Western Europe. In this context, the present work aims to make a contribution to this issue in the Catalan linguistic area, focusing on the study of plants used, at a popular level, to treat and deal with gastrointestinal, metabolic, and nutritional disorders, which are among the most important issues that affect animals. Data obtained in this study come from the popular knowledge about plants for veterinary purposes from 599 informants, who jointly provided 1,405 reports of use from 148 plant taxa. The most cited species have been Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (9.04%), Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea (6.26%), and Euphorbia lathyris L. (6.26%). At higher taxonomic levels, the botanical families with more ethnoveterinary applications were Asteraceae (24.48%), Euphorbiaceae (8.33%), and Oleaceae (7.12%). Among the total use reports, 95.02% refer to disorders of the gastrointestinal system, 4.34% to nutritional disorders, and 0.64% to metabolic disorders. Antidiarrheal (18.01%), digestive (16.51%), and laxative (15.80%) have been the most reported veterinary uses. The most used plant parts have been the aerial part (40.50%), the fruit or the infructescence (18.65%), and the flower or inflorescence (16.01%). The main preparation and administration forms reported were tisane (58.69%), followed by direct use (without any specific pharmaceutical form; 21.77%). The global corpus of ethnoveterinary knowledge for the gastrointestinal system disorders in the territory of study is diverse, with some species having a very high cultural value, as indicated by an informant consensus factor very close to 1. Some reported uses were also confirmed after consultation of encyclopedic pharmacological works, although few of these works are specifically devoted to veterinary uses. The results of this study are relevant to preserve the ethnoveterinary knowledge, but also represent an important contribution to be taken into account in research for future development of new plant-based drugs for animals.

Exploitation of construal operations in evaluating poetic translated works

Poetic translation is one of the most debatable areas in translation and applied linguistics. It is not an easy task to translate a poetic text because of peculiarity and cultural aspects of poetry. Therefore, how one can evaluate a poetic translation is an applied linguistic area that deserves to be studied. Cognitive Grammar (CG) has provided the field of linguistics with a new perspective by relating language to all other human cognitive activities and faculties. Recently, this grammar provides literature with different tools that can be used in literary analysis. Construal operations are among these tools that can play a role in literary analysis. The basic question of this paper is: can construal operations play a role in evaluating poetic translations? To what extent Middleton and Garza-Falcón (1993) succeeded in translating Ibn Zaydún's Poem "Al-Zahara"? The fundamental aim of the current work is to employ construal operations in evaluating poetic texts and to evaluate the English translation: Ibn Zaydún's Poem "Al-Zahara". It is hypothesized that construal operations play a role in the evaluation of poetic translation. Regarding Al-Zahara, it is assumed that the translation maintained the general aspect of the original text, but it is not accurate in many places.

TABIIY TILNI QAYTA ISHLASH (NLP)DA SPACY MODULIDAN FOYDALANISH

This article discusses the use and tools of the spaCy module, which is written in Python machine language, in the Natural Language Processing (NLP), considered as one of the main areas of computer linguistics. A text in a natural language contains separate units (symbols) and can be divided into several interrelated parts belonging to different levels. The article, therefore, presents methods for tokenizing text using the spaCy library tools as well as the lemma, POS, tag, dep, shape, alpha, and stop attributes generated in a pipeline process.

RELIGIOUS VOCABULARY IN THE AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL DISCOURSE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The article highlights the research methodology of religious vocabulary in American presidential discourse. The relevance of the work is due to the priority of communicative-pragmatic approach to the study of discursive formations of different genres and formats in modern linguistics. The study of discourse is an important area in modern linguistics in connection with the change of scientific paradigm that has taken place in linguistics, namely: the dominant system-structural and static paradigm has been replaced by the anthropocentric one. Religious vocabulary functions in both domestic and institutional communication in three main forms, namely: general religious vocabulary, biblical (set expressions, phraseology) and quotations from the Scriptures. This tendency is observed both in the political discourse in general and in the presidential discourse in particular, which emphasizes the relevance of our work. The search for effective ways to analyze and describe the semantics and functions of religious vocabulary in American presidential discourse has led to the choice of basic approaches to the object of study. Regarding the genre space of presidential discourse as a kind of political discourse, we note that it is determined by the general political system of the country, historical and political traditions of the presidency, socio-cultural conditions of political discourse. The methods used in linguistic studies involve the implementation of a system of procedures for studying the object and verification of the results. Typical guidelines for systematic philological analysis include attention to the semantic side of the text represented by textual categories, and the communicative immersion of the text in discursive reproduction. For systematic analysis, the following methods are used in the work, which take into account the communicative essence of the discourse text, reflect the significance of the text in the light of its generation and interpretation. That is why the work uses both general and special research methods.

THE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE GRAMMATICAL VARIABILITY

The actuality of the subject. Variability, and optionality is observed at all levels of the language as a universal feature of language means. One of the key features of contemporary linguistic research is the general typology of language means’ variability and focusing on issues such as functional specifications of various variants in the text. In contrast to other language levels, the problem of variability in syntax has been studied less. The complexity of the investigation of variability in the syntax field is conditioned by the dual nature of syntactic units, and their structure-content layout. The sentence as a syntactic unit changes the structural-content layout and functional aspect in the evolutionary process. Simple sentences the generally accepted communicative speech unit and generally accepted syntactic units have been widely studied in various aspects of modern linguistic studies and currently is being studied further. The simple sentence being a structural type of sentence had a long way to development in the modern English language as well as in other languages, and has come to the present situation having structural-semantic improvement through certain changes during the speech as a result of simplification in sentence models, the expression means in sentences. Until now, there is no comprehensive description of the variativity features of all syntactic models of simple sentences in the studies where the syntactic structure of the English language has been described. Still, structural-semantic features, variations emerged in the historical development process can be underlined as an important issue because of the controversial issues in the syntax with a simple sentence and this proves the relevance of the topic. All of these bring to the agenda the comparisons by analyzing the structure-semantic layout of the simple sentence in different periods of the English language, revealing the changes in the simple sentence models, sentence members, and their means of expression, word order, analyzing the causes of those changes as an actual lingvo-methodological issue. Many researchers (K.Abdullayev, S.Abdullayev, D.Yunusov, F.Veysalli, and others) have examined the problem of variativity in different types of sentences in Azerbaijani linguistics and have shown valuable works in this area. The term "variativity" is applied to describe the functionality of different language units in modern linguistics and during the discovery of its unobserved aspects. In recent decades, the concept of enhanced variativity in phonology has also contributed to extensive research in other areas of linguistics, including syntax.

Български медицински терминологични единици, образувани от топоним

Eponyms play an important role in the terminology system of every language. In the sphere of medicine, they emerged for the first time in the 16th – 17th century. Clinical eponyms came into view a little later, in 19th century, but their number is permanently increasing. The present research focuses on Bulgarian eponyms derived from a toponym in the field of medicine and the knowledge domain connected with it. In order to classify these eponyms, they are divided into several major groups in accordance with the basic toponym for their coining, the thematic category for their sphere of usage, and the principles of their formation. Eponyms are still an interesting linguistic area for scholarly investigation due to their universal use as terms. That is why discussions about their formation and classification are of great importance.

Cancer and Traditional Plant Knowledge, an Interesting Field to Explore: Data from the Catalan Linguistic Area.

Cancer is the second cause of death in the world and is foreseen to be responsible for about 16 million deaths in 2040. Approximately, 60% of the drugs used to treat cancer are of natural origin. Besides the extensive use of some of these drugs in therapies, such as those derived from the genus Taxus, a significant number of plants have revealed themselves as useful against cancer in recent years. The field of ethnobotany focuses on documenting traditional knowledge associated with plants, constituting a starting point to uncover the potential of new plant-based drugs to treat or prevent, in this case, tumour diseases and side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. From a series of extensive ethnobotanical prospections across the Catalan linguistic area (CLA), we have recorded uses for 41 taxa with antitumour effects. The two most quoted botanical families are Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae, and the most frequently reported species is Ranunculus parnassifolius, a high-mountain species, which is widely collected for this purpose. The reported species have been used to treat an important number of cancer types, focusing on preventive, palliative, and curative uses, as well as to deal with the side effects of conventional treatments. Comparing our results in CLA with previous data available in the most comprehensive databases of pharmacology and a review of cytotoxicity assays revealed that for the several species reported here, there was no previous evidence of traditional uses against cancer. Despite the need for further analyses to experimentally validate the information presented here, combining traditional uses and phylogenetically-informed strategies to phytochemical and pharmacological research would represent new avenues to establish more integrative approaches, hence improving the ability to select new candidate taxa in cancer research.

A Genre Analysis on The Discussion Section Of Quantitative And Qualitative Research Articles In ELT And Linguistics

This study aimed at: 1) investigating the move and steps found in quantitative and qualitative research articles discussion; 2) investigating the rhetoric structure patterns of quantitative and qualitative research article discussion. This study is a qualitative-research focusing on genre analysis on qualitative and quantitative RA discussions. There were 20 qualitative and 20 quantitative research article discussions of EFL and applied linguistics journals were investigated in this research. Using Yang & Allison’s (2003) framework to analyze the data, it is found that all moves in the framework were employed in RA discussion of both qualitative and quantitative research. However, the number of occurrences of each move were different between discussion section of these two different approaches. Furthermore, the patterns of both qualitative and quantitative RA discussion was not significantly different. There were two types of patterns in RA discussion both in qualitative and quantitative, repetitive pattern and organized pattern. although there were some variations in each of those patterns. The present study provides more evidence of generic structure of RA discussion section as well as proposes some useful insights related to move analysis on research article discussion in ELT and Linguistics area. Limitations and recommendations are discussed in this study.

Is Collaborative Open Science Possible With Speech Data in Psychiatric Disorders?

Provision of mental health care is almost entirely built on a singular medium—naturally occurring spoken language conversations. However, datasets of spoken language from patients experiencing mental health issues are surprisingly difficult to obtain. In this commentary, we discuss some of the reasons behind this, and highlight successful approaches adopted in other areas of clinical linguistics and pose some ways forward, especially for the study of psychosis. Across disciplines, researchers are rapidly adopting Open Science principles for data sharing. This movement encourages researchers, clinicians, and institutions to provide fully open access to research data, programs, and publications. For example, the National Institutes of Health’s Strategic Plan for Data Science requires that newly funded research projects share data in accord with the FAIR principles1 for open access and that they include in their budget requests for the resources necessary to complete open access. Although many disciplines, funding agencies, researchers, journals, libraries, and institutions have adopted this new model, the movement has also encountered significant resistance, particularly for open sharing of spoken language data, including spoken language data from clinical populations (SLDCP). We can identify at least 6 barriers to open sharing of SLDCP.2 Some of these barriers come from the interpretation of regulations by various institutions, while others pertain to the prevailing public perception regarding SLDCP. Here we consider each of these barriers and the ways in which systems, such as TalkBank3 or Databrary4 manage to overcome them. With emerging collaborative efforts to study language in psychosis (eg, https://discourseinpsychosis.org/), we anticipate the commentary here to eventually inform “speech bank” infrastructures for psychiatric disorders.

Letter from the editor

Letter from the editor

Classifiers before numerals

Abstract Languages with sortal classifiers (clf) are distributed across the world, with a large concentration in East and South (east) Asia. Across the world’s classifier languages, few are attested which order classifiers before numerals in counted noun phrases (clf num). The Sino-Tibetan language family includes languages without sortal classifiers, languages with the more typical num clf order, as well as languages with clf num order. The latter group of languages are concentrated in Northeast India and neighboring regions. The Sino-Tibetan languages with clf num order do not fit under one genealogical node. The present hypothesis is that the classifiers arose through repetition of the counted noun, following which the order spread via contact. The clf num order appears to have arisen at least as early as the time of Proto-Bodo-Garo. However, we do not yet find cognate classifiers at a time depth beyond Proto-Bodo-Garo. A remaining mystery is why such a cross-linguistically rare morpheme order spread so easily within the Northeast India linguistic area.

Test Difficulty in Second Language Setting: Measuring With Receiver Operating Characteristic

In order to assess the accuracy and validity of proficiency diagnostic tests in Second Language (L2), specifically regarding the linguistic (orthographic, semantic, syntactic, lexical) and cognitive (verbal reasoning, lexical decision) components for the immigrant population in Portugal, a study of cut-off points of 6 tests was conducted. This study was motivated by the unknown tests and the gap concerning the testing and rating of individuals in L2 settings, different from English as L2. The objective was to validate and inform about new tests (and how to establish rating scores and understand the proficiency level of students) in Second Language Testing (for European Portuguese) especially concerning different psychometrics for specific skills (e.g., phonemic blending). In this way, we contribute to identify new procedures for schools and professionals about testing of cognitive functions in immigrant populations. First, we examined 108 non-native students attending Portuguese schools, aged 7–17 years, speakers of mother tongues other than Portuguese and residing in Portugal for a period not exceeding eight years. Then, series of univariate analyses, non-parametric tests and the calculation of percentiles enabled the subsequent classification of the subjects’ proficiency levels: With or without proficiency. Several levels were identified. The sensitivity and specificity indexes were calculated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis to define the cut-off points for each test. The score calculation took into account the chronological age, age of immigration and gender variables. The evidence from this study suggests that all tasks are suitable to assess immigrant students. However with the ROC analysis, this assessment differs regarding degrees of proficiency between groups given the characteristics of the tasks and of the subjects. The importance of doing tests with discriminatory power of the subjects’ performance to be able to intervene in the linguistic and cognitive areas with the greatest deficit is examined here.

Reduplication in Assamese: Identification and Modeling

Reduplication is a productive morphological process widely used in a substantial number of languages in the world. Reduplication is a well-studied phenomenon, and several typological works have provided evidence for different types of reduplication in most of the languages around the world. Addressing reduplication plays a vital role in the efficiency of POS tagger, sentiment analysis, as well as other NLP tasks. However, it is an understudied area in computational linguistics, especially in low-resource languages like Assamese. This article first describes different types of reduplication and their shapes that occur in Assamese. Second, an exhaustive set of reduplication formation rules is compiled that is incorporated to build a system to identify reduplication in Assamese text. The results of the experiments performed on three different domain datasets showed that the rule-based system can identify reduplicated expressions with an average precision, recall, and F1 scores of 94.19%, 98.07%, and 96.07%, respectively. Third, it is shown that the Assamese reduplication processes can be captured through a two-way finite-state transducer (2-way FST). Finally, two broad categories of reduplicative processes along with their corresponding 2-way FST model are presented.

LETTER FROM THE EDITOR

LETTER FROM THE EDITOR

A Dedicated Sarcasm Construction in Kashmiri as a Feature of the South Asian Linguistic Area

This paper has two parts. In the first part (§§ 2‑3) we cover some of the resources that the Kashmiri sarcast draws on. In the second part (§§ 4‑6) we explore a particular formulaic construction that we maintain is specifically dedicated to the expression of sarcasm, not only in Kashmiri but in most languages of the Indo‑Aryan family – with the possible exception of Bangla and its neighbours. Since this construction occurs in some but not all the major Dravidian languages, it may be regarded as another feature or ‘trait’ of the South Asian Linguistic Area first adumbrated by Emeneau (1956) and further extended by Masica (1976).

PHRASEOLOGY IN GERMAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING

This article is devoted to one of the most complex and interesting areas of linguistics, namely phraseology. This is a new area of linguistics that deals with the fixed word complexes of a language. Phraseology in foreign language learning and teaching has been an object of linguistic and didactic research for almost 40 years. This article begins with information of phraseological term. Then, I will discuss some characteristics of a phraseologisms. Also, I will touch up on creation of a lesson plan. Furthermore, I will explore teaching methodology to define the phraseological units in German as a foreign language teaching. Finally, using the example of German as a foreign language, some general aspects of phraseology in foreign language teaching will be illustrated in the context of the learning of phraseology are addressed.