Lingual Process Research Articles

1234 The Transposition Technique of Internal Carotid Artery in Endonasal Endoscopic Surgery: Beyond the Lateral Boundary of Middle Line Approach

INTRODUCTION: There was no report regarding the transposition technique of ICA in endonasal endoscopic surgery (EES) METHODS: Six cadaveric heads (3 arterial and venous injected, 1 embalmed artery injected, 1 fresh artery injected) were prepared for dissection. The trabecular fiber (parasellar ligaments) in cavernous sinus(CS), small branches of ICA, dura, bony structures along ICA were meticulously dissected and photographed. The endoscopic dissections were performed using 0° (4-mm-diameter, 18-cm-long) rod lens endoscopes (Karl Storz). 36 cases (Jan 2014 to June 2022) underwent EES ICA transposition were reviewed. RESULTS: The trabecular fiber and small branches of ICA formed four sets of limiting structures around ICA: the medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior group. The medial group consisted of carotid clinoid ligaments (12/12), inferior hypophyseal artery (11/12), inferior parasellar ligament (6/12). The lateral groupcomprised inferolateral trunk (12/12), the sympathetic nerve plexus (12/12), the trabecular fibers between ICA and CN3 (6/12),CN4 (5/12), CN6 (12/12). The anterior group consisted of trabecular fibers between the proximal dural ring and the ICA (7/12). The posterior group was made of trabecual fibers (8/12) around the post genu and posterior wall of CS. Proximal and distal dura ring was the main dura structures impeding mobilizing ICA. The anterior clinoid and lingual process obstructed ICA lateral transposition. Grade 1 (inner CS limiting structures), Grade 2 (inner CS + dura ring open), Grade 3 (inner CS + dura ring + bony remove) transposition were used in 24 (66.7%), 9 (25%), 3 (8.3%) cases respectively. CSF leakage (2.7%), ICA injury (2.7%), new transient CN palsy (8.3%), permanent CN palsy (5.4%) were developed postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The EES ICA transposition technique is technically feasible and could be graded according to extent of freeing the limiting structures. It is a novel technique worth exploring in suitable cases to enlarge the working zone and surgical freedom in middle line approaches.

Application of surgical guide for pre-drilling for the successful placement of orthodontic mini-screws using CAD/CAM technology in two cases.

An increasing number of clinicians have been utilising orthodontic mini-screws as temporary anchorage devices (TAD) in their practices, but variable successful rates have been reported. Here, we introduce a practical approach to inserting mini-screws successfully. Using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology, the surgical guide for pre-drilling was designed and fabricated and mini-screws were placed following pre-drilling holes in two cases. Two Ø2.0 × 10.0-mm mini-screws were inserted into the prepared holes in the mandibular buccal shelf (MBS) on both sides with a hand driver to distalise the lower molars for Class III correction. The treatment was done successfully, after 12 months of treatment in one case. Two Ø1.6 × 8.0-mm mini-screws were inserted into the prepared holes in the mandibular alveolar process in another case with congenital absence of lower right second premolar. One mini-screw was in the buccal alveolar process between the mandibular right canine and first premolar and the other in the lingual alveolar process between the mandibular right first premolar and second primary molar. The lower right molars would be protracted to close the space left after the extraction of the primary molar using the two mini-screws. The case was still in treatment.

The Lingual Process of the Sphenoid Bone and the Petrolingual Ligament: Surgical Anatomy, Landmarks, and Clinical Relevance.

The lingual process of the sphenoid bone (LP) and the petrolingual ligament (PLL) surround laterally the internal carotid artery within the middle cranial fossa (MCF). To study the LP and the PLL and anatomical variations considering their relationships with different structures and landmarks within the MCF, especially oriented toward the endoscopic endonasal approaches. Seventy-two sides of dry skulls and 20 sides of embalmed specimens were studied. The measurements of the LP and the PLL were obtained, considering important landmarks in the MCF. The LP had a mean length and height of 5 mm and 3 mm, respectively. Its distance from the foramen lacerum was 6 mm, from the foramen ovale 10 mm, foramen rotundum 15 mm, and petrous apex 9 mm. In 44 sides (61.11%), the LP partially closed the lateral aspect of the carotid sulcus; in 17 sides (23.61%), it was found as a near-ring; and in 11 sides (15.2%), it was considered rudimentary. Considering the PLL, its length and height were, respectively, 9 mm, and 4 mm. The LP and PLL separate the carotid artery at the inferior aspect of Meckel's cave and constitute important landmarks for endoscopic endonasal approaches to Meckel's cave and MCF, and their identification and removal is essential for internal carotid artery mobilization in this area.

Synergetic Linguistics as a New Philosophy of Language Studies

The article deals with the new philosophical interpretation of the structural organization and development of language as a synergetic system. Consideration of language as a complex open non-linear fluctuating system, which functions and develops according to synergetic principles, promotes the formation of a new transdisciplinary science – synergetic linguistics. The formation and development of the new branch of applied linguistics depends on the study of various lingual phenomena from the standpoint of synergetic philosophy and methodology. The use of synergetic methodology for language studies proves the appropriateness of so-called "non-systemic", "irregular", "transitional" lingual phenomena and processes, proves the necessity of their existence in a functioning language, determines mechanisms of language super-system self-organization, provides opportunities for determining the trends of its development.

Correlated Imaging of the Equine Hyoid Apparatus Using CT, Micro-CT, and Histology.

Background: Detailed radiological evaluation of the normal hyoid apparatus by computed tomography (CT) has not yet been conducted. Thus, it is unclear what type of junction connects the different parts of the equine hyoid apparatus.Objectives: To describe the normal CT anatomy of the equine hyoid apparatus, and to determine the junction type that connects the different parts of the hyoid apparatus.Study Design: Combination of retrospective study and prospective cadaver study.Methods: The medical records of horses that underwent head CT scans from 2009 to 2018 were retrieved. Inclusion criteria for the CT scans were visibility of at least two of the four junctions of the hyoid apparatus. CT images were analyzed in three different planes. Additionally, 10 cadaver heads were processed using CT, micro-CT of selected joints, and histology of all joints.Results: CT scans of 200 horses fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The tympanohyoid cartilage consisted of hyaline cartilage. Areas of mineralization within the cartilage were visible on CT scans as early as 2 years of age. The epihyoid was not fused with the stylohyoid in one-third of the horses. All horses younger than 2.5 years showed three ossification centers of the basihyoid, and all horses younger than 1.5 years had a non-fullydeveloped lingual process. In total, 10 of 11 horses between 1.5 and 3 years had separate ossification centers of the lingual process. We found a synchondrosis between the styloid process and the stylohyoid bone. The basihyoid and thyrohyoid, as well as the stylohyoid and epiyhoid were connected by a synostosis in two-thirds of the horses. The remaining parts were connected to one another by synovial joints.Main limitations: The junctions studied by histologic examination were from older horses, therefore growing patterns of different bones could not be totally clarified.Conclusion: The temporohyoid joint is a synchondrosis. The epihyoid is an ossification center of the stylohyoid and fuses with the stylohyoid in two-thirds of horses. The lingual process has a separate ossification center.

Characterization and implications of the lingual process of the sphenoid bone: a cadaveric and radiographic study.

The surgical significance of the lingual process of the sphenoid bone (LPSB) has not been sufficiently addressed. The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomical details of the LPSB in relation to the quadrangular space. Moreover, the incidence of the LPSB and its correlation with the pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus and the development of the lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus (LRSS) were also evaluated. A dissection and exposure of the LPSB and the quadrangular space was performed on 10 cadaveric specimens (20 sides). The incidence, length, and height of the LPSB were also assessed on computed tomography (CT) images (60 patients, 120 sides). The association between the presence of the LPSB with the pneumatization type of the sphenoid sinus and the presence of a LRSS was evaluated. In a cadaveric model, the LPSB, in association with the petrolingual ligament extending from the LPSB to the petrous apex, was identified on 7 sides (35%). The LPSB was continuous with the mandibular strut. The overall incidence of a LPSB was 48.33% on CT images, and the average length and height of the LPSB was (mean ± standard deviation) 5.30 ± 1.44 mm and 6.51 ± 1.32 mm, respectively. A significant correlation was identified between presence of the LPSB with the pneumatization type of the sphenoid sinus (p = 0.004) but no correlation was identified with the presence of the LRSS (p = 0.071). The LPSB and the petrolingual ligament are useful landmarks for procedures in the quadrangular space and Meckel's cave. However, the LPSB is not consistently present.

Hodonimija crnogorskog Polimlja

In this project, the author is giving a retrospective of hodonimy and it`s motivation in the Montenegrin Polimlje. Hodonyms are very important elements of historical development, changes, cultural and lingual processes and entire development of civilization. Abouth 232 hodonyms, wich give us the true picture of cultural athmosphere in this area, were written in the Montenegrin Polimlje. As the bearers of certain symbols, hodonyms represent different social, political and cultural pictures, as well as social frames. Hodonyms in the Montenegrin Polimlje are connected with some very important people from this area and with magnificient geographic items.

Some excerptions of the Tauric Peninsula toponymy. Perekop – Armyansk

Abstract: The main aim of the proposal article is to put in order the data of two indissolubly tied towns – Perekop and Armyansk (both in Krasnoperekopsky district). those towns history is closely tied and reflecting in their names, needing renewed and detailed commentaries. Primarily, Perekop was known as the Tάφρος, Taphræ since the І b.c. and since XVIII A.D. ­ as Or, Or–Аgzy, Or–Каpі, Ferrah–Kerman. This fortress was the only one terrestrial way to the Crimea. But after the main part of Greek and Armenian people resettlement to the situated in five miles trade point in the thirties of the XVIII century, this point (Armyansk town nowadays) obtaines two new names ­ Yeni / Novy–Bazar and Armyansky Bazar (which repels both new townsfolk natonality and those main line of work). at the same time, much of these oiconyms (besides Ferrah–Kerman) demonstrates extreme semantic firmness: at various times and in different languages these ones has been the ‘ditch’ meaning saving: Gr. τάφρος, Lat. Fossa, Old-Ukr., Old-Russ. Перекопъ(ь), Pol. Przekop, Prsecop, Tat. Or / Ор (Or–Аgzy and Or–Каpі), Russ. Rov. There such semantic typology examples in the Crimean oiconymy (and in toponymy in general) are frequent and forming one of the main Tauric toponymy features, reflecting an active centuries-old lingual interaction process. There Armyansk, Yeni / Novy–Bazar and Armyansky Bazar oiconyms have not any features of the typological continuity and reflects the new settlement rising circumstances. Keywords: history, onomatology, oiconymy, semantic reconstruction, historical linguistics.

COMPARATIVE THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCANS AND ANATOMICAL INVESTIGATION OF RABBIT (Oryctolagus cuniculus) AND CAT (Felis domestica) SKULL

This study was conducted to elucidate the comparative anatomical features of the skull of rabbits and cats using CT scans. Adult healthy New Zealand rabbits and Domestic Baladi cats of both sexes, were prepared for X-ray and CT scan of the heads at different positions. The heads were also processed for bone preparation and were photographed at various views. Some measurements were taken to exhibit the main differences between the two animal species. There was a cranial pharyngeal canal in the basisphenoid bone of rabbit, which was absent in cat. The retroarticular process situated caudal to the mandibular fossa in cat and absent in rabbit. The carotid foramen was large and situated only in rabbit ventromedial to the bulla tympanica. The supraorbital process of rabbit extended anteriorly and posteriorly forming rostral and caudal supraorbital fissures. The orbit was located laterally in rabbit rostrally in cat. The facial surface of the maxilla was perforated by several formina in rabbit. A large retroalveolar foramen was found only in the mandible of rabbit. The condyloid process of the mandible was large and present longitudinally in rabbit and transversally in cat. Also, the hyoid bones and the paranasal sinuses were compared at both animals. The hyoid bone located in the mandibular space in rabbit and caudal to this space in cat. The lingual process of the hyoid bone was absent in cat. The middle and great cornuae of the hyoid bone were absent in rabbit. The paranasal sinuses of rabbit were maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses. While in cat, there were frontal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses. The combination between the traditional gross morphology of the skulls, X-ray and scan aimed to clarify and confirm all the points of comparison between the two animal species used, which was not achieved by using only one method of them.Key words: rabbit; cat; skull; computed tomography; anatomy

Description of a new species of Pseudophilautus (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae) from southern Sri Lanka

We describe a new Pseudophilautus species, P. conniffae sp. nov. from southern Sri Lanka. It was previously confused with Pseudophilautus rus (Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda). The new species differs from the latter by the combination of the following characters: fourth toe webbing to penultimate subarticular tubercle on inner and outer sides (vs. fourth toe webbing in between penultimate and anetpenultimate subarticular tubercles on inner and outer sides), presence of conical median lingual process (vs. absent), and black patches on the posterior flank, anterior and posterior edges of the thigh (vs. black patches on the anterior surface of the thigh). Pseudophilautus conniffae sp. nov. may be sympatric with P. limbus (Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda), which shares certain characters with the new species. The new species is, however, distinguished from P. limbus by the following characters: having supernumerary tubercles on manus (vs. lacking), absence of frontoparietal ridges (vs. presence), fourth toe webbing to penultimate subarticular tubercle on both sides (vs. fourth toe webbing between penultimate and anetpenultimate subarticular tubercle on both sides), third toe webbing to distal subarticular tubercle on both sides (vs. distal subarticular tubercle on outer side and below penultimate subarticular tubercle on inner side), and having the dorsum light brown with dark brown patches (vs. black and yellow variegated pattern on dorsum). The new species may be restricted to the southwestern wet zone of Sri Lanka. It is compared with all known Pseudophilautus species and also provided with a field key to identify it from those species that are sympatric with it or inhabit the southwestern wet zone.

The research progress in gingival invagination

Gingival invagination is a type of gingival cleft that occurs during orthodontic space closure in some of the orthodontic patients who received tooth extraction. Clinical manifestations may be fine folds in attached gingiva surface, or deep cleft that penetrates the interdental papilla from the buccal to the lingual alveolar process. Gingival invagination can affect the health of local periodontal tissues, the effect and stability of orthodontic treatment. This article reviews the research progress of gingival invagination studies, including the definition, manifestations, causes, influencing factors and effects.

The foramen lacerum: surgical anatomy and relevance for endoscopic endonasal approaches.

The foramen lacerum is a relevant skull base structure that has been neglected for many years. From the endoscopic endonasal perspective, the foramen lacerum is a key structure due to its location at the crossroad between the sagittal and coronal planes. The objective of this study was to provide a detailed investigation of the surgical anatomy of the foramen lacerum and its adjacent structures based on anatomical dissections and imaging studies, propose several relevant key surgical landmarks, and demonstrate the surgical technique for its full exposure with several illustrative cases. Ten colored silicone-injected anatomical specimens were dissected using a transpterygoid approach to the foramen lacerum region in a stepwise manner. Five similar specimens were used for a comparative transcranial approach. The osseous anatomy was examined in 32 high-resolution multislice CT studies and 1 disarticulated skull. Representative cases were selected to illustrate the application of the findings. The pterygosphenoidal fissure is the synchondrosis between the lacerum process of the pterygoid bone and the floor of the sphenoid bone. It constantly converges with the posterior end of the vidian canal at a 45° angle, and its posterolateral end points directly to the lacerum foramen. The pterygoid tubercle separates the vidian canal from the pterygosphenoidal fissure, and forms the anterior wall of the lower part of the foramen lacerum. The lingual process, which forms the lateral wall of the foramen lacerum, was identified in 53 of 64 sides and featured an average height of 5 mm. The mandibular strut separates the foramen lacerum from the foramen ovale and had an average width of 5 mm. This study provides relevant surgical landmarks and a systematic approach to the foramen lacerum by defining anterior, medial, lateral, and inferior walls that may facilitate its safe exposure for effective removal of lesions while minimizing the risk of injury to the internal carotid artery.

Phylogenetic Systematics of Dart-Poison Frogs and Their Relatives Revisited (Anura: Dendrobatoidea)

Abstract. Despite the impressive growth of knowledge on the phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Dendrobatoidea) over the past decade, many problems remain to be addressed. We analyzed up to 189 phenomic characters (morphology, behavior, defensive chemicals) and 15 mitochondrial and nuclear loci scored for 564 dendrobatoid and outgroup terminals, including 76 newly sequenced terminals and > 20 previously unanalyzed species, using tree-alignment and the parsimony optimality criterion in the program POY v.5.1.1 and additional analyses of the implied alignment using TNT v.1.5. Even though data coverage was highly heterogeneous, the strict consensus of 639 optimal trees is highly resolved and we detected only one instance of wildcard behavior involving a small clade of outgroup species. The monophyly of the median lingual process (MLP) possessing genus Anomaloglossus is decisively refuted, with the cis-Andean species being sister to Rheobates within Aromobatidae and the trans-And...

Anatomy of the dromedary head skeleton revisited

Abstract Introduction: Dromedary Camel is known for its specific adaptation to the hostile environment of desert areas. Hence, it is a very interesting model to consider for biological and veterinary sciences. A good knowledge of camel head osteology is relevant to overcome the lack of accurate data useful for comparative anatomy, radiology and clinical practice. Methods: The present work studied the osteology of the camel skull at different age and investigates blood vessels and nerves passing through its foramina. Results: The obtained data show similarities with domestic mammals but also several peculiarities. These include particularly; the existence of an extensive temporal fossa; a prominent external sagittal crest in the adults which is replaced by a large parietal planum in the youngest; the supra-orbital foramina give access only to the frontal vein and thus cannot be used for the nerve block and anesthesia of the upper eyelids; supplementary foramens including, a retroarticular, a lateral sphenopalatine, an accessory maxillary and a lacrimal fontanel were described for the first time. Unlike that reported in the literature, the lacerate foramen is covered by a fibro-cartilaginous layer; whereas the carotid foramen is located caudally to the jugular foramen. The hyoid lingual process is lacking while the epihyoideum is well developed. The mandibular symphysis is well extended reaching 13.2 ± 0.8cm. Also, the literature controversy concerning the lower jaw dental formula was discussed and elucidated: I3-C1-PM2-M3. Conclusion: This study provides a deep anatomy description of the camel skull. The presented results are important for comparative anatomy and clinical investigations.

Evolutionary aspects of the development of teeth and baleen in the bowhead whale.

In utero, baleen whales initiate the development of several dozens of teeth in upper and lower jaws. These tooth germs reach the bell stage and are sometimes mineralized, but toward the end of prenatal life they are resorbed and no trace remains after birth. Around the time that the germs disappear, the keratinous baleen plates start to form in the upper jaw, and these form the food-collecting mechanism. Baleen whale ancestors had two generations of teeth and never developed baleen, and the prenatal teeth of modern fetuses are usually interpreted as an evolutionary leftover. We investigated the development of teeth and baleen in bowhead whale fetuses using histological and immunohistochemical evidence. We found that upper and lower dentition initially follow similar developmental pathways. As development proceeds, upper and lower tooth germs diverge developmentally. Lower tooth germs differ along the length of the jaw, reminiscent of a heterodont dentition of cetacean ancestors, and lingual processes of the dental lamina represent initiation of tooth bud formation of replacement teeth. Upper tooth germs remain homodont and there is no evidence of a secondary dentition. After these germs disappear, the oral epithelium thickens to form the baleen plates, and the protein FGF-4 displays a signaling pattern reminiscent of baleen plates. In laboratory mammals, FGF-4 is not involved in the formation of hair or palatal rugae, but it is involved in tooth development. This leads us to propose that the signaling cascade that forms teeth in most mammals has been exapted to be involved in baleen plate ontogeny in mysticetes.

ON SOME PROPERTIES OF ACRONYMS USED IN KOREAN

Abbreviation process in Korean applies to both lexical and grammatical units (cf. Borowiak 2015). This article however focuses only on one type of the former, namely acronyms. The formations in question are created in the lingual process, which could be called acronymization and are a convenient means of expression widely used in various fields of contemporary civilization such as science and technology, economy and public life, media, marketing etc. Despite their undeniable popularity the subject of acronymology is given relatively little attention in relevant literature, which concentrates mainly on morpheme-based word-formation and thus downplays acronyms as being e.g. unpredictable ‘non-rule governed innovations’ (cf. Bauer 2001). The 20th century however, as Szadyko (1997: 127) points out, belongs to acronyms – that is why the subject definitely deserves more attention. The aim of this article is to identify, analyze and classify acronyms used in Korean. Abbreviations of this particular type, as this paper will attempt to show, although rarely and rather briefly discussed, are in fact extremely numerous in Korean language. Taking into consideration their number and variety the attempt to classify them according to origin, fields of usage, lexical meaning and familiarity, the method of formation, graphemic form and the type of founding constituents is made.

Computed tomographic diagnosis: Traumatic lingual process fracture and surgical resection

SummaryA 9‐year‐old mare was presented with abnormal behaviour and head‐shaking when ridden. Pathology of the hyoid apparatus was suspected and computed tomographic (CT) examination of the head was suggested. Computed tomographic images revealed a fractured lingual process (LP) of the basihyoid bone. Surgical resection of the fractured LP was performed. The mare recovered uneventfully and symptoms improved 10 weeks post‐operatively.

Anomaloglossus confusus, a New Ecuadorian Frog Formerly Masquerading as “Colostethus” chocoensis (Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae)

Anomaloglossus confusus, new species, is a small (21–26 mm SVL) riparian frog from the Pacific versant of the Andes in northwestern Ecuador. It inhabits rocky forest streams in an elevational range of about 600–1540 m. It is the only known Anomaloglossus in Ecuador, where it can be distinguished from all other dendrobatoids by the generic synapomorphy of a median lingual process. The only other named trans-Andean species of Anomaloglossus are the western Colombian A. atopoglossus and A. lacrimosus. Anomaloglossus confusus was previously confused with ‘‘Hylixalus’’ or ‘‘Colostethus’’ chocoensis (currently in Hyloxalus), a rare species described by Boulenger on the basis of a subadult female from Pacific lowland Colombia. The first adult specimen of Hyloxalus chocoensis, an adult male, is described. The generic name Hylixalus is not ‘‘an incorrect subsequent spelling’’ as recently interpreted, but an emendation with its own authorship and date of publication (Boulenger, 1882); as such, it is a junior objective synonym of Hyloxalus and is an available name.

Change in Grafted Secondary Alveolar Bone in Patients with UCLP and UCLA

To evaluate changes in the grafted bone after secondary alveolar bone graft (ABG) with iliac bone using 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT). The sample consisted of 10 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and 5 patients with unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA) (mean age = 10 years). 3D-CT data (Sensation 10, Siemens, Munchen, Germany), which was obtained 1 month before (T0), 3 months after (T1), and 12 months (T2) after ABG, were used to measure the height, labiolingual thickness (LLT), and volume of the grafted bone using V-Works 4.0 program (Cybermed Inc, Seoul, Korea). All of the UCLA patients showed the lingual process in the cleft area at T0, but the UCLP did not. During T1-T2, there was a significant decrease in height of the upper part of the grafted bone; however, volumes of both the upper and lower parts were decreased. Unilateral cleft type and presence of ULI in the cleft area did not affect the change in height and volume of the grafted bone. The resorption amount (RA) was significantly larger in the lower part than in the upper part, while the resorption rate (RR) exhibited an opposite result. In addition, there was significantly more RA in the labial side in UCLA than UCLP (P < .05). There was no correlation between the initial cleft width and changes in height, LLT, and volume of the grafted bone. Overpacking and/or excessive condensation of the grafted bone is not necessary in UCLA with the lingual process because of the greater chance of resorption on the labial side of the grafted bone.

Anatomical and histological aspects of the bovine lingual tonsil

The localization of the bovine lingual tonsil is described as a prerequisite for the removal of specified risk material from the tongue meat in order to restrict the risk arising from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to public health. The major part of this tonsil can be located macroscopically by the openings of its follicular crypts at the root of tongue. This part consists of organized aggregations of lymph nodules. Additional solitary primary lymph nodules and diffuse accumulations of lymphocytes are macroscopically invisible but are bilaterally present in the area extending 2 cm caudal to 3 cm rostral to the last vallate papillae. By sectioning the tongue 3 cm rostral to the last vallate papillae, undermining the lingual mucosa to the level of these papillae and making a transverse cut towards the lingual process of the basihyoid bone, the greater part of the lingual tonsil can efficiently be removed. Finally, immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the presence of T and B lymphocytes, suggesting that the bovine lingual tonsil can be considered as a site where an immune response can be induced.