Lingual Dorsum Research Articles

Effect of green propolis on oral epithelial dysplasia in rats

Studies have demonstrated that flavonoid compounds of green propolis have antitumoral activity. Study Design: Experimental study. AimsTo evaluate the effect of a hydroalcoholic extract of green propolis (EPV) on chemically induced epithelial dysplasias in rat tongues. Methods and MaterialsDMBA was brushed on the lingual dorsum of rats 3x/week on alternate days - 100 (PROP1), 200 (PROP2) and 300 mg/kg (PROP3) EPV was administered orally for 20 weeks. EPV or DMBA were replaced by their vehicles and applied as positive (TUM1 and TUM2) and negative controls (CTR1 and CTR2), respectively. The lingual epithelium was histologically analyzed and graded according a binary system and the WHO classification; the data were compared using ANOVA (*p<0.05). ResultsThe EPV yield was 41% and the flavonoid yield was 0.95±0.44%. According to the Binary System, TUM1, TUM2 and PROP1 were considered high risk lesions, with significantly higher morphological alteration rates compared to the other groups (p<0.05), which were considered low risk lesions. Based on the WHO classification, moderate dysplasia was TUM1 and TUM2, mild dysplasia was PROP1, PROP2 and PROP3, and non-dysplastic epithelium was CTR1 and CTR2. ConclusionEPV seems to play an important protective role against chemically-induced lingual carcinogenesis in rats.

Differential Proteinase Patterns among Candida albicans Strains Isolated from Root Canal and Lingual Dorsum: Possible Roles in Periapical Disease

IntroductionProteinases play pivotal roles in Candida albicans infections. Although the yeast can colonize the pulpal environment, there is no information about the enzymatic profile of this organism. This in vitro study aimed to determine the proteolysis levels and to investigate differences in the expression of aspartyl proteinase genes (Sap 1, Sap 2, and Sap 4) among various root canal strains and clinical isolates from the lingual dorsum. MethodsThe extracellular proteinase activity of 104 C. albicans samples isolated from the lingual dorsum and from necrotic root canals was measured with respect to bovine serum albumin degradation after 5 days of incubation at 37°C. We used reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, a highly sensitive method, to detect messenger RNA transcripts of aspartyl proteinase genes (Sap 1, Sap 2, and Sap 4). The C. albicans strain SC 5314 was used as a positive control for both experiments because it is recognized as being highly proteolytic. All tests were performed in triplicate. ResultsRegardless of the isolation site, all C. albicans strains produced an opaque precipitation halo around the colonies, indicating some proteinase activity. However, the production of proteinase on the plates was significantly greater (P < .05) by the endodontic samples. Sap 2 was the most commonly expressed gene in all samples. Among the root canal samples, the detection of Sap 1 transcripts was always associated with the expression of Sap 2 and Sap 4. Sap 4 gene expression was detected in all root canal samples. The simultaneous expression of the 3 investigated Sap genes (Sap 1, Sap 2, and Sap 4) was more common in strains isolated from the lingual dorsum (50%) than in those isolated from root canals (29.4%). ConclusionsThe increased proteolytic activity as well as the distinct pattern of Sap expression observed among the root canal samples may suggest a pathogenic role for C. albicans in endodontic infections.

Efficacy and safety of probiotics in the treatment of Candida‐associated stomatitis

This study aimed at evaluating the short-term efficacy and safety of probiotics as an aid in the treatment of Candida-associated stomatitis in a randomised controlled trial. A total of 65 patients were randomly assigned to receive oral local antifungal agents alone (gargle 2% sodium bicarbonate solution for 30s, wait 10min and then apply 2% nystatin paste) or these agents plus local probiotics (the mixture of Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) three times per day for 4weeks. Parameters related to hyperaemia, visual analogue scale scores, culture of resting saliva and a lingual dorsum swab and adverse reactions were assessed or recorded in the beginning, middle and end of treatment. Although the baseline characteristics of the participants were similar, both groups showed a significant reduction in pain level and hyperaemia on the tongue mucosa (P=0.000) after 4-week application. However, despite the reduction in hyperaemia in the probiotic group, these improvements did not display statistically significant differences. The detection rate of Candida spp. was 100% before treatment and 8.21% in the experimental group and 34.6% in the control group after treatment. The detection rate of Candida spp. decreased (P=0.000) in both groups and was significantly lower in the probiotic group than the control group (P=0.038). Other analysed micro-organisms, including the decreased detection rate for Lactobacillus spp. (P=0.049) and the increased detection rate for Staphylococcus epidermidis (P=0.019), did not display consistent change trends in the probiotics group. Compared with conventional antifungal therapies for oral candidiasis, the inclusion of locally administered probiotics helped improve certain clinical conditions and reduced the prevalence of Candida spp., although the impact of probiotics on oral bacterial species remains to be further studied.

Development of a new protocol: a macroscopic study of the tongue dorsal surface

The presence on the dorsal tongue of additional irregularities such as fissures, grooves and the distribution of papillae constitutes a retention area for harbouring bacteria, particularly those that produce sulphur compounds. A protocol to study the morphology of the tongue in a macroscopic way was developed, aimed at better investigating on the relationship between the dorsal surface of the tongue, considered as a microbial ecosystem, and the oral halitosis (1). A patient affected by oral malodour was chosen and included in the study. A picture of his lingual dorsum was taken to show the areas where the coating was visible. Then, an impression with alginate was taken obtaining a replication in plaster and, on the base of this one, a sort of impression tray was modelled utilizing an impression material made of silicone putty. After this, a second impression was taken combining the tray in silicone putty with a silicone material having a very low-light density (using the 2-step double-mix impression technique). The impression obtained was divided and cut with a blade in six parts, according to Winkel Tongue Coated Index (2), and their contour was observed with the stereo-microscope. The images were analysed with the Image J programme, and the parameter considered was the depth among the papillae. The mean measure of this parameter, in the parts where the coating was visible, resulted in a range between 0,25 + 0,019 mm and 0,55 + 0,11 mm. The same measures in the parts where the coating was not visible swung instead in a range between 0,14 + 0,08 mm and 0,23 + 0,07 mm. This new protocol can be considered clinically relevant for the suitable diagnosis and for the personalized treatment of halitosis.

2型糖尿病モデルラットにおける舌背の結合組織乳頭と毛細血管ループに関する形態学的研究(大阪歯科大学大学院歯学研究科博士(歯学)学位論文内容要旨および論文審査結果要旨の公表)

2型糖尿病モデルラットにおける舌背の結合組織乳頭と毛細血管ループに関する形態学的研究(大阪歯科大学大学院歯学研究科博士(歯学)学位論文内容要旨および論文審査結果要旨の公表)

An outbreak of ulcerative stomatitis due to mouse barely (Hordeum murinum) in horse

Stomatitis and gingivitis were diagnosed in twenty-six of 96 horses at a club in Mashhad, Iran. Clinical examination of the affected horses revealed varying degrees of ulceration at the gum-tooth margins with many awns (seed heads) embedded in ulcers. The ulcers were painful, up to 5 cm in diameter, and located at the labial-gingival junction, the lingual frenulum, the base of the lingual dorsum, soft palate, and the sides of the tongue. The evaluation of feed ingredients which had been fed to the affected horses showed contamination of alfalfa hay to mouse barley (Hordeum murinum) seed heads. After removal of the contaminated hay from the ration, the ulcers healed slowly over about 3 weeks.

Morphological Study of the Connective Tissue Papillae and the Capillary Loops on the Lingual Dorsum in the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Model Rats

We performed a morphological study in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) model rats by focusing on the connective tissue papillae (CTPe) and capillary loops (CLs) of filiform papillae in the lingual dorsum in the type 2 DM model rats (GK rats). The normal group comprised nine 8-week-old male Wistar rats. The DM group comprised nine 8-week-old male GK rats. Image analysis of light microscopic specimens in CTPe was performed (height and cross-sectional area). Image analysis of scanning electron microscopic specimens (acrylic plastic injection method) in CLs was performed (number, thickness, height, interval between the tops of the two CLs, and crossing ratio between ascending and descending crura (CRC)). We compared these values between both groups (Student's t test). The former analysis revealed that the height and cross-sectional area of CTPe were smaller in the DM group than in the normal group. The latter analysis revealed that the thickness, height, and CRC of the CLs were smaller in the DM group than in the normal group. However, no significant differences were detected in the number and interval of CLs between both groups. Therefore, we concluded that DM caused regressive change in CTPe and CLs.

Lingual distribution of the human glossopharyngeal nerve

Conclusion: Nineteenth century anatomical descriptions of the anterior distribution of cranial nerve (CN) IX on the dorsal tongue are contrary to current concepts. By employing Sihler's stain, we demonstrated that, in fact, CN IX projects more anteriorly than the posterior third of the tongue. This may explain why some patients whose chorda tympani branch of CN VII has been severed during middle ear surgery continue to have taste function in sectors of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Objective: To assess the anatomical distribution of CN IX on the lingual dorsum. Materials and methods: Three human cadaver tongues were microdissected following staining with Sihler's stain, a procedure that renders most of the tongue tissue translucent while counterstaining nerves. CN IX nerve branches were visually tracked within the tongue's dorsum. Results: Branches of CN IX were observed that extended anteriorly beyond the sulcus terminalis and the circumvallate papillae, with extensions occurring along the lateral lingual margin anterior to the foliate papillae. Anastomoses were identified between CN IX and the lingual nerve, raising the possibility of functional interactions between CN V and CN IX.

Bacilos Gram Negativos No Fastidiosos en la Microbiota Subgingival y Lingual en un Grupo de Pacientes Chilenos con Periodontitis

Background and aimsPeriodontitis are a group of pathologies that affect support tissue of tooth. Different periodontopathic bacterial species of the subgingival microbiota has been associated with periodontitis but, at this time a great relevance has also been atributed to the presence of non-fastidious Gram negative rods in periodontal pockets,because these species could be a major cause of periodontal therapy failure,it was very interesting to localize the oral reservorie of it, in order to contribute to control the periodontal pocket infection. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the presence and/or absence of non fastidious Gram negative rods in both, periodontal pockets and lingual dorsum of 27 chilean periodontitis patients. Patients and Method27 periodontal patients were recruited. Lingual dorsum and subgingival plaque samples were obtained and deposited in cold RTF (4°C) until proccessing. Results77,7% (p= 0,0038) of coincidence between presence and/or absence of non-fastidious Gram negative rods in both periodontal pocket and lingual dorsum was found.38,4% of these patients harbored Alcaligenes faecalis and 30,8% of them, Escherichia coli and Pseudomona aeruginosa.

Helicobacter pylori Associated with Glossitis and Halitosis

Helicobacter pylori is a curved microaerophilic Gram-negative bacterium considered as a risk factor for gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to find an association between burning sensations, acid taste, halitosis, and lingual hyperplasia with the effect of H. pylori on the mouth. A total of 124 subjects with different gastric diseases were studied: 46 patients with burning, halitosis and lingual dorsum hyperplasia and 78 patients with other diseases. The detection of H. pylori in the oral cavity by histopathologic diagnosis and molecular biology was confirmed in 40/46 (87%) patients with burning, halitosis, and lingual hyperplasia, and in 2/78 (2.6%) subjects with other diseases. Chi2: 91.26 (p < .001) Mantel-Haenszel. This trial showed an association between H. pylori and burning, halitosis, and lingual hyperplasia, and further considered this bacterium a risk factor for gastric infection.

Gross and microscopic observations on the lingual structure of the Florida Manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris.

The tongue of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) was studied macroscopically, light and electron microscopically. The tongue was slender, muscular and firmly fixed in the oral cavity; only the cranial tip was free and mobile. Numerous filiform papillae were distributed over the dorsal surface of the rostral tongue. Multiple raised, round fungiform-like papillae were distributed over most of the dorsum. Typical fungiform papillae were restricted to the lateral margins of the tongue. Foliate papillae, presenting as multi-fossulate openings, were noted on the caudolateral margins. Open pits were located on the dorsocaudal surface and lateral walls. Microscopic examination showed that most of the lingual dorsum was covered with a thick stratified squamous epithelium. Open pits led to well-developed mucous salivary glands. Glands within the foliate papillae were mostly mucous, although some seromucous glands were present. Taste buds were restricted to the epithelium of the foliate papillae. Throughout the tongue, striated muscle was abundant below the epithelium. Blood vessels, lymph channels and nerve fibres were freely distributed throughout the intermuscular stroma. Nerve fibres reacted positively with neurone specific enolase (NSE) antibody throughout the tongue, including nerve bundles, glands and taste buds. Clear to translucent vacuoles were found juxtaposed to nuclei in the stratum spinosum in the foliate papillae epithelium.

Cortical silent period in the tongue induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation

Cortical silent period (SP) of the limb muscles is thought to reflect the cortical excitability. However, the lingual SP has not been examined precisely even in normal subjects. We investigated SP in the tongue induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in 18 controls. Surface electrodes were placed on the lingual dorsum using a bipolar technique. A round coil (13.5 cm in outer diameter) connected with Magstim 200 stimulator was placed on the motor cortex of the tongue, and the intensity of the stimulation was increased stepwise to maximum. SP was detected in all subjects especially at the contralateral side to the stimulated side, without contamination of peripheral SP. The duration of SP depended on the stimulus intensity, while the degrees of muscle contraction did not influence SP. SP of the tongue showed similar characteristics to that of limb muscles. This suggests that SP of lingual muscles can be clinically useful for the evaluation of corticobulbar excitability.

Injury of Microvasculization on Differential Positions in the Rats Tongue Dorsum after Nd: YAG Constant power Laser Irradiation

The purpose of this study was to examine the depth into penetration of the tissue and the circulatory structure of the microvasculature after irradiation the Nd: YAG laser on the lingual dorsum of a 9-week-old male wistar rat. The Nd: YAG laser was irradiated against differential position on the lingual dorsum of a rat under the 3Watt for 1.0 second.Wounds of tongue dorsum were observed macroscopically, microscopically and also examined by SEM.The following results were obtained;Microscopical findings: The penetration of left tongue dorsum anterior group was observed still the musculi longitudinalis superior. The penetration of right margo linguae group was observed still the musculi longitudinalis superior. The penetration of tongue dorsum posterior group was observed still the musculi tranversus linguae superior.SEM findings: left tongue dorsum anterior group disappeared to the circulatory structure of the microvasculature. Right margo linguae group disappeared to the circulatory structure of the microvas culature. Right tongue dorsum posterior group disappeared to the lamina propria arteriolar and venular networks, arterioles and venulea were exposed.Irradiation power of the Nd: YAG laser need to change by differential position on the lingual dorsum of the rat.

Exchange of Nd: YAG Laser Irradiation and Damage of Microvascularization on the Rats Lingual Dorsum

The purpose of this study was to examine the depth into penetration of the tissue and the circulatory structure of the microvasculature after irradiation the Nd: YAG laser on the lingual dorsum of a 9-week-old male wistar rat.The Nd: YAG laser was irradiated against the tongue of rats under the following condition; the energy level; 1, 2 and 3-Watts for 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 seconds.Wounds of tongue were observed macroscopically, microscopically and also examined by SEM. The following results were obtained; Microscopical findings: The penetration was observed until the lamina propria in 1W1S and 1W2S groupsThe penetration of 1W3S, 2W2S and 3W1S groups were observed still superior tranversus linguae layer and also were observed in the muscle layer for 3 second group.SEM findings: The capillary loops of the papillae and the lamina propria venure networks were damaged in 1W1S and 1W2S groups.Irradiation wounds disappeared in the capillary loops of the papillae and the lamina propria venure networks.In 1W3S, 2W2S and 3W1S groups, and also disappeared in the capillaries of muscle layer in 3 second groups.(J. Jpn. Soc. Laser Dent. 8: 7-15, 1997 Reprints request to Dr. MATSUMOTO)

Effect of Denervation on Morphogenesis of the Rat Fungiform Papilla

In an attempt to elucidate the effects of denervation on development and maintenance of the structure of the fungiform papilla, unilateral neurectomy of the chorda tympani-lingual nerve of rats was performed at day 1 and at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10 after birth. Specimens were obtained at days 3, 7 and 10, weeks 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8, and months 3 and 4 after neurectomy for examination by light and scanning electron microscopy. At first, the fungiform papillae were atrophic, then progressed to forms resembling filiform papillae. When an immature fungiform papilla was denervated, it eventually changed to papilla identical to normal filiform papillae. The elicited changes differed according to the time of neurectomy; it was found that early neurectomy resulted in a more rapid and marked morphological change of the fungiform papillae. The filiform-like papillae derived from the fungiform ones showed various shapes, sizes, and orientations and were rarely present on the unoperated control side of the lingual dorsum. Sections of the filiform-like papillae revealed that they had no taste buds. These findings suggest: (1) Morphogenesis and structural maintenance of the fungiform papillae require the presence of the chorda tympani and/or lingual nerve. (2) Completion of differentiation and maturation differ in time among fungiform papillae. (3) Fungiform papillae may be transformed filiform papillae induced and maintained by a neurotrophic factor of factors coming from the chorda tympani and/or lingual nerve. (4) Fungiform papillae are rarely innervated contralaterally.

Changes in histological structure and microvasculature of the rat tongue after transection of the hypoglossal nerve.

This investigation was made on sequential changes in the tongue caused by unilateral transection of the hypoglossal nerve in the rat. These changes were examined on the basis of gross inspection of the lingual dorsal surface, histological aspects of the intrinsic muscle and interstitial tissues, morphological changes in the capillary loops of the filiform papillae utilizing plastic microcorrosion casts, and blood flux and number of erythrocytes in the lingual dorsum as determined by laser Doppler flowmetry. The period of examination following denervation of the hypoglossal nerve was divided into 3-5 days, 1, 2-3, 4-5, 6-7 and 66 weeks. The initial sign of histological change was an edematous change that later developed to atrophic change of the muscular element. This pathological change caused a change in volume on the lesion side of the tongue and finally formed a depression on the dorsal surface and a scallop-like lateral margin. Four to five weeks after denervation, the lesion half swelled, and its lingual apex elongated forward with a coving of the lingual median groove. The filiform papillae showed decreased keratinization, and interpapillary intervals were somewhat widened. Capillary loops in the papillae began to change, showing slight twistings at the tips of loops. Additionally, bulging, coiling and tortuosity were observed on both crura. The loops showed more complicated transformation, and little recovery was observed even 66 weeks after denervation. Blood flux in the dorsal mucosa decreased very slowly after a slight increase. This process seemed to be in proportion to the transformational complexity of the capillary loops in the filiform papillae. In conclusion, unilateral transection of the hypoglossal nerve, which is composed almost entirely of efferent neurons, caused edema and atrophic change in the intrinsic lingual muscle fibers with interstitial fibrosis in the lesion half of the tongue. Capillary loops in the filiform papillae were transformed markedly and successively by transection of the hypoglossal vasomotor neuron together with a slight decrease in blood flow in the dorsal mucosa. None of these changes recovered even at 66 weeks after transection.

神経鞘腫の５例

Five cases reported as neurilemmoma of the oral cavity in the Second Department of Oral Surgery, Kyushu Dental College Hospital, during the period from 1974 to 1986, were clinically analyzed.1. Five cases of neurilemmoma had been reported. Its incidence was seen in 1.8% of the 247 patients who had undergone incisional biopsy in our clinic.2. Of the five cases, one was located on the lingual dorsum, one in the parapharyngeal space, two on the gingiva near the mental foramen, and the other on the lower lip.3. As to shape of the tumors, all were oval or spherical, and size was between red bean and thumb tip.4. All of five cases occurred in females.5. Histopathologically, all cases were found to be Antoni type A.6. Treatment was performed in all cases by total enucleation and no recurrence was observed up to now.

Minimal two-point discrimination in human tongue and palate

The distribution of minimal two-point discrimination values on the tongue and soft palate was investigated in normal subjects using electric stimulation. It was performed using square pulses of 0.35 ms duration, a rate 10 Hz, a voltage between 3.5 and 7.0 with an average of 4.09 using two silver-silver chloride electrodes (tip diameter, 0.4 mm), and a strain-guage device to control crimping pressure. The spatial threshold was 1.650 ± 0.433 mm at the tongue tip and 2.650 ± 0.856 mm and 1.675 ± 0.269 mm on the anterior margin of each side of the tongue. The soft palate and lingual dorsum were almost completely insensitive. Electric stimulation is a convenient method of measuring two-point limen values.

On the distribution of elastic fibers in the filiform papillae of Suncus murinus.

The distribution of elastic fibers in the filiform papillae of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 week-old and 6 month-old Suncus (Suncus murinus; insectivora) was examined by both Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin method and ultrastructural means. In the adult Suncus (6 months old), elastic fibers in the connective tissue core of the papillae were aligned perpendicularly to the epithelial surface and formed a palisade-like structure which encircled the margin of each connective tissue core. This characteristic structure was restricted to the filiform papillae in the anterior half of the lingual dorsum. In the filiform papillae of the posterior half, elastic fibers were markedly reduced and the palisade-like structure was not present. This characteristic pattern of elastic fiber distribution was established by 3 weeks of age. These observations reveal a characteristic structure consisting of elastic fibers in the connective tissue core of the filiform papillae and the regional distribution of this structure in the tongue. This suggests that the function of the structure in the connective tissue core is to protect against mechanical stress in mastication. The regional distribution of this structure may reflect the difference of mechanical strength between the anterior and posterior of the tongue caused by tongue movement during mastication.

Midline and off-midline tongue and right- and left-hand vibrotactile thresholds of stutterers and normal-speaking individuals.

Vibrotactile thresholds for 7 male stutterers and 7 normal-speaking men (age range for both groups = 19 to 32 yr.) were obtained from the right, midline, and left sides of the lingual dorsum, and the thenar eminences of both hands. The stutterers showed slightly higher (less sensitive) mean thresholds than the normal speakers for all three lingual test sites. This was not the case for the thresholds obtained from both hands. The preliminary data suggest that oral peripheral sensory integrity might be somewhat different for stutterers than for normal-speaking individuals.