Lingual Aspect Research Articles

Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Pain Experienced During Leveling and Alignment of Lower Anterior Teeth: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study

Objective: This study investigated the effect of a 635 nm Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide (Ga-Al-As) laser on pain perception during the leveling and alignment of lower anterior teeth. Subjects and Methods: This two parallel arms randomized controlled clinical study included 28 patients (17 females and 11 males) who underwent leveling and alignment through a non-extraction approach during treatment. They were randomly divided according to low-level laser therapy (LLLT) into two groups: non-laser group and laser group. Both groups started the leveling stage using 0.012-inch Ni-Ti archwires. The laser group was exposed to LLLT by (Ga-Al-As) semiconductor diode laser with 635 nm wavelength, 6.5J/cm2energy density, for 10 seconds on 10 points distributed over the labial and lingual aspects of each root of the lower anterior teeth. This was started immediately after archwire insertion and then at days 3,7,14, 28 of the first month. Each patient was provided with a visual analog scale (VAS) to record the pain score at 4 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days. Results: The results show a statistically non-significant increase at 6 and 24 hours and a decrease in the mean degree of pain measurements after day 3. Conclusions: the present study, demonstrated that there is no statistically significant difference in pain experienced during the initial phase of leveling and alignment between both laser and non-laser groups.

Artifacts of Titanium, Zirconium, and Binary Titanium-Zirconium Abutments in Compute Tomography, Cone Beam Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate imaging artifacts induced by Titanium, Zirconium, Titanium-Zirconium abutments in CT, MRI and CBCT imaging modalities.Methods: A 4×8mm titanium fixture was inserted in a dry human mandible. Titanium, Zirconium and Titanium–Zirconium abutments measuring 10.5 mm in height are located on the fixture, one by one. Each abutment was scanned 4 times by each imaging modality. Gray value of the images was evaluated in four determined regions adjacent to distal, mesial, buccal and lingual aspects of the implant as the region of interest (ROI) by two observers using image J software. Gray value differences (∆GV) between the control (fixture without abutment) and case images (fixture and each type of abutments) were calculated. Data evaluation was done by analysis of variance and Post Hoc tests.Results: In CBCT, ∆GV was significantly higher in zirconium-titanium images comparing with titanium abutments. (P Value < 0.05)In distal, mesial and buccal aspects of ROI in CT, ∆GV was higher in zirconium images comparing with titanium abutments.In MRI, ∆GV for zirconium were lower than titanium-zirconium and titanium samples, respectively. Also, no significant differences in ∆GV were seen between T1 and T2 protocols, for all samples. Conclusion: In MRI, image artifacts are the least around Zirconium abutments, while in CT and CBCT, titanium abutments produced the least amount of artifacts.

Short-term outcome of regenerative surgery treating peri-implantitis

To evaluate the short-term outcome of regenerative surgery for peri-implantitis therapy. From March 2018 to January 2019, 9 patients with 10 implants who suffered from peri-implantitis were included in the present research. Vertical bone defect at least 3mm in depth with 2 or more residual bone walls was confirmed around each implant by radiographic examination. Restorations were replaced by healing abutments on 3 implants with the consent of the patients. Guided bone regeneration surgery was performed after a hygienic phase. During surgery, full thickness flaps were elevated on both buccal and lingual aspects. Titanium curette was used for inflammatory granulation tissue removal and implant surface cleaning. The implant surface was decontaminated by chemical rinsing with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. After being thoroughly rinsed with saline, the bone substitutes were placed in bone defects which were covered by collagen membranes. 6 months after non-submerged healing, the clinical parameters including peri-implant probing depth (PD, distance between pocket bottom and peri-implant soft tissue margin) and radiographic bone level (BL, distance form implant shoulder to the first bone-to-implant contact) were used to evaluate the regenerative outcome. PD was measured at six sites (mesial, middle and distal sites at both buccal and lingual aspects) around each implant, and BL was measured at the mesial and distal surfaces of each implant on a periapical radiograph. The deepest PD and largest BL of each implant ranged from 6-10 mm and 3.2-8.3 mm respectively. All the implants healed uneventfully after surgery. The mean peri-implant PD at baseline and 6 months after surgery were (6.2±1.4) mm and (3.1±0.6) mm respectively, and a mean (3.0±1.5) mm radiographic bone gain was observed, P<0.01. Treatment success was defined as: no sites with residual PD≥6 mm, no bleeding on probing, and BL elevation of at least 1 mm. Nine implants from 8 patients fulfilled the success criteria. Residual pockets with 6 mm in depth and bleeding on probing could be detected in only one implant. Within the limitation of the present research, guided bone regeneration surgery can be used for the treatment of bone defect that resulted from peri-implantitis. Significant PD reduction and radiographic bone gain can be obtained after 6 months observation.

Neuroepithelial Structures of the Oral Soft Tissues Including the Juxtaoral Organ of Chievitz: A Literature Review and Audit of Diagnosed Cases

The juxtaoral organ of Chievitz (JOOC) is a part of microanatomy composed of bland epithelial islands closely associated with small nerves and usually described within the soft tissue on the lingual aspect of the posterior mandible. Similar structures are documented in the posterior tongue. There is a risk of misinterpretation as carcinoma showing perineural invasion. An audit was undertaken of diagnosed cases of the JOOC and similar neuroepithelial structures identified within the oral soft tissues of surgical specimens. Nineteen cases were identified. Epithelial islands ranged < 0.5–4 mm in maximum dimension and lay in close association with small nerves. Epithelial cells showed a squamoid appearance but were without keratinisation. There was no atypia and mitotic figures were not seen. In 53% of cases the epithelial cells showed cytoplasmic clearing, in 26% of cases there was brown pigment and in 11% of cases there were calcifications. In 53% of cases, these neuroepithelial structures lay within the soft tissue lingual to the mandible in the retromolar area, 26% of the structures were placed buccal to the mandible, 11% of the structures lay adjacent to the maxillary tuberosity and 11% of the structures were within the posterior tongue.

Analysis of the Anatomic Relationship Between the Mandibular First Molar Roots and Mandibular Canal Using Cone-Beam Computed-Tomography in 101 Dogs.

The mandibular first molar (M1) tooth of the dog is commonly involved in dental procedures. Tooth roots and the mandibular canal can vary in location, which has not been described on a large scale. The objective of this study was to describe the three-dimensional anatomic relationship of the mandibular M1 tooth roots and the mandibular canal in dogs. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to evaluate the anatomic relationship between the M1 tooth roots and the mandibular canal. CBCT images were collected from 101 canine cadaver heads from a variety of unknown breeds. All skulls used in this study were mesaticephalic, confirmed by facial index calculations. The position of the apex in relation to the mandibular canal and in relation to the buccal and lingual cortices was recorded and analyzed in relation to mandibular bone height: root length ratio. When evaluating the apex in a buccal-lingual relationship, the tooth roots were found to be located closer to the lingual cortex in 73.3% of M1 roots. Tooth root apical positions were found to be symmetric between the right and left side of the mouth in 93% of mesial roots and 95% of distal roots. Apical positions relative to the mandibular canal within the same tooth were found to be consistent in 52% of teeth. Teeth with roots dorsal to the mandibular canal were associated with the largest mandibular bone height: root length ratio. CBCT provides a more precise overview than dental radiographs of three-dimensional anatomy. The tooth root position can be estimated in a clinical setting based on the ratio of mandibular bone height to tooth root length obtained from intraoral radiographs. Understanding the relative location of important anatomic structures is key to avoiding complications associated with various dental procedures. This study has documented that assessing anatomic structures with 2D imaging alone is flawed, and the large majority of dogs have M1 roots closer to the lingual aspect than the buccal aspect of the mandible.

Videoscope-assisted minimally invasive periodontal surgery for bone regeneration (VMIS)

Following the introduction of minimally invasive surgical techniques for treating periodontal defects, a novel visualization method was essential to allow for the use of smaller incisions and for a lingual access surgical approach. A videoscope has been developed for use in minimally invasive periodontal surgery that facilitates visualization of the periodontal defect and permits access to the defect from the lingual aspect. The minimally invasive surgical technique developed to utilize the benefits of the videoscope is known as videoscope-assisted minimally invasive surgery (VMIS). This article reviews the technique for performing the VMIS procedure for periodontal lesions on natural teeth and for peri-implant lesions on implants.

Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy Analysis of Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet-treated Enamel Surfaces: An In Vitro Study

The present study evaluated the effects of erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser on the weight percentage of mineral content of enamel when etched at three different power settings. Total 20 extracted molar teeth were taken as samples. Enamel slabs were prepared by sectioning the crown from the buccal and lingual aspect with a double-sided diamond disk at slow speed. The 40 specimens were divided into four groups, i.e., control, 1 W, 2 W, and 3 W of 10 specimens each and then irradiation by Er,Cr:YSGG was done. The elements evaluated were calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and phosphorus (P). The mean weights of these minerals and the Ca:P ratio in each slab were measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDAX). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Turkey's test was performed with the help of critical difference (CD) or least significant difference (LSD) at 5 and 1% level of significance. There was no significant differences among the four groups for the five minerals and for the calcium:phosphorous ratio (p > 0.05). Photomicrographs by scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that the surfaces exposed to a 3 watt irradiation showed more roughness than those of the 1 watt and 2 watt groups. The Er,Cr:YSGG irradiation of enamel at 1 W, 2 W, and 3 W had no significant effect on the mean percentage weights of Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P or the Ca/P ratio in any group. Constriction with conviction is the new motto of restorative dentistry. Er,Cr:YSGG not only fulfills the aim but also is proving to alter the surface properties by recrystallization and change in composition making the prepared surface caries resistant.

Рекуррентные конструкции. Лингвопереводческие аспекты

Рекуррентные конструкции. Лингвопереводческие аспекты

ALAGILLE SYNDROME: FACIAL CHARACTERISTICS, RARE ORAL MANIFESTATIONS, AND MANAGEMENT OF THE CASE

Introduction: Alagille syndrome (AGS) is an autosomal dominant disease with variable expressiveness that can affect the liver, heart, kidneys, blood vessels, eyes, face and skeleton. Objective: To describe a case of a pediatric patient with Alagille syndrome. Case report: The family history was negative for even the mildest manifestations of AGS. Clinically, the patient had a triangular face, hypertelorism, short philtrum and flat midface. Intraoral examination revealed the absence of the permanent upper lateral incisors, enamel hypoplasia and a greenish color in some teeth, gingival hyperplasia, retention of two primary lower incisors, presence of a supernumerary tooth, and a pediculated nodule of soft tissue on the lingual aspect of the left permanent mandibular first molar. Results: The dental treatment required the extraction of the retained primary teeth and the supernumerary tooth, excisional biopsy and histopathological examination of the lesion were performed and also application of topical fluoride. Also dietary and oral hygiene instructions were given. Conclusion: Currently, the patient makes frequent follow-up visits to monitor the dental development.

CBCT assessment of bone thickness in maxillary and mandibular teeth: an anatomic study.

The site of the sinus tract depends on the rate of resistance against abscess exudate drainage, bone morphology, and distance from the root apex to the outer cortical bone. Objective To assess apical bone thickness in buccal and palatal/lingual aspects of maxillary and mandibular teeth, using a high-resolution cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) system.Methodology In total, 422 CBCT examinations were included in the study, resulting in a sample of 1400 teeth. The scans were acquired by PreXion 3D, with a high-resolution protocol. The bone thickness was taken as the distance between the center of the apical foramen and the buccal and lingual/palatal cortical bone. The quantitative variables were expressed as mean values±standard deviation. The independent samples were analyzed using the t-test or the Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05).Results The lowest mean value of bone thickness was observed in the buccal cortical bone of the upper canines (1.49 mm±0.86) and in the upper central incisors (1.59 mm±0.67). In premolar teeth, the lowest values were found in the buccal cortical bone of upper first premolars (1.13 mm±0.68). In the posterior teeth, the lowest values were found in the buccal cortical bone of upper first molars (1.98 mm±1.33). In the lower second molar region, the buccal cortical bone (8.36 mm±1.84) was thicker than the lingual cortical bone (2.95 mm±1.16) (p<0.05).Conclusions The lowest mean values of bone thickness are in the buccal cortical bone of the maxillary teeth. In the mandible, bone thickness is thinner in the buccal bone around the anterior and premolar teeth, and in the lingual aspect of mandibular molars. All these anatomic characteristics could make the occurrence of the sinus tract more susceptible in these specific regions of the maxillary and mandibular alveolar bone.

Béb község kétnyelvű ragadványnévrendszere

The paper deals with the questions regarding the nature and functions of nicknames in language use and presents the former and current nickname stock of Béb, a small village in the Transdanubian area of Hungary as indicators of the strong correlation between names, a community and its history. For two centuries the rich, heritable German nicknames represented the family relations and the cultural and dialectical features of the ethnically and linguistically homogeneous population of Béb. However, the direct consequences of World War II launched the unstoppable process of ethnic mixing and language change, which had an impact on the nickname stock as well: the former nickname stock began to fade with the oldest generations and was replaced with a new, bilingual nickname stock. The structural, semantic and lingual aspects of the nicknames used by a mostly monolingual younger generation can provide information about the cognitive processes which played a significant role in their creation.

Root and canal anatomy of mandibular first molar teeth of an Indian population

Aim: The current study evaluated the root and root canal anatomy of permanent mandibular first molar teeth of an Indian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 486 freshly extracted human permanent noncarious mandibular first molar teeth were acquired from a pool of extracted teeth of patients of indigenous Indian population. The root canal morphology (including the root numbers) and the anatomy of the root canal system (including the number and type of canals based on Vertucci's classification) were evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography. Results: Predominantly, the studied specimens exhibited two roots with a prevalence of 86.84%, followed by three roots with a prevalence of 13.16%. The third root was exclusively found on the lingual aspect of distal roots. The two- and three-rooted permanent mandibular first molars exhibited two, three, and four in 1.64%, 55.34%, and 43.02% of teeth, respectively. In the mesial roots, the most common pattern was Type IV (54.94%), followed by Type II (42.38%) and Type I (2.68%). In the distal roots, the most common pattern was Type I (53.29%), followed by Type II (31.06%), Type IV (9.47%), Type III (4.74%), and Type V (1.44%). The three-rooted permanent mandibular first molars exhibited Type I canal configuration in 100% of the specimens in the extra root. Conclusion: The most common morphology of permanent mandibular first molars of an Indian population was the two-rooted teeth with three canals (two mesial and one distal). The root canal configurations most commonly seen were Type IV in mesial roots and Type I in the distal roots. In teeth with three roots, the extra root it was located lingually and exhibited Type I root canal configuration.

Peridens – Case series of nonsyndromic patients with varied clinical presentations

Supernumerary tooth may be encountered by the general dental practitioner as an incidental finding on a radiographic examination or as the cause of an impacted tooth. However, in certain cases, it may be misinterpreted as a bony growth (mandibular torus) when it makes its appearance in the lingual aspect of mandibular arch. We present two cases of peridens, a form of supplemental tooth, the former case with the clinical feature of bony swelling and ending in a dilemmatic differential diagnosis and another case of impacted supernumerary tooth, accidentally found on radiograph, thereby stressing the role of radiographs in arriving at final diagnosis apart from clinical counterpart.

Prevalence of Tertiary mandibularis and its association with para-functional activity in tertiary care centre in Shimla, H.P., India: A hospital based cross sectional study

Introduction: Oral tori are bony growths present in oral cavity and are not considered as pathological lesions. Torus mandibularis (TM) is usually present in lingual aspect of alveolar process in canine-premolar region of mandible. The objective of the study is to determine the TM' prevalence among outpatients attending tertiary care center and its relevance with parafunctional activities. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the out patients attending the hospital between December 2017 and May 2019. Fourteen thousand and two hundred and eight patients were screened for the presence of TM as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were collected and subjected to the statistical analysis. Results: Out of 14,208 patients, 157 patients were presented with TM. The prevalence found to be 1.1%. Tori were more frequent in males than females. The most commonly observed type was bilateral solitary type. The association of TM with parafunctional activities and temperomandibular disorder was found to be significant. The higher frequency of TM was seen in the subjects residing at high altitudes. Discussion: The prevalence of TM in our study was found to be low. The study was undertaken to record the preliminary data regarding TM in this region and its association with parafunctional activity. Conclusion: We suggest performing thorough clinical examination and imaging to rule out underlying parafunctional activity, if TM is incidental finding.

A Preliminary Study of Tongue Prints for Biometric Authentication

Background: Several biometric systems like fingerprints, voice scan, iris scan, and palm scan are currently in use. Biometric authentication is an essential process to identify and verify any person for safety reasons. Tongue print is a new method for biometric identification that is unique and cannot be copied easily. Objectives: This study aims to assess the tongue morphological features and its variations regarding gender and different ethnicities. Methods: The study sample included two hundred fifty participants. Visual examination of the tongue was done, followed by capturing digital photographs. The photographs were analyzed for the surface morphological features like tongue shape, the presence of fissures, and its distribution pattern. The shape of the tongue was determined by considering three reference points. Results: Central fissures are the most common feature seen on the dorsal surface of the tongue. The shallow fissure is more common than deep fissures. Females had a higher number of both deep and shallow fissures when compared to males. U shaped were common in males (52.6%) than females (40.6%), while V-shaped was more in females (56.1%). A significant proportion of Malay race has a U-shaped tongue; meanwhile, V-shaped is predominantly found in Indian race. Conclusions: Tongue prints may constitute secure methods for forensic dentistry identification. The tongue can be a real proof of life as it is unique, and there are no two tongues with similar shape and texture. Lingual morphological aspects are difficult to copy and display stability over time.

The effect of altered head and tongue posture on upper airway volume based on a validated upper airway analysis-An MRI pilot study.

To determine the influence of altered head or tongue posture on upper airway (UA) volumes using MRI imaging based on a new objective and validated UA evaluation protocol. One supine CBCT and five sagittal MRI scans were obtained from ten subjects in different head and tongue positions: (a) supine neutral head position (NHP) with the tongue in a natural resting position with the tip of the tongue in contact with the lingual aspect of the lower incisors (TRP); (b) head extension with TRP; (c) head flexion with TRP; (d) NHP with the tip of the tongue in contact with the posterior edge of the hard palate (THP); and (e) NHP with the tip of the tongue in contact with the floor of the mouth in contact with the caruncula sublingualis. Based on a validated CBCT UA analysis, the retropalatal, oropharyngeal and the corresponding total volumes were measured from each MRI scan. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to determine the statistically significant difference in mean volume between the baseline head and tongue posture (NHP with TRP) and the other postures. Five females and five males with a mean age of 46.5±13.7years volunteered for this pilot study. UA volumes, particularly the oropharyngeal volume, increased significantly with head extension and NHP with THP and decreased significantly with head flexion. Altered head and tongue posture proved to affect UA volumes, thus representing confounding variables during three-dimensional radiographic image acquisition.

Ideologi Ketaatan terhadap Tuhan/roh dalam Tuturan Ireng pada Guyub Tutur Manggarai

This article aims at describing obedience ideology towards The Lord/spirit that exists in ireng utterances of Manggarai Speech Community. Ireng is one kind of prohibiton in Manggarai, transferred verbally from generation to generation. The obedience towards The Lord/spirit is based on dynamism, animism, and belief in the existence of the Highest being as the Creator of all things in the world.&#x0D; The problem of this article is how the obedience ideology is described through ireng that could be seen through lingual aspects and its meaning. This article uses some ireng utterances as the data collected by interview and questionnaire from Manggarai language speakers in two districts in Manggarai. The method used is conversation through some technics namely interview face to face, questionnaire, recording, and writing. The data is analized by agih and padan method, using the theory of Cultural Linguistics. Data is presented through formal and informal method.&#x0D; The result shows that there is ireng or prohibition to use the name of The Lord in inappropriate ways to show respect to being the Highest, such as cussing, swearing, and joking using the name of The Lord. There is also a special naming of The Lord, such as Morin agu Ngaran Bate Jari agu Dedek ‘The Lord as the Owner of the world’, Mori Keraeng ‘The Lord’, Jari agu Wowo ‘The Maker’, and Jari agu Dading ‘The Maker of life’. As for the honour to the spirit, it is showed through some ireng, for example not screaming in the garden, and the obligation to perform rituals in farming. The purpose of the obedience to God/spirit is to maintain good relationship with The Lord/spirit in order to have peaceful and prosperous life.

Cross-disciplinary ties: ritual as the interdisciplinary notion

The paper addresses the importance of crosscultural notions' studies in terms of anthropological paradigm development. In the focus of a research lies the notion of a ritual as an interdisciplinary issue hence the fact of it being utilized by the range of various scientific branches. Ritual is analyzed from its anthropological, ethological, historical, sociological, philosophical, lingual, cultural, religious, cognitive and psychological aspects. The work explicates the original value of ritual performance. Moreover, the research crystallizes the issues of myth-ritual relation. The genesis of language and culture and the process of worldview formation are viewed with respect to their ritualized character.

Endostructural assessment of a hominin maxillary molar (StW 669) from Milner Hall, Sterkfontein, South Africa

The site of the Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa, is one of the richest early hominin fossil-bearing sites in Africa. Recent excavations in the Milner Hall locality have contributed to the discovery of new hominin specimens, including StW 669, a right permanent maxillary first molar (M1). StW 669 was excavated from the T1 deposits, which consist of a mixture of sediments from Members 2 and 5 of the Sterkfontein Formation. Accordingly, the deposits have the potential to contain remains of Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Homo. In this study, we employed micro-focus X-ray tomography in order to assess dental tissue proportions, enamel thickness distribution and enamel-dentine junction morphology as approaches to investigate the taxonomy of StW 669. We compare our results to those generated on the teeth of Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus, Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. Our results suggest that StW 669 shares quantitative and qualitative affinities with M1s of Homo in terms of tissue proportions (i.e. two- and three-dimensional average and relative enamel thickness of 1.2–1.3 mm and 18.4, respectively) and enamel thickness distribution (i.e. thickest enamel on the lingual aspect of the protocone). However, data on the enamel-dentine junction morphology of StW 669 are inconclusive as to the tooth’s taxonomic affinities. Pending additional morphometric analyses, our studies of inner morphology of the crown of StW 669 support its attribution to Homo.&#x0D; Significance:&#x0D; &#x0D; The Sterkfontein Caves have contributed significantly to our understanding of early human evolution and continue to do so. This study highlights the specific value of the Milner Hall locality as a valuable store of hominin fossils. Moreover, we tentatively clarify the enigmatic taxonomic status of StW 669, a right permanent maxillary first molar, excavated from the T1 deposit of Milner Hall. Pending additional morphometric evidence, our preliminary data on tissue proportions, enamel thickness distribution and enamel-dentine junction morphology, suggest an attribution of StW 669 to early Homo. This result is significant given the historical contention concerning the presence of early Homo at Sterkfontein.&#x0D;

Digital workflow for an esthetic rehabilitation using a facial and intraoral scanner and an additive manufactured silicone index: A dental technique

The present article describes a digital workflow for planning an esthetic treatment by using a facial and intraoral scanner, the dental and open-source software design of a facially generated diagnostic waxing, and additive manufactured (AM) clear silicone indices. A virtual design was created to fabricate a unique 3-piece AM index composed of flexible, clear silicone at the labial and lingual aspects and a rigid clear custom tray. The 3-piece AM clear indexes provided advantages compared with conventional procedures, including accurate reproduction of the digital diagnostic waxing, control of index thickness, various insertion paths of the silicone indices, flexibility of the indices, and online storage of the designs.