Lines Of Division Research Articles

VENETIANS REVIVALS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: EXAMPLES OF NEO-MEDIEVALIST ARCHITECTURE IN THE RIO DEL GAFFARO AREA

This paper presents some examples of architectural revivals created by a promising Venetian architect at the beginning of the twentieth century, in a marginal area of the city of Venice known as Rio del Gaffaro that was subjected to an intense phenomenon of redevelopment and urban development, following the construction of new road and rail links to the mainland. The original hypotheses for the evolution of the lagunar city, proposed by their author, use an innovative compositional syntax that becomes the thin line of division between traditionally antagonistic references such as classicism and modernism, or orientalism and localism, in some of the best examples of neo-medievalist revival in early 20th century Venice. In particular, the use of historical reference in the composition of the new architectural forms establishes an intense, but quiet and pacific dialogue between the ancient and the modern. In this comparison, all interruptions between past and present are removed, not only in the composition of the residential architectural cell but also in the formation of the new urban fabric into which it is inserted. This way of reinventing history was to open the way for many subsequent readings and interpretations by other Venetian architects.

Putting Politics in the Lab: A Review of Lab Experiments in Political Science

Experiments are now common in political science. They are an excellent methodological tool to estimate the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome. In this article, I review the use of lab experiments in political science. After a brief report on their popularity and advantages, I distinguish two ideal-types (economics-based and psychology-based) and outline the main lines of division between them. In the final section, I discuss the main challenges that lab experimentalists are facing today.

Migratory routes of red‐necked phalaropes Phalaropus lobatus breeding in southern Chukotka revealed by geolocators

The migration routes of red‐necked phalaropes breeding around the Bering Sea are poorly known, despite the fact that the Bering Sea could mark the boundary between the East Palearctic populations that winter in the Pacific Ocean around the East Indies and the West Nearctic populations that winter in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America. Geolocator data retrieved from two male phalaropes tagged in southern Chukotka, Far Eastern Russia, confirm that birds breeding in this region belong to the East Palearctic population and winter in the East Indies, suggesting that the division line with the West Nearctic population is farther to the east. The routes taken by the two phalaropes were almost entirely pelagic, totaling around 18 000–20 000 km round‐trip, with the birds continuously on the move during migration, rather than resident in any particular stopover site, contrary to most other migratory shorebirds.

GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROLOGIC EVOLUTION OF OTLAKBAŞI BASALTIC VOLCANISM TO THE EAST OF LAKE VAN

Collision-related Otlakbaşı volcanism to the east of Lake Van occurred by eruptions from extensional fissures. In this study, it is investigated new Ar-Ar age data and major, trace and rare earth elements characteristics of the Otlakbaşı basaltic volcanism. The Ar-Ar age data indicate that this basaltic volcanism erupted in Early Pliocene time in contrast to its previously known as Quaternary age. The volcanic products are basaltic composition and close to alkaline-subalkaline division line. Results of fractional crystallization accompanied by assimilation (AFC) modeling imply that fractional crystallization can be negligible compared to crustal contamination in the evolution processes of the magma chamber and ratio of the crustal contamination to the fractional crystallization (r values) varies from 0.1 to 0.35. Enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE) relative to high strength field elements (HFSE) and behavior of mobile elements (Ba and Th) reveal that the mantle source region of the Otlakbaşı basaltic volcanism might have been enriched by melts that were derived from subducted sediments. Depletion in Rb and K elements of the fractionated-corrected samples indicate that amphibole and/or phlogopite could be the presence in the mantle source. Results of partial melting model studies show that this basaltic volcanism can be predominantly produced by the melting of the spinel peridotite source. Metasomatized spinel bearing lithospheric mantle may be responsible for the eruption of the Otlakbaşı basaltic volcanism.

The measurement equivalence of a safety climate measure across five faultlines

This study examines the appropriateness of comparing safety climate survey responses across multiple faultlines—hypothetical dividing lines that split a group into subgroups based on one or more attributes. Using survey data from 8790 employees of a multinational chemical processing and manufacturing company from 76 work sites nested within 19 different countries, we examined the multilevel measurement equivalence of a safety climate measure across cultural dimensions, survey languages, organizational hierarchy, employment arrangements, and work environments. As simulation studies support the faultline at the individual-level requires measurement equivalence tests that are different from the faultline at the country-level, we used multi-group multilevel confirmatory factor analyses for the Level-3 faultline, and multilevel factor mixture models for known classes for the Level-1 faultlines. The results demonstrated that faultlines can prevent safety climate measurement equivalence, which prohibits the aggregation of individual-level scores to higher levels and making comparisons across faultlines. This first study on multilevel safety climate measurement equivalence serves as both a warning to safety climate researchers and practitioners regarding the importance of faultlines and reminds us to consider the level of the faultlines when testing measurement equivalence with multilevel data.

Characterizations of pretameness and the Ord-cc

It is well known that pretameness implies the forcing theorem, and that pretameness is characterized by the preservation of the axioms of ZF−, that is ZF without the power set axiom, or equivalently, by the preservation of the axiom scheme of replacement, for class forcing over models of ZF. We show that pretameness in fact has various other characterizations, for instance in terms of the forcing theorem, the preservation of the axiom scheme of separation, the forcing equivalence of partial orders and their dense suborders, and the existence of nice names for sets of ordinals. These results show that pretameness is a strong dividing line between well and badly behaved notions of class forcing, and that it is exactly the right notion to consider in applications of class forcing. Furthermore, for most properties under consideration, we also present a corresponding characterization of the Ord-chain condition.

Indocyanine Green Perfusion Imaging-Guided Laparoscopic Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Potential Application in Retroperitoneal Margin Dissection

BackgroundDuring laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD), dissecting uncinate process from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) will determine one of the important surgical margins (retroperitoneal margin) for predicting oncological outcomes and the quality of LPD. However, clear identification of the division line for retroperitoneal margin is not easy as the uncinate process of the pancreas is anatomically very close to SMA and intermingled with the nerve plexus and soft tissues around SMA. In this study, we present data regarding the potential usefulness of indocyanine green (ICG)-enhanced approach in obtaining retroperitoneal margin during LPD. MethodsFrom January to September 2017, medical records of patients who underwent LPD for periampullary pathological conditions were retrospectively reviewed. ICG (5 mg/2 cm3) was prepared and intravenously injected when dissecting uncinate process of the pancreas. Perioperative outcomes, including gender, age, diagnosis, body mass index, operation time, estimated blood loss, transfusion, presence of postoperative pancreatic fistulas (POPFs), and length of hospital stay, were evaluated. ResultsDuring the study period, a total of 37 patients underwent LPD for periampullary pathological lesions. Among them, ICG-enhanced dissection of uncinate process of the pancreas was applied in 10 patients (27%). All patients were able to obtain margin-negative resection. There were no significant differences between the perioperative outcomes of patients who did and did not undergo ICG-enhanced approach. DiscussionICG perfusion-based laparoscopic dissection of retroperitoneal margin is feasible and safe in LPD. This intraoperative visual difference can provide the surgeon with very helpful real-time visual information. Further study is mandatory.

More Than a Score: Interest Group Ratings and Polarized Politics

This article examines the origins and influence of ideological index scores—where liberal and conservative interest groups rate legislator performance on selected roll call votes. Two such groups founded in the mid-twentieth century—the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the Americans for Constitutional Action (ACA)—were crucial to the development of this type of metric, transforming roll call analysis from detailed tabular scorecards into streamlined percentage scores showing how often a lawmaker voted “right.” ADA and ACA scores have been heavily utilized in political science as proxies for liberalism and conservatism and used to demonstrate the growing polarization of the congressional parties. Archival evidence suggests, however, that those scores were intended to create the very phenomenon they have been used to measure. They were deeply political rather than objective metrics, which the ADA and ACA used to guide their electoral activities in accordance with an increasingly partisan strategic plan. Each group directed campaign resources toward incumbent lawmakers they rated highly, but they did so unevenly—with the ADA favoring liberal Democrats over Republicans and the ACA showing a preference for conservative Republicans over time. By rewarding favored lawmakers in their preferred party, and using scores to highlight and discourage ideological outliers, they hoped to reshape the parties along more distinct and divided ideological lines—to create more “responsible” parties, as prominent political scientists then desired.

Metro-Wordle: An Interactive Visualization for Urban Text Distributions Based on Wordle

With the development of cities and the explosion of information, vast amounts of geo-tagged textural data about Points of Interests (POIs) have been generated. Extracting useful information and discovering text spatial distributions from the data are challenging and meaningful. Also, the huge numbers of POIs in modern cities make it important to have efficient approaches to retrieve and choose a destination. This paper provides a visual design combing metro map and wordles to meet the needs. In this visualization, metro lines serve as the divider lines splitting the city into several subareas and the boundaries to constrain wordles within each subarea. The wordles are generated from keywords extracted from the text about POIs (including reviews, descriptions, etc.) and embedded into the subareas based on their geographical locations. By generating intuitive results and providing an interactive visualization to support exploring text distribution patterns, our strategy can guide the users to explore urban spatial characteristics and retrieve a location efficiently. Finally, we implement a visual analysis of the restaurants data in Shanghai, China as a case study to evaluate our strategy.

Moral Courage: A Sociological Perspective

While many social scientists have written about obedience and conformity, few have analyzed the conduct of outliers and nonconformists who defy these forces by engaging in acts of moral courage. Among psychologists and philosophers, moral courage is often portrayed as an individualistic phenomenon that is immune to sociological analysis. This paper challenges this view, positing that social ties with like-minded coconspirators, an identification with ‘imagined others’ who espouse similar moral beliefs, and social interactions that awaken the conscience play a crucial role in facilitating these seemingly solitary acts. Drawing on two original case studies – a border guard who defied a restrictive immigration law on the eve of World War II, and a Serb who crossed the lines of ethnic division during the Balkan wars of the 1990s – the article illuminates the social dimensions of moral courage and contributes to the project of developing a social psychology of conscience.

The Heavy Lifting of Diversity: A Need for Scholar Administrators

Technological innovation and new economic terrain of the twenty-first century has called for higher education to re-examine how interdisciplinary ethnic studies and minority serving programs are positioned in the twenty-first century. This essay considers the utility of spaces like Black Studies departments and programs like the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship within the structure of Liberal Arts education today from the vantage a recent graduate. In the wake increasing hostility towards minority students and unfavorable media coverage of incidents on campus, colleges and universities must consider how rolling back minority focused academic and programmatic offerings alongside dramatic increases in contingent faculty and administrative staff hiring has left cultural voids. As Liberal Arts educators grapple with narrowing budget constraints and changing campus climates, the call for higher education employees who understand why disciplinary and programmatic offerings are tied to campus climate and how to use such resources grows louder. Scholar Administrators, in their ability to straddle the historically divisive line between faculty and staff, can help usher in a type of diversity that allows each student, faculty, and staff person to bear witness to the humanity in others, which ultimately is the heavy lifting of diversity.

A Blurring of Roles: Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping

There is a sober paradox involved in the use of oxymoron ‘peace operations’, as these operations, traditionallyanchored on the bedrock principles of UN peacekeeping - consent of the parties, impartiality, and non-use of force exceptin self-defence -, are being increasingly transformed into enforcement operations. Twenty-seven years after the end of theCold War and the rebirth of the United Nations’ (UN) security role, peacekeeping operations are increasingly losing groundto an emerging pattern of more aggressive, offensive operations. They have an essentially hybrid nature, involving elementsof both peacekeeping and enforcement. Although many see them as alternative, non-reconcilable techniques, politicians andpractitioners do not see a sharp dividing line separating non-coercive and enforcement tasks, permitting an easy transitionfrom one to the other.

Flow Partitioning in Rectangular Open Channel Flow

Hydraulic engineers often divide a flow region into subregions to simplify calculations. However, the implementation of flow divisibility remains an open issue and has not yet been implemented as a fully developed mathematical tool for modeling complex channel flows independently of experimental verification. This paper addresses whether a three-dimensional flow is physically divisible, meaning that division lines with zero Reynolds shear stress exist. An intensive laboratory investigation was conducted to carefully measure the time-averaged velocity in a rectangular open channel flow using a laser Doppler anemometry system. Two innovative methods are employed to determine the locations of division lines based on the measured velocity profile. The results clearly reveal that lines with zero total shear stress are discernible, indicating that the flow is physically divisible. Moreover, the experimental data were employed to test previously proposed methods of calculating division lines, and the results show that Yang and Lim’s method is the most reasonable predictor.

Citizens of Convenience: The Imperial Origins of American Nationhood on the U.S.–Canadian Border by Lawrence B. A. Hatter

Reviewed by: Citizens of Convenience: The Imperial Origins of American Nationhood on the U.S.–Canadian Border by Lawrence B. A. Hatter David A. Nichols (bio) KEY WORDS Canada, Borders, Jay’s Treaty, Trade, Native Americans Citizens of Convenience: The Imperial Origins of American Nationhood on the U.S.–Canadian Border. By Lawrence B. A. Hatter. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2017. Pp. xi, 267. Cloth, $39.50.) Thirty years ago John Murrin opined that the Federalists, in 1787, had created a national government unsupported by any general spirit of nationalism. Subsequent scholarship has not disproven Murrin’s argument, but it has discerned, among those who supported the federal Constitution, an idealistic yearning for a particular kind of nation–state. Members of the early Federalist movement saw the United States as something more than an alliance-of-convenience between former colonies. They wanted to make the American nation respectable in the eyes of other sovereigns, to create a government that would honor its debts and protect its citizens from harm. The new government’s protective duty depended ultimately on its armed forces, but most of the time it rested on the state’s power to draw defensible political lines: borders between nations, protective perimeters around state-flagged ships, and lines of division between citizens and noncitizens. A nation–state that could not draw those lines lacked one of the core features of sovereignty, and thus a respectable place within “the Westphalian system” of nations.1 [End Page 722] As Lawrence Hatter observes in Citizens of Convenience, political realism dampened the Federalists’ aspirations soon after they took power. In their first major diplomatic accord, Jay’s Treaty, the Washington administration and the Senate blurred their nation–state’s lines of sovereignty. The treaty allowed British merchants in the lower Great Lakes region to choose their own citizenship, without reference to Congress’s naturalization power, and allowed those same men, irrespective of citizenship, to cross the international border at will. In an international context, this represented an extraordinary concession. British traders like Robert Dickson had much more freedom of movement and self-definition in the northwestern United States than they would have enjoyed in other parts of the Anglophone commercial sphere, like the Mughal or Ottoman empires, where European trading diasporas enjoyed only limited autonomy. Jay’s Treaty also reversed the process of territorial integration that the Federalists had begun in the Northwest with their war against the region’s Indian confederacy. The accord turned most of the region back into a borderland, a region where states exerted limited authority, indigenous peoples retained autonomy, and liminal figures like traders enjoyed considerable influence. Soon after Jay’s Treaty went into effect, American officials in the Lakes country and points west began to curtail Britons’ unique local privileges. James Wilkinson, unable to raise enough militia to keep order in Detroit, imposed martial law on the settlement instead. He later closed the Missouri River to private trading, quashing Britons’ hopes that Jay’s Treaty might apply to the Louisiana Purchase. As Anglo–American tensions rose in the early 1800s, Army officers seized or even fired on British boats lawfully carrying freight. By the eve of the War of 1812, travel had become hazardous enough for British traders that many had to partner with another liminal figure, the German American merchant John Jacob Astor. Astor limited his associates’ independence but provided them with his own right of unmolested passage through American territory. The war itself left smoldering ruins and fresh graves throughout the Lakes borderland, and left the Americans all the more determined to run a tightly defined border. At Ghent, American peace commissioners [End Page 723] defeated a British proposal to establish an independent Native American homeland in the Old Northwest, and a new Anglo–American commercial treaty and an 1816 act of Congress terminated British traders’ right of free passage. Indian agents vigorously enforced the new ban, arresting those they considered interlopers. As far as British Canadians were concerned, the Lakes borderland had become a “bordered land.”2 The United States had consolidated its sovereignty, but this did not mean a loss of autonomy for everyone in the region. The Great Lakes Indians certainly...

What Did Glaucon Draw?: A Diagrammatic Proof for Plato's Divided Line

Despite the frequency and intensity of scholarly attention to Plato's important divided line passage in Republic 6, an ancient puzzle has repeatedly baffled interpreters: the two middle segments of the line are of equal length, although Socrates declares that the degree of clarity and truth increases in proportion to the contents of each of the line's four segments. The missing piece of the puzzle, I argue, is provided by the practice of ancient Greek geometry: diagrams were drawn with a compass and straightedge. Thus, as actually constructed in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, the diagram itself vindicates Plato's text.

Konflikt młodzi – starzy w łonie drugiej emigracji niepodległościowej (na przykładzie środowiska londyńskiego w latach 1949–1966). Część II

Transgenerational conflicts, complaints of the representatives of the older generation on the younger one, objections put forward by the latter to the former are phenomena equally common and, one may say, everlasting (even Plato complained about the Athens youth). War emigrants who found their places in the West of Europe right after they finished their active participation in fights, most frequently left their homeland as mature and well-shaped people. They were assumed as the „old” generation. They were accompanied by children and the youth who got their education in the foreign land, started employment, settled families and also took their first steps on the cultural ground. They were assumed as the „young” generation. Taking these names into quotation marks is justified by their large conventionality, their instability and changeability in time. As I will attempt to prove in this text, the line separating the „old” from the :young” did not only refer to their dates of birth and the age line of division did not definitely settle the whole matter. It was so the more that part of the „young” also took active part in fight and after its ending despite the “old’s” expectations did not share their views and convictions. This problem being connected with others such as the relation to the past and history, relations with the homeland, patriotism and relations to Polishness1 is wide and multithread enough that there is no way to present it in its entirety. Thus I am going to focus on its part which seems to me particularly important for understanding socio-mental relations and structures of the second independence emigration. The subject of my reflection will be texts and speeches showing this conflict which appeared in the circle of published in London students’ journals in years 1949-1966 around which the later poets’ group Continents was established. This outlinepresents the chronological order of the conflict, the evolution of the way of thinking of both sides, the most important points of ignition and most visible differences and divisions revealed in this conflict. Due to richness of materials and problems requiring discussion this text has been divided into two parts. The first part comprises years 1949-1954. At that time the conflict emerged and unusually dynamically it developed leading to a clear difference between emigration generations (as it will be shown in the second part of the outline four stages of the conflict can be distinguished in this period). The second part begins with presenting the events of 1955 when the definite division between the „old” and the „young” happened. It is mainly about the November events in Manchester which can be viewed as the climax of the conflict and which initiatedits fall. Discussing it along with the division into two phases (the fifth and sixth) endswith a summary and conclusions concerning the course of the conflict.

Парламентська опозиція та уряд в Словаччині в 2010–2014 рр.

It was examined the nature and character of the interaction between the government and parliamentary opposition in Slovakia in the period from 2010 till 2014 in the context of the flow of social and political processes. A change in the political behavior of the parliamentary opposition before and after the early parliamentary elections of 2012 was traced.The arrival in 2010 to power of the opposition showed that in the party system of Slovakia there was a real inter-party political competition and contested action. At the same time, the parties began to more clearly express their attitude to power, and their actions became more predictable. The new government coalition, as a rule, was formed by parties between which during the elections there were convergence of positions and similarity of program statements on the government policy. It also included new opposition political parties with which ties were established prior to the election, which, at the same time, had similar critical positions towards the socioeconomic policies of the previous government and the quality of democracy.Gradually, a new inter-party model of interaction between the parliamentary and extra-parliamentary opposition appeared in the country, which starting from the electoral period was transferred to the interelectoral one. This kind of interaction between the representatives of the political opposition made them more stable and allowed to more clearly outline the discontinuation between the political forces in the context of “pro-government – opposition”. Agreed actions during the elections made behavior between political partners more predictable in the status of pro-governmental. Belonging to the opposition camp in the past made impossible any coalition agreements between them with Smer-SD.With the advent of parties of entrepreneurial type, competition between the pro-government and opposition parties went into the technological stage, introducing corrections into the traditional line of division of “left – right”.

Flow distribution in diverging compound channels using improved independent subsection method

Experiments have been conducted in three diverging compound channels for different flow conditions to study the flow distribution in floodplain, upper and lower main channel. In a compound channel, vertical apparent shear exists on the interface between the upper main channel and the floodplain, which generally accelerates the flow on the floodplain and resists the flow in the upper main channel. In addition, a horizontal apparent shear stress also occurs on the interface between the upper and lower main channels, which generally accelerates the flow in the lower one and resists the flow in the upper one. Therefore, it is essential to consider the exchanges of momentum at both vertical and horizontal shear layer regions. In this paper, an attempt is made to improve the classical independent subsection method (ISM) to determine the magnitudes of flow and velocities in both upper and lower main channels. Four subsections are created in improved ISM according to the vertical and horizontal division lines that correspond to the vertical interface between the main channel and floodplain and the horizontal interface between upper and lower main channels respectively. The improved ISM consists in a set of four coupled 1D momentum equations (instead three equations of classical ISM) for subsections and a mass conservation equation for the total cross-section. The computed results show that the method is well capable of predicting the discharge distributions in the floodplain and main channel (both at upper and lower main channel).

Escape from Plataea: Political and Intellectual Liberation in Thucydides's History

Thucydides's account of both Spartan siege of Plataea and efforts by its defenders to save themselves and escape their doomed city relates some of most daring acts of his History , a work with no shortage of daring deeds. But reading this bracing account in light of allegory of cave and divided line made famous in Plato's Republic , a reading that highlights literary dimensions of History , suggests why Thucydides thought he could reveal the clear truth about human things in a work exclusively dedicated to practical, political events of a particular war.

Can the subaltern save us?

ABSTRACT A cursory review of diverse theories (postmodernism, posthumanism, postcolonialism, decolonial theory, and anthropology) that are concerned with the crisis of modernity and ecological destruction reveal not only how moderns often have turned to indigenous cosmologies and ontologies to find resolutions to this crisis, but also how confounding this process of recuperation has been. We observe moderns sometimes trying to appear as saviors of the subalterns because they intuit in the subalterns a revelation so powerful it will prevent the definite destruction of the world, or at least redeem the moderns from the sins of their ancestors. At other times, we find moderns giving a substantive importance to the concepts and ontologies developed by non-moderns as a way to imagine futurity for themselves. Instead of rescuing the subaltern, it is the subaltern that rescues them. There are also cases where indigenous ontologies and cosmologies are utilized in unstated forms as in posthumanism, revealing the colonial relationship to indigenous knowledges that modern theorists often have. This includes postcolonial and decolonial theorists from the south, which is my locus of enunciation. Indigenous intellectuals themselves are committed to rescue their ancestral knowledges to build futurity as they also believe that their cosmologies and ontologies are better suited to solve the problems of modernity. But in the indigenous projects, there are no absolute dividing lines or clear-cut dichotomies between indigenous and modern epistemologies. Here I argue that indigenous peoples have dealt for centuries with modern epistemologies. Indigenous theories must be taken more seriously, but also critically analyzed.