Linen Fabrics Research Articles

Effect of sodium hydroxide and acetone pretreatments on the adhesion of three-dimensional printed polylactic acid filaments on linen and polyester fabrics

Three-dimensional (3D) printing on textile substrates is regarded as one of the most efficient methods to bond rigid polymers and soft fabrics to impart novel physical properties and extend the functionality of 3D printed objects. Although the feasibility and potential of such applications have been demonstrated, problems arise during the printing process due to the poor adhesion between the interface of the two materials. This means that usually some sort of pretreatment and/or post treatment needs to be done on the fabric, which is the focus of this paper. This study examines the effects of using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and acetone (C3H6O) as pretreatments to enhance the adhesion between printed polylactic acid (PLA) polymer and woven linen/polyester fabric samples. The results indicate that both NaOH and C3H6O can significantly enhance the adhesive force by 49.7% and 10.2% for the linen substrate and by 95% and 17.1% for the polyester substrate, respectively. As such, this paper reports on an effective approach to enhance the adhesion of 3D printed PLA on woven linen and polyester fabrics as well as providing more options for designing on fabric surfaces.

A new method of disposal of concentrated solutions by crystallization of their components

Purpose. Creation of highly efficient evaporators based on materials with capillary properties and energy of solar radiation. Methodology. The processes of evaporation from the surface of cotton, silk and linen fabrics were studied in the natural environment. The necessary equipment in the simplest case is a cloth, fixed vertically and immersed in the lower end of the concentrate. Tap water and NaCl solutions with a concentration of 100 g/dm3 were used as model solutions. Findings. Among modern methods of liquid waste disposal in the form of concentrates from various industries, thermal methods have become the most widespread, which are not critical to the chemical composition of concentrates and allow converting them into a solid state. On the other hand, thermal methods require significant energy costs, which makes the accumulation and storage of concentrates more cost-effective, despite environmental problems. Therefore, research in the field of reducing energy costs through the use of solar energy is extremely important today, especially in the context of global warming. Since it is difficult to raise the ambient temperature with large concentrates, we have proposed to increase the evaporation rate by increasing the evaporation area. To carry out this process, fabric with capillary properties were selected, due to which the liquid phase is able to rise to significant heights. In some cases, the intensity of evaporation can be increased by several orders of magnitude. Originality. The paper substantiates the possibility of using this method for evaporation of liquids and crystallization of substances contained in concentrates. The influence of temperature on the height of liquid rise through fabric capillaries and the influence of salt concentration on the intensity of their crystallization are studied. The influence of the fabric thickness on the crystallization intensity of the constituent concentrates is studied. Several designs of crystallizers are proposed, which allow increasing the efficiency of the evaporation process, automating the stages of solid phase removal and fabric regeneration. Practical value. The proposed designs of evaporators are ready for application in industrial enterprises and are especially effective in areas with warm temperatures throughout the year.

Development of functional glow-in-the-dark photoluminescence linen fabrics with ultraviolet sensing and shielding.

Linen fibres were coated with a glow-in-the-dark photoluminescence, flame-retarding, and hydrophobic smart nanocomposite using the pad-dry-curing process. Ecologically friendly ammonium polyphosphate and lanthanide-activated strontium aluminium oxide (LSAO) nanoparticles were immobilized into linen fabric using eco-friendly room-temperature-vulcanizing silicone rubber. Different analytical techniques were used to examine the morphological characteristics and elemental compositions of LSAO nanoparticles and treated linen textiles. The self-extinguishing properties of the treated linen textiles were tested for their fire resistance. After 24 washing cycles, the coated linen samples retained their flame-retarding properties. The treated linen's superhydrophobicity rose in direct proportion to the LSAO concentration. After being excited at 365 nm, the colourless luminescent film that was coated on linen surface gave out an emission wavelength of 519 nm. The photoluminescent linen was monitored to create a range of different colours, including off-white in daytime light and green under ultraviolet (UV) light radiation, according to the Commission Internationale de l'éclairage laboratory colorimetric coordinates and photoluminescence spectra. Emission, excitation, and lifetime spectral analysis of the treated linen revealed persistent phosphorescence. For mechanical and comfort evaluation, the coated linen textiles' bending length and air permeability were assessed. Good UV light shielding and enhanced antibacterial activity were detected in the treated linens.

Isolated essential oils as antifungal compounds for organic materials

Organic industrial materials are exposed to fungal deterioration; to prevent this, several additives can be used. In the present work, Egyptian cotton linters, linen textile, and parchment (goat skin) provided from industrial zones in Egypt were used. The application of eco-friendly essential oils (EOs) isolated from Pinus rigida wood and Origanum majorana green leaves to cotton linter paper pulp (CLP), linen textile, and parchment as bio-fungicides to protect against the growth of Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger was evaluated using the fungal growth inhibition (FGI) assay and examined under SEM to show the extent of fungal infestation. By gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, the abundant compounds in P. rigida EO were determined to be 2-methylisoborneol (29.52%), and 4-isopropyl-5-methylhex-2-yne-1,4-diol (16.53%); in O. majorana EO, they were determined to be cis-β-terpineol (15.4%), terpinen-4-ol (14.39%), oleic acid (10.75%), and D-limonene (8.49%). CLP treated at a level of 500 μL/L with O. majorana EO showed a higher FGI against A. niger (47.66%), while P. rigida EO showed a higher FGI against A. flavus (74%) and A. terreus (100%). Parchment treated with 500 μL/L of O. majorana EO showed an FGI of 49% against the growth of A. niger, while P. rigida EO treated at a level of 500 μL/L showed FGIs of 78% and 100% against A. flavus and A. terreus, respectively. Linen textile treated with O. majorana EO at a level of 500 μL/L showed a higher FGI (49%) against A. niger, while P. rigida EO showed a higher activity against A. flavus (FGI 77.3%) and A. terreus (FGI 100%). The examined SEM images of materials treated with the EOs confirmed how these EOs suppressed or prevented the growth of molds compared with the control treatments. The findings indicate that the EOs from P. rigida and O. majorana considerably enhanced the performance of CLP, linen textile, and parchment materials; therefore, they can be recommended as promising antifungal agents with which to extend the shelf-life of these materials. This study shows the high effectiveness of the addition of natural oils that contain bioactive compounds to natural raw materials (CLP, linen textile, and parchment) in protecting against the growth of fungi. Subsequently, it is possible to protect these raw materials from deterioration and damage and prolong their lives as long as possible while maintaining the natural and mechanical specifications of the raw materials, especially in atmospheric conditions with a high humidity.

Simple Preparation of Multifunctional Luminescent Textile for Smart Packaging.

Linen has been a significant material for textile packaging. Thus, the application of the simple spray-coating method to coat linen fibers with a flame-retardant, antimicrobial, hydrophobic, and anticounterfeiting luminescent nanocomposite is an innovative technique. In this new approach, the ecologically benign room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone rubber was employed to immobilize the environmentally friendly Exolit AP 422 (Ex) and lanthanide-doped strontium aluminum oxide (RESAO) nanoscale particles onto the linen fibrous surface. Both morphological properties and elemental compositions of RESAO and treated fabrics were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In the fire resistance test, the treated linen fabrics produced a char layer, giving them the property of self-extinguishing. Furthermore, the coated linen samples’ fire-retardant efficacy remained intact after 35 washing cycles. As the concentration of RESAO increased, so did the treated linen superhydrophobicity. Upon excitation at 366 nm, an emission band of 519 nm was generated from a colorless luminescent film deposited onto the linen surface. The coated linen displayed a luminescent activity by changing color from off-white beneath daylight to green beneath UV source, which was proved by CIE Lab parameters and photoluminescence spectral analysis. The photoluminescence effect was identified in the treated linen as reported by emission, excitation, and decay time spectral analysis. The comfort properties of coated linen fabrics were measured to assess their mechanical and comfort features. The treated linen exhibited excellent UV shielding and improved antimicrobial performance. The current simple strategy could be useful for large-scale production of multifunctional smart textiles such as packaging textiles.

Justification of an approach to cellulase application in enzymatic softening of linen fabrics and clothing

We propose the final softening finishing of textile products based on a complex of modifying effects on a highly ordered cellulose backbone of the secondary cell wall G-layer or on a mesh corset of microfibrillar cellulose in the primary cell wall. We suggest using polypeptide molecule sizes and the strength of polypeptide molecule adsorption binding on a model solid-phase substrate as parameters of the structurally regulated action of cellulase preparations. The article presents an analysis of 11 cellulase preparations as groups of weakly, tightly and medium adsorption enzymes, and also groups of volumetric, peripheral or combined activity manifested in the fiber structure. We show the regularities of enzyme property influence on the fiber pore structure development, changes in the parameters of the fabric bending stiffness and breaking load and technological shrinkage for two modification modes: liquid treatment with flax fiber swelling or low-modulus application solution. For the liquid method of treatment (with a bath module of at least 10) it is recommended to apply highly adsorbable cellulases ( A > 50%), in which the content of molecules with a globule size less than 30 nm does not exceed 15%. For the low-modulus method of treatment it is recommended to use enzymes with the adsorption capacity of at least 40% and a low content of small-sized fractions (no more than 25%). The recommended treatment variants ensure a three to four-fold bending stiffness decrease at the mechanical strength loss of not more than 15% and shrinkage of linen fabrics not more than 0.5%.

Highly effective antibacterial AgNPs@hinokitiol grafted chitosan for construction of durable antibacterial fabrics

It has become a growing trend for the development of antibacterial fabrics of high effectiveness and durability without affecting their intrinsic wearability. Herein, a new antibacterial agent (AgNPs@HTCS) was prepared by grafting of natural hinokitiol (HT) onto chitosan (CS) via Mannich reaction, and then coordination of nano‑silver (AgNPs) via in-situ reduction. AgNPs@HTCS was applied for the construction of durable antibacterial fabrics. Results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration values of AgNPs@HTCS against S. aureus and E. coli reached 1.74 μg/mL and 5.28 μg/mL, respectively. AgNPs@HTCS solution at very low concentration of 0.25 g/L could impart antibacterial ratio above 99% against S. aureus and E. coli for cotton, silk, linen, and polyester fabrics. After 25 repeated washing recycles, the antibacterial ratios of the treated fabrics still retained higher than 95%. Compared with the untreated fabric, the handle, whiteness, and breaking strength of the antibacterial fabric had little change, and even the hydrophilcity improved to certain extent. The antibacterial fabric treated by AgNPs@HTCS was safe and had great application potential.

Flax, Bupleurum and Other Plants at Early Bronze Age Yenibademli Höyük (Gökçeada), NW Turkey

ABSTRACT In this study, a large number of carbonised plant remains recovered from the Early Bronze Age levels of the Yenibademli Höyük site, which is situated on Gökçeada (Imbros), north-western Turkey (Anatolia), in the north-east Aegean Sea, are examined to shed light on the plant-based agricultural economy. The archaeobotanical assemblage is predominantly composed of domesticated cereals and legumes and includes clover, grapevine, flax, Bupleurum and weedy species. Potential uses of the crop plants by the inhabitants, about 5000 years ago, are evaluated, based on archaeobotanical, ethnographic, ethnobotanical and historical data sources. The present study pays particular attention to finds of pure flax and Bupleurum seeds, recorded in abundance in recent excavations on the site. The flax seeds were discovered in container-related contexts, close to and within vessels. They are considered as stored products, probably for various purposes; potentially for cultivation to produce textile fibres and/or for use as food, medicine, animal feed supplement, or oil extraction. Many weaving tools recovered from the settlement are also considered to be for fabric production, potentially including linen textiles. Regarding Bupleurum, in the light of ancient Greek texts and ethnopharmacological information, it is hypothesised that its seeds found in a jug may represent storage for growing the plant to obtain its aerial and root parts, possibly for herbal medicine preparation or food and beverage preparation, or both.

Green and novel approach for enhancing flame retardancy, UV protection and mechanical properties of fabrics utilized in historical textile fabrics conservation

Innovative, green and sustainable multifunctional historical textile coating was developed. The developed coating was constructed from renewable molokhia extract and naturally deposited halloysite nanotubes in presence of chitosan chains. The halloysite nanotubes were wrapped with molokhia extract and then uniformly dispersed in chitosan solution using ultrasonication process and then, coated on linen textile fabrics surface. The thermal stability, surface morphology and structural properties of the treated linen fabrics were investigated using microscopic, spectroscopic and thermogravimetric tools. The mass loadings of molokhia extract and halloysite nanotubes in coating layer are varied. The flammability, mechanical and UV protection properties of the coated and uncoated linen fabrics were evaluated. The flame retardancy properties of developed textile fabrics was significantly improved achieved reduction in rate of burning by 50.2% (40 mm/min) compared to untreated linen fabrics (80.3 mm/min). The tensile strength and elongation properties of developed textile fabrics were improved by 22 and 35%, respectively, compared to untreated linen. Additionally, the ultraviolet rays protective properties of the developed textile fabrics were highly enhanced achieving improvement in ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) by 57%. Moreover, the developed green coating achieved good antibacterial properties for textile fabrics recording 11 mm of clear inhibition zone compared to zero for untreated fabrics. Thus, the smart and green textile coating developed in this study exhibiting a new strategy for historical textile conservation against harmful UV rays, failure in tensile strength and fire hazard properties.

The Effect of Bleach on T he Linen Fabrics

Some contaminants of textile materials and products can only be removed with bleaches. It is believed that bleach gives the products sterility, whiteness and a beautiful appearance. Bleaches can be part of synthetic detergents, and are also used independently. Often, manufacturers of bleach claim that they contribute to improving the properties of textile materials. The task of the study is to establish the effect of bleaches on the structure and properties of tissues.

Investigating the Influence of Yarn Density and Seam Construction on the Seam Performance of Woven Linen Fabric

The impacts of fabric thread density and seam structure on woven linen fabric seam slippage and tensile strength characteristics have been investigated. Two different types of woven fabric samples were produced and prepared for the sewing process, with various levels of fabric thread density. The samples are sewn with different seams (superimposed, lapped, and bound), stitch density (10, 12, and 14 stitches/inch), and stitch type (single needle lock stitch, double needle lock stitch and double needle chain stitch). Fabric tensile characteristics, seam slippage, and seam strength in both the warp and weft directions have been tested and evaluated. The research reveals that seam strength and seam slippage are dependent on the seam type, stitch type, and SPI. Furthermore, we found that the fabric’s EPI and PPI had a considerable impact on its seam performance, with greater EPI and PPI resulting in better seam performance.

Novel Chitosan-Gelatin microcapsules containing rosemary essential oil for the preparation of bioactive and protective linen

Biomolecules present in natural materials have always remained a prime choice for the development of safe, protective, and wellness-related textile products. In this study, functional microcapsules were prepared using the chitosan-gelatin complex as a shell material and rosemary essential oil as a core material. The prepared microcapsules were utilized for the development of multifunctional linen fabric. The oil release mechanism of microcapsules was studied using the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The obtained microcapsules and finished linen fabrics were characterized using SEM-EDX analysis and ATR-FTIR analysis. The durability of functionalities against repeated launderings was also studied. The microcapsules with an encapsulation efficiency of more than 70% were used to impart durable mosquito-repellency (more than 90%) against Anopheles mosquitoes, antibacterial properties against E. coli (> 93%) and S. aureus (> 95%) bacteria, significant (> 91%) antioxidant activity and a pleasant aroma. The chemical constituents of rosemary oil were also found to be responsible for imparting multifunctional properties. The novel combination of biopolymers and essential oil was explored for the development of multifunctional textiles.

A Study of the Mechanical Properties in Composite Materials with a Dammar Based Hybrid Matrix and Reinforcement from Crushed Shells of Sunflower Seeds.

The production of composite materials through the reuse of waste or by-products from the agri-food industry will be a challenge for environmental protection. This study focuses in that direction. In the first stage, composites were made with the hybrid resin matrix (with three major volume proportions of natural Dammar resin and epoxy resin) and the reinforcing from shredded shells of sunflower seeds. Based on the tensile and compressive stresses, the stress–strain and strain–strain diagrams were obtained. The surface area of the rupture was investigated with stereo-microscopic analysis, and the absorption/loss of water was studied with a high precision balance. The vibration behavior was investigated experimentally, determining the damping coefficient and its own frequency. In the second stage, the study of these materials was extended. Sandwich composites were made with the same type of hybrid matrix as in the first stage. The core was made of shredded shells of sunflower seeds and the outer faces of linen fabric. These composites were applied to the bend (in three points), being obtained the force-deformation diagrams. The determined mechanical properties allow the complete or partial realization of these composites of some furniture components or of some equipment used in the field of constructions.

Influence of Flavonoid Dyes on the Color and Pro - Health Benefits of Linen Fabrics

ABSTRACT The paper presents analyses of flavonoid dyestuffs i.e., marigold (Tagetes patula L.), dyer’s broom (Genista tinctoria) and weld (Reseda luteola L.) Color analysis and potential health-promoting properties of linen fabrics dyed with extracts from the above-mentioned plants were also carried out. The study, based on many years of experience, led to carrying out dyeing with extracts of selected plants on an industrial scale and to creating a collection of naturally dyed linen apparels for adults and children. Dyeing was performed only with plant extracts. The experiments included fabric pre-treatment processes with the use of 5 mordants: alum, soda, citric acid, copper sulfate and iron sulfate. The paper discusses optimization of the dyeing process by testing the dyed fabrics spectrophotometrically and determining the colorimetric properties (L *, a *, b *) and the colors according to the Pantone (Color) Matching System (PMS). Laboratory research was implemented into industrial production line and a pilot collection of fabrics was made. These fabrics were used to make 2 collections of clothing with health-promoting properties for children and adults. Linen fabrics, with interesting, subtle colors, with antimicrobial activity showed positive effects on the skin, which was more moisturized and very well protected against UV radiation.,,

The Technological Process of Obtaining New Linen Dressings Did Not Cause the Loss of Their Wound-Healing Properties

Background: Linen dressings were invented a few years ago but are still being worked on. Methods: The obtained fabrics from the traditional variety of flax (Nike), two transgenic types of flax (M50 and B14) and the combination of these two flax fibers (M50 + B14) were tested in direct contact in cell cultures. Cell viability tests were performed, and the proliferation potential of cells on Balb3T3 and NHEK cell lines was checked using the Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) test. Moreover, the effect of new linen fabrics on apoptosis of THP-1 cells, as well as on the cell cycle of NHEK, HMCEV and THP-1, cells after 24 h of incubation was assessed. Results: All tested linen fabrics did not raise the number of necrotic cells. The tested fabrics caused a statistically significant decrease in the total protein content in skin cancer (except for 0.5 cm of Nike-type fabrics). The smallest cells in the apoptotic phase were in cultures treated with M50 fiber on an area of 0.5 cm. After 48 h of incubation of HEMVEC, NHEK and THP-1 cells with the tested fabrics, the growth of S-phase cells was noticed in all cases. At the same time, the greatest increase was observed with the use of B14 fabric. Necrosis is not statistically significant. Conclusions: All the obtained flax fibers in the form of flax dressings did not lose their wound-healing properties under the influence of the technological process. New dressings made of genetically modified flax are a chance to increase the effectiveness of treatment of difficult healing wounds.

Study of the use of oxidation enzymes and microbial hydrolysis in cleaning antique linen textiles

Study of the use of oxidation enzymes and microbial hydrolysis in cleaning antique linen textiles

Necessary Parameters of Vertically Mounted Textile Substrates for Successful Cultivation of Cress for Low-Budget Vertical Farming

A growing population needs an expansion of agriculture to ensure a reliable supply of nutritious food. As a variable concept, vertical farming, becoming increasingly popular, can allow plant growth for local food produc­tion in the vertical sense on, e.g. facades in addition to the classical layered structure in buildings. As substrates, textile fabrics can be used as a sustainable approach in terms of reusability. In our experiment, we investigated which properties a textile should possess in order to be suitable for an application in vertical farming by the example of cress seeds. To determine the best-fitted fabric, four different textiles were mounted vertically, and were provided with controlled irrigation and illumination. Our results showed that a hairy textile surface as provided by weft-knitted plush is advantageous. There, the rooting of cress plants used in this experiment is easier and less complicated than along tightly meshed, flat surfaces, as for woven linen fabrics.

Investigation of the effects of antibacterial finishing on some mechanical properties of cotton sheet fabrics

In this article, it is aimed to determine the effect of the antibacterial finishing process applied to bed linen fabrics, which are widely used in the market, on some mechanical properties of the fabric. Antibacterial finishing process was applied to the fabric produced for this purpose under operating conditions and wrinkle strength, tear strength and abrasion resistance levels were made on these fabrics. Measurements were made before and after antibacterial finishing. The resulting results were evaluated among themselves and processed in SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 21.0 program. Since the number of processed data is less than 50 according to greige fabric and antibacterial treated fabric measurements, it has been tested with Shapiro-Wilk analysis. The homogeneity of the test variances of the data was done with Levene homogeneity test. Tear strength, creasing angle and abrasion resistance test results are focused on how scientifically meaningful the effects of process parameters and interactions on fabric properties are in accordance with statistical analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the results obtained from the tear strength, wrinkle angle and abrasion resistance tests were statistically significant and as a result, the antibacterial process parameters negatively affect the wrinkle strength, tear strength of the cotton fabric; it was found to affect the wear resistance positively.

EVALUATION AND PREDICTION OF THE RIGIDITY OF THE STRUCTURE OF LINEN FABRICS

The article presents the results of studies of the rigidity of the structure of linen fabrics by an automated method for determining the shear characteristics, which allows implement changes in the angles between the warp and weft threads and a graphical record of the process of thread shear and recovery after shear by means of specially developed software. A method implemented by a specially developed computer program Neuro-Prognosis has been developed for forecasting. An example of predicting the rigidity of the structure of linen fabrics by the characteristics of their structure is given.

Non-Formaldehyde Wrinkle Resistant Finish for Linen

ABSTRACT Linen, even though it has a beautiful drape, is highly susceptible to wrinkles, especially under high humidity. A study was conducted to develop a wrinkle-resistant finish using a combination of three carboxylic acids at various pΗ and concentrations on linen fabric. The treated fabric was analyzed to determine the effect on wrinkle recovery angle, wrinkle recovery appearance rating, and carboxyl group content. The amount of finish application on the fabric was governed by percent weight gain of treated samples, carboxyl ‘n’ group content, wrinkle recovery angle, and wrinkle recovery appearance rating. Furthermore, a reduction in the availability of free OH groups in the linen cellulosic chains was studied using FTIR spectroscopic analysis to qualitatively analyze the attachment of acid groups to the monomers of the fiber polymeric chain. The results showed significant wrinkle resistance for treated samples.