Linear Type Research Articles

Respiratory Motion Compensation Using Xsight Diaphragm Tracking for Liver Tumor in CK Synchrony Treatment: A Feasibility Study

This study investigates the feasibility of using Xsight Diaphragm Tracking (XDT) for liver tumors located near or in the diaphragm during CyberKnife Synchrony Treatment. Eight patients (46 fractions) with liver tumors located near or in the diaphragm were reviewed retrospectively. Prior to motion data analysis, baselines were flattened to remove the portions with significant changes and improve accuracy. To reduce the uncertainty about sudden irregular breathing, respiratory data were calculated as a rolling average. The overall tracking accuracy based on the patient-specific respiratory curve was evaluated using E2E testing with CIRS (18023-A) dynamic phantom. Three main trajectories were observed in this work: Linearity (1/8), Linear radial type (6/8) and Hysteresis (1/1). The mean amplitude was 8.56±4.54 mm, 2.77±2.83 mm, and 4.23±3.92 mm for S-I, L-R, and A-P components. The linear trajectory patient had a more concentrated amplitude distribution. The baseline shifts were 5.88 mm (S-I), 2.53 mm (L-R), and 3.48 mm (A-P). Except for patient 2, all standard deviations of the center phase shift were less than 1 mm. The values of XDT correlation and prediction errors were 1.38±0.65 mm vs. 0.65±0.16 mm (S-I), 1.28±0.48 mm vs. 0.34±0.10 mm (L-R), and 0.96±0.32 mm vs. 0.22±0.072 mm (A-P), respectively. The strong positive correlations were amplitude vs. prediction error, SD of center phase vs. prediction error, and SD of center phase vs. amplitude. The median patient curve-based targeting accuracy was less than 1mm. Additionally, the mean target coverage for all patients with a 3 mm margin was 98.03±1.54%. This study proved that the diaphragm could be used as a tracking surrogate for liver tumors located in or near the diaphragm instead of placing golden fiducial markers. A reduction in motion amplitude and respiration training were necessary during liver SABR treatment, along with respiration control and evaluation.

On petrological principles of allocation of promising diamond-bearing areas for geological prospection in the northern Russian Platform

A comprehensive study of all magmatic manifestations of the Zimny Bereg kimberlite district (about 100 bodies) revealed a regular petrological zonality of the district, demonstrating both the central and linear types of the symmetry of distribution of the volcanites different in their composition and diamond-bearing potential. Elements of various petrological zonality are also noted for other areas of the northern Russian Platform: for the Tersk coast of the Kola Peninsula, the Nenok district of the Onega Peninsula, the Umba district of the Middle Timan, as well as for the entire White Sea region as a whole. These features can be used to identify the prospecting sites most promising for discovery of diamond deposits. The other most interesting districts of the northern Russian Platform are the Ust-Yansk diamond-bearing districts of the southern Arkhangelsk Region (that is characterized by a spatial coincidence of all favorable prerequisites and features, including the determined diamond-bearing potential of Quaternary deposits), as well as the Onega Peninsula and Timan Ridge. For more expeditious discovery of new diamond deposits, the intellectual, informational, industrial, and administrative resources of the individual subsoil users and scientific and governmental organizations are to be consolidated.

Thieno[3,2 -b]thiophene-based linear dopant-free hole transport materials for efficient perovskite solar cells

Organic hole transport materials (HTMs) are extensively studied in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, due to the inherently low charge carrier mobility, chemical dopants are often required to increase mobility and achieve high power conversion efficiency. Unfortunately, the use of dopants not only brings high costs, but also accelerates the degradation of perovskite, severely reducing the stability of perovskite solar cells. Therefore, developing efficient dopant-free HTMs has become a big challenge. Here, two linear molecules DTTTP-DPA and DTTTP-TPA were designed and synthesized, with diethyl 2,5-bis(thieno [3,2-b]thiophen-2-yl)terephthalate (DTTTP) as the core structure, methoxydiphenylamine/methoxytriphenylamine as the end group, respectively. Compared to diphenylamine, the triphenylamine end group endowed DTTTP-TPA with a longer conjugation length and a lower HOMO level. The longer conjugation is more conducive to charge transporting. While the lower HOMO level due to the weaker electron donating ability of triphenylamine, is potential to achieve a higher open-circuit voltage when used in PSCs. In addition, the carbonyl group in molecular structure could passivate the defect at perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL) interface. As a result, the dopant-free DTTTP-TPA device shows a high photovoltaic performance of 21.62%. At room temperature (30% relative humidity), the initial PCE of the unencapsulated device remains above 93% after 1000 h, showing excellent stability. Our work demonstrates that constructing linear type molecular structure with extended conjugation is an efficient way to enhance hole mobility and is promising to obtain dopant-free HTMs.

Erratum: A unifying approach to convergence of linear sampling type operators in Orlicz spaces

Erratum for the article [1]: G. Vinti and L. Zampogni, A unifying approach to convergence of linear sampling type operators in Orlicz spaces, Advances in Differential Equations, 16 (2011), No. 5-6, 573-600.

Intramolecular nitrogen-sulfur interaction to enhance electron-accepting properties of end groups in small molecule donors

In organic solar cells (OSCs), it is very important to investigate the relationship between the structure and performance of materials by rational design of small molecule donors (SMDs). In this work, we use thiazole replace a thiophene unit in the π bridge, which could strengthen the connection between π bridges and end groups (EGs). Due to the N–S non-covalent interaction between EG and thiazole unit, the negative charge region of SMDs is expanded, the electron-withdrawing ability of EGs is also enhanced, and the corresponding molecular framework is twisted into a unique linear type. This can effectively enhance intermolecular interaction, promote molecular crystallization, and help to improve hole mobility of related SMDs. This work enriches design strategy that strengthens the interaction between π bridges and EGs, and provides a reference for studying the relationship between molecular structure and crystallinity.

Psoas major and lumbar lordosis may correlate with pain episodes during Sorensen test in patients with non-specific low back pain.

The reason that participants develop pain episodes during the Sorensen test remains unclear. Lumbar lordosis and trunk muscle are important for dynamic stability of the spine; however, their role in pain episodes during the Sorensen test has not yet been discussed. To investigate the effects of muscular morphology and lumbar curvature on pain development during the Sorensen test in patients with non-specific low back pain (LBP). Ninety-one patients diagnosed with chronic non-specific LBP and underwent the Sorensen test were enrolled. Lumbar lordosis, cross-sectional area and fat infiltration rate of trunk muscle and centroid line of psoas major (dividing into three types: anterior arc, linear and posterior arc) were measured using ImageJ software. All recruited patients were grouped into pain episode and exhaustion groups and were matched for the confounders based on propensity scores. The above parameters were compared between groups and further adjusted for confounding bias. After adjustment , the mean differences in lumbar lordosis of 12.1 ± 2.3∘ between the two groups in the complete cohort and of 13.9 ± 2.5∘ in the matching cohort remained significant, the exhaustion group had a 0.22-fold and 0.08-fold risk of presenting as linear and posterior arc types, respectively, compared with the pain episode group in the complete cohort (p= 0.008, p= 0.004), the corresponding values were 0.19-fold and 0.05-fold, respectively, in the matching cohort (p= 0.014, p= 0.010). Logistic regression demonstrated that lumbar lordosis, the linear and posterior arc types were significantly associated with pain episode during the test (OR = 0.78, p< 0.001; OR = 4.50, p= 0.038; OR = 9.93, p= 0.033). Lower lumbar lordosis and linear and posterior arc types of the psoas major centroid line were possibly relevant to the pain episode during Sorensen test in patients with chronic non-specific LBP.

Assessment of body conformation traits and their relationship with production performance of Sahiwal cows

Linear type scoring is key component in decision making process in the herd, as it focusses on the selection of animals with higher productive potential based on their body conformation/linear traits. The present study was carried out on 150 lactating Sahiwal cattle of first to fifth parity. Measurements on linear type traits were recorded 1 h before the evening milking at three different stages of lactation. The average score point of objective linear type traits was stature 5.77±0.08, chest width 4.59±0.10, body depth 5.24±0.10, rump width 5.56±0.09, rump angle 4.48±0.08, rear legs sets 4.81±0.12, foot angle 4.84±0.10, fore udder attachment 4.85±0.11, rear udder height 5.52±0.10, udder depth 5.31±0.08, rear udder width 4.27±0.09, central ligament 4.01±0.09, fore teat length 3.49±0.10, rear teat length 3.94±0.09, teat circumference 4.20±0.11, teat diameter 4.16±0.10 and udder balance 5.25±0.11. On the other hand, average score point of subjective linear type traits (1-9 scale) was angularity 4.69±0.09, rear leg rear view 5.05±0.06, body condition score 6.53±0.08, locomotion 4.88±0.06, fore teat placement 4.41±0.07 and rear teat placement 6.28±0.08. Most of the body conformation traits in Sahiwal cattle were falling under intermediate category and of desirable type. However, some traits like stature, chest width, body depth, rump width, angularity, central ligament, rear udder height, rear udder width and fore udder attachment expressed scope for further improvement.

Novel operator-splitting methods for real-time dynamic substructure testing

Improved and corrected Operator-Splitting (OS) methods are proposed for Real-Time Dynamic Substructure Testing (RTDST) in this paper. Firstly, the theory and the stability of two proposed OS methods are investigated. Furthermore, the effectiveness of two proposed OS methods is validated by RTDSTs with one pure mass specimen and one mass-stiffness specimen. By using the predictor velocity and acceleration as well as the correction force approximations, the improved OS method and the corrected OS method are explicit methods for RTDST. It is shown from the analytical and experimental results that the improved OS method is unconditionally stable for linear type and softening type stiffness and damping systems and conditionally stable for hardening type stiffness and damping system if the mass ratio of the experimental substructure to the numerical substructure is less than 1. In contrast, the improved OS method is unsuitable for RTDST if the mass ratio is larger than 1. The corrected OS method is unconditionally stable for the linear type and softening type stiffness and damping systems and conditionally stable for hardening type stiffness and damping systems. The stability of the corrected OS method is better than the improved OS method, which indicates the advantage of the corrected OS method over the improved OS method.

Intrinsically Typed Sessions with Callbacks (Functional Pearl)

All formalizations of session types rely on linear types for soundness as session-typed communication channels must change their type at every operation. Embedded language implementations of session types follow suit. They either rely on clever typing constructions to guarantee linearity statically, or on run-time checks that approximate linearity. We present a new language-embedded implementation of session types, which is inspired by the inversion-of-control design principle. With our approach, all application programs are intrinsically session-typed and unable to break linearity by construction. Our design relies on a tiny encapsulated library, for which linearity remains a proof obligation that can be discharged once and for all when the library is built. We demonstrate that our proposed design extends to a wide range of features of session type systems: branching, recursion, multichannel and higher-order sessions, as well as context-free sessions. The multichannel extension provides an embedded implementation of session types which guarantees deadlock freedom by construction. The development reported in this paper is fully backed by type-checked Agda code.

Equilibrium stability in the triangular restricted four-body problem with non-spherical primaries

This paper investigates the Lagrangian configuration of the restricted four-body problem in which the three primaries are non-spherical, specifically either prolate or oblate. By using various standard numerical methods, the positions of equilibrium points and their linear stability and dynamical type were determined. The impact of mass and shape of the primaries on the system’s equilibrium points and their linear stability were systematically explored by discretizing the parameter space for the non-sphericity parameter within a specified interval. The study revealed that the system always has an even number of equilibrium points, ranging from 8 to 22. Linearly stable points always exist, except for the case where there are 10 equilibrium points, where all the points are unstable.

The Relationship Between Spiritual Well-Being and Post-Traumatic Growth in Turkish Patients Undergoing Solid Organ Transplantation.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between spiritual well-being and post-traumatic growth in solid organ transplant patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 366 patients who presented to the organ transplantation polyclinic of a university hospital between September 2021 and February 2022 in Turkey. The mean Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory and Spiritual Well-Being Scale scores of solid organ transplant patients were 81.33 ± 20.28 and 37.18 ± 8.69, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between post-traumatic growth and spiritual well-being. According to linear regression analysis, spiritual well-being, gender, marital status, transplanted organ, donor type, and previous mental disorders were statistically significant predictive factors that affected post-traumatic growth. Spiritual well-being was an important variable that affected post-traumatic growth in solid organ transplant patients. Therefore, healthcare providers can provide individualized psychosocial-spiritual care and counseling services that increase post-traumatic growth in patients after organ transplantation.

Lamina Influences on Tensile Strength of Shallow Marine Shales from Upper Ordovician, Western Ordos Basin.

To investigate the influence of the lamina effect on the tensile strength of shallow marine shales and improve the shortcomings of the existing Brazilian standard disc splitting method, the Lamina shale of the Upper Ordovician Wulalik Fm in the western margin of the Ordos Basin was selected as the experimental object. Based on the radial wave velocity anisotropy test, the direction of crustal stress was determined, and standard cores were drilled. The Brazilian standard disc splitting experiment on Lamina shale with different loading angles was designed and carried out. The influence of lamina on the tensile strength of shale was summarized, and an improved calculation method of tensile strength was proposed. The experimental results indicate that the presence of lamina makes the tensile strength of shallow marine shale exhibit significant anisotropy, and the fracture surface morphology of standard discs under different loading angles varies greatly. The overall failure characteristics can be classified into two types: linear and curved. When the loading angle is 0° or 90°, the fracture surface of the disc belongs to tensile failure (linear type), and the traditional splitting method has good applicability. When the loading angle is greater than 0° and less than 90°, the fracture surface of the disc belongs to tensile shear failure (curve type), and traditional splitting methods are not applicable. There is a difference in tensile strength between vertical and horizontal wells, and vertical wells should consider the comprehensive tensile strength of the rock matrix and lamina at a 90° loading angle. Horizontal wells should consider the tensile strength of the weak lamina plane with a loading angle of 0°. The improved Brazilian splitting method solves the problem of the traditional method, calculating lower tensile strength values when the loading angle is greater than 0° and less than 90°. This provides important basic data support for wellbore stability evaluation and reservoir stimulation transformation.

Identifying the Most Important Linear Body Depth Traits Associated with Milk Yield in Dairy Cattle

Depth dimensions are a fundamental linear type trait in the animal body included in dairy cattle science. Unfortunately, the prominent body depth dimension to milk yield is unspecified in lucidity. Thus, the objective of the current research was to identify the excellent body depth dimension of dairy cattle for milk yield as a selection precedence trait. The experiment employed 121 lactation Holstein cows aged specify as 2–6, raised on an Indonesian smallholder commercial dairy farm. R version 4.2.1 with RStudio software simultaneously worked as a statistical analysis tool. The principal component analysis (PCA), correlation, and regression analyses were executed sequentially. The product of the PCA revealed that the chest depth (CHD), body depth (BDD), and udder depth (UDD) traits are the essential body depth dimensions in dairy cattle. A crowning envoy associated with the milk yield capacity was delegated to the UDD trait. However, the UDD is the finest trait for the lactation cow selection program. Presumably, the BDD trait is the prime characteristic for calves and heifer selection schemes.

Methods Used in the Development of Common Data Models for Health Data: Scoping Review.

Common data models (CDMs) are essential tools for data harmonization, which can lead to significant improvements in the health domain. CDMs unite data from disparate sources and ease collaborations across institutions, resulting in the generation of large standardized data repositories across different entities. An overview of existing CDMs and methods used to develop these data sets may assist in the development process of future models for the health domain, such as for decision support systems. This scoping review investigates methods used in the development of CDMs for health data. We aim to provide a broad overview of approaches and guidelines that are used in the development of CDMs (ie, common data elements or common data sets) for different health domains on an international level. This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist. We conducted the literature search in prominent databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus, starting from January 2000 until March 2022. We identified and screened 1309 articles. The included articles were evaluated based on the type of adopted method, which was used in the conception, users' needs collection, implementation, and evaluation phases of CDMs, and whether stakeholders (such as medical experts, patients' representatives, and IT staff) were involved during the process. Moreover, the models were grouped into iterative or linear types based on the imperativeness of the stages during development. We finally identified 59 articles that fit our eligibility criteria. Of these articles, 45 specifically focused on common medical conditions, 10 focused on rare medical conditions, and the remaining 4 focused on both conditions. The development process usually involved stakeholders but in different ways (eg, working group meetings, Delphi approaches, interviews, and questionnaires). Twenty-two models followed an iterative process. The included articles showed the diversity of methods used to develop a CDM in different domains of health. We highlight the need for more specialized CDM development methods in the health domain and propose a suggestive development process that might ease the development of CDMs in the health domain in the future.

ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE &lt;i&gt;POPULUS TREMULA&lt;/i&gt; (SALICACEAE) LEAF

A study of the conductive elements arrangement throughout the petiole length and in the midrib of the Populus tremula leaves was carried out. The plants growing wild in Perm and artificially planted in residential areas were studied. It was found that the shape of the petiole cross-section varies throughout its length from broadly heart-shaped (at the distal end) to strongly flattened laterally (at the leaf blade). In the middle part, the petiole is almost rounded. Three groups of collateral conducting bundles enter the petiole, where they regroup to be arranged at 4–5 levels. The additional basal veins of the leaf blade include lateral parts of the groups of bundles of the levels I, II and III. At a distance of about 1 cm from the base of the leaf blade, the leaves of brachyblast have conducting bundles arranged following a linear type. The division of groups of conducting bundles is carried out symmetrically or asymmetrically. The leaves with an asymmetric leaf blade can have both symmetrical and asymmetrical arrangement of conductive elements. There were no significant differences in the anatomical structure of P. tremula petioles between the plants growing in culture and in wild. Stress conditions of the urban environment do not have a fundamental effect on the location of conductive tissues in the petiole throughout its length.

Linear and conservative IMEX Runge–Kutta finite difference schemes with provable energy stability for the Cahn–Hilliard model in arbitrary domains

The Cahn–Hilliard (CH) equation is a classical mathematical equation which models the spinodal decomposition in binary fluid mixtures. In the real world, the phase change in a two-phase system usually occurs in irregular domains. To efficiently and accurately simulate this dynamics, we herein develop linear temporally first- and second-order accurate methods for the CH equation in arbitrary domains. The implicit-explicit (IMEX) Runge–Kutta method is adopted to construct discrete schemes in time. By introducing a simple boundary control function, we transform the original equations into equivalent forms in irregular domains and discretize the space by using the standard second-order finite difference stencil. In each temporal step, the proposed numerical schemes are highly efficient and easy to implement because we only need to solve several linear elliptic type equations. The mass conservation and unconditional energy stability of the proposed schemes are analytically proved. The multigrid algorithm is adopted for fast computation. The numerical results confirm the desired accuracy in time and space, mass conservation, and energy dissipation property. Moreover, the extensive calculations in two- and three-dimensional spaces indicate that the proposed method has good capability to simulate spinodal decomposition in arbitrarily irregular domains.

Evaluation of photobiomodulation effect on cesarean-sectioned wound healing: a clinical study.

The effects of low-level laser on the wound healing and burn injuries have been previously examined to demonstrate some satisfactory results. Despite there are a few articles available to study photobiomodulation (PBM) effects on the pain relief of cesarean sectioned wound, however no systematic examination has been carried out so far regarding its healing. Here, the aim of this clinical study was to evaluate PBM effect on the cesarean-sectioned wound healing. PBM effects of semiconductor lasers are investigated at 658 and 660 nm with 100, 150 and 350 mW output powers on 40 patients. Due to the global increasing number of cesarean sections, we have decided to investigate the effect of laser as a reliable technique to recover the wounds fast. We considered women as the target group who had their first delivery giving the birth of their children by cesarean section. We selected patients are who treated by laser therapy using indium gallium aluminum phosphide (InGaAlP) semiconductor linear scanning type with beam cross section of 12 cm2 and the output power of 100 mW at 658nm exposing a therapeutic dose of 2J/cm2. The purpose is to accelerate the healing process of the wounds after delivery as an intervention group against the people who chose the conventional methods (using ointments, pills, etc.) to heal their cesarean sectioned wounds as the control group. Regarding the wounds of these two groups, the questionnaires were filled by patients to assess the severity of pain from visual analogue scale (VAS) based on the healing of wounds from redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, and distance between the two edges of the wound (REEDA) scale in the early hours after surgery and the post-treatment follow-up on the third, seventh, and the tenth days. The data collected by these questionnaires were analyzed using statistical package for social science)SPSS( as a statistical software to give out the comparative histograms. This study reports a clinical examination of PBM under intervention group of 40 patients ranging 18-40years old with body mass index (BMI) of 29-36, during post-cesarean surgery to elucidate successful healing of the wounds and scars against conventional methods which considered as control group. Comparison of mean REEDA scores on the third day (p = 0.035), seventh day (p = 0.03), and tenth day (p = 0.02) after delivery exhibits that the two groups benefit a statistically significant difference with each other. For instance, the mean wound healing score in the intervention group was almost half of the mean wound healing score on the tenth day in the control group (1.09 ± 0.586 vs. 2.25 ± 0.422). The post-cesarean follow-up indicates that the patients treated by the laser therapy (intervention group) encounter better recovery than the control group.

Thermo-mechanical modelling of the wire arc based additively manufactured Inconel 625 superalloy

In the as-printed state, additive manufacture of Inconel 625 employing the cold metal transfer (CMT)-wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technique presents various issues due to complex residual stress. The residual stress may cause cracks and build failures. The residual stress evolution of Inconel 625 alloy was studied using Finite Element (FE) thermo-mechanical simulation implemented in Abaqus software. Residual strains and distortion in WAAM parts are two major impediments to the widespread adoption of this technology. Understanding the thermomechanical behaviour caused by the CMT-WAAM method is still a difficult task that must account for the influence of both process and material factors. Eleven beads on plate trial were carried out on Inconel 625 substrate for the process parameter optimization for wire feed rate of 12 m/min and constant torch speed of 650 mm/min. A sound welded 12 root pass additive bead layers with lateral overlap of 1/3 of bead width is fabricated at an optimum value of heat input per unit length (Q)=200.97j/mm. A complex thermal history with several reheating and cooling peaks is clearly demonstrated with the help of the proposed numerical model. Validation of the proposed numerical model is obtained with thermocouple data obtained experimentally. The predicted residual tensile stresses upon removing the clamps clearly shows that the stresses are reduced by 50% when compared with the residual stress distributions with the clamps still holding the base plate. Validation of the proposed numerical model is obtained with thermocouple data obtained experimentally. It has been found that the distortion profile shows quadratic type of variation within the deposited bead and linear type variation along the edge of the substrate.

An application of artificial neural networks for solving fractional higher-order linear integro-differential equations

This ongoing work is vehemently dedicated to the investigation of a class of ordinary linear Volterra type integro-differential equations with fractional order in numerical mode. By replacing the unknown function by an appropriate multilayered feed-forward type neural structure, the fractional problem of such initial value is changed into a course of non-linear minimization equations, to some extent. Put differently, interest was sparked in structuring an optimized iterative first-order algorithm to estimate solutions for the origin fractional problem. On top of that, some computer simulation models exemplify the preciseness and well-functioning of the indicated iterative technique. The outstanding accomplished numerical outcomes conveniently reflect the productivity and competency of artificial neural network methods compared to customary approaches.

Product modeling design method based on graph neural network and fuzzy inference theory

The method of graph neural network fused with fuzzy inference theory is adopted to conduct in-depth research and analysis on the design of product styling, and designs a method to be used in practical design. Starting from the perspective of quantifying aesthetic preferences, it explores the indicators of objectively quantified preferences and the intelligent design method of product styling under the trend of emotionality and provides a reference experience for optimizing the industrial design process. The product side profile form is deconstructed into 25 sets of planar coordinates, which are used as input data for graph neural network fusion fuzzy inference theory, and the physiological indexes that can represent users' aesthetic preferences are used as output data to build the model and train the network. According to the analysis of the survey data, among the three types of samples of linear type, curved type, and combined type, the percentages of the pictures with the highest degree of preference in the evaluation group reached 68.52%, 75.53%, and 61.11%, respectively, and the weighted scores were higher than those of the control group.