Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer Research Articles

Ion crystal size and structure in Paul traps.

This article presents a relationship between the size of an ion crystal in a Paul trap and the radio frequency potential applied on the central ring electrode. Using a simple and elegant derivation it has been shown that the distance of an ion in the crystal from the trap center is proportional to power of the applied radio frequency voltage. The validity of this power law has been demonstrated on ion crystals having up to 13 ions. A spring-mass model has been presented to predict structure of ion crystals in Paul traps operating in the Dehmelt regime. Structures are obtained by minimizing the total potential energy stored in an ion ensemble. The total potential energy is taken to be the sum of the electrostatic potential due to ion-ion interaction and the potential energy stored in the springs. Structures of crystals having up to 13 ions predicted by our model have been verified by comparing them with results obtained by direct numerical simulations.

Chemical Fingerprinting of PM2.5 via Sequential Speciation Analysis Using Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry.

Chemical fingerprinting to characterize the occurrence state and abundance of organic and inorganic constituents within fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is useful in evaluating the associated health risks and tracing pollution sources. Herein, an analytical strategy for the rapid analysis of metal and organic constituents in PM2.5 was developed employing a combination of sequential chemical extraction coupled with mass spectrometry detection. H2O, CH3OH, EDTA-2Na, electrochemical oxidation, and electrochemical reduction were sequentially utilized to extract the chemical constituents in PM2.5 samples on a homemade device employing simultaneous online detection using two linear trap quadrupole mass spectrometers (LTQ-MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive and negative modes. After a single analytical procedure, dozens of metals (e.g., Pb, Cr, and Cu), organic compounds (e.g., amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic acids), and negative ions (e.g., NO3-, NO2-, and Cl-) were comprehensively detected in the water-soluble, liposoluble, insoluble, oxidizable, and reducible fractions of PM2.5 samples, and their physical and chemical relationships were established.

A comprehensive study on a tapered Paul trap: from design to potential applications

Abstract We present a tapered Paul trap whose radio frequency electrodes are inclined to the symmetric axis of the endcap electrodes, resulting in a funnel-shaped trapping potential. With this configuration, a charged particle confined in this trap has its radial degrees of freedom coupled to that of the axial direction. The same design was successfully used to experimentally realize a single-atom heat engine, and with this setup amplification of zeptonewton forces was implemented. In this paper, we show the design, implementation, and characterization of such an ion trap in detail. This system offers a high level of control over the ion’s motion. Its novel features promise applications in the field of quantum thermodynamics, quantum sensing, and quantum information.

Single-Base Methylome Analysis of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) on Dwarfing Rootstocks Reveals Epigenomic Differences Associated with Scion Dwarfing Conferred by Grafting

Plant grafting using dwarfing rootstocks is one of the important cultivation measures in the sweet cherry (Prunus avium) industry. In this work, we aimed to explore the effects of the dwarfing rootstock “Pd1” (Prunus tomentosa) on sweet cherry ‘Shuguang2’ scions by performing morphological observations using the paraffin slice technique, detecting GA (gibberellin) and IAA (auxin) contents using UPLC-QTRAP-MS (ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer), and implementing integration analyses of the epigenome and transcriptome using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and transcriptome sequencing. Anatomical analysis indicated that the cell division ability of the SAM (shoot apical meristem) in dwarfing plants was reduced. Pd1 rootstock significantly decreased the levels of GAs and IAA in sweet cherry scions. Methylome analysis showed that the sweet cherry genome presented 15.2~18.6%, 59.88~61.55%, 28.09~33.78%, and 2.99~5.28% methylation at total C, CG, CHG, and CHH sites, respectively. Shoot tips from dwarfing plants exhibited a hypermethylated pattern mostly due to increased CHH methylation, while leaves exhibited a hypomethylated pattern. According to GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis, DMGs (differentially methylated genes) and DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were enriched in hormone-related GO terms and KEGG pathways. Global correlation analysis between methylation and transcription revealed that mCpG in the gene body region enhanced gene expression and mCHH in the region near the TSS (transcription start site) was positively correlated with gene expression. Next, we found some hormone-related genes and TFs with significant changes in methylation and transcription, including SAURs, ARF, GA2ox, ABS1, bZIP, MYB, and NAC. This study presents a methylome map of the sweet cherry genome, revealed widespread DNA methylation alterations in scions caused by dwarfing rootstock, and obtained abundant genes with methylation and transcription alterations that are potentially involved in rootstock-induced growth changes in sweet cherry scions. Our findings can lay a good basis for further epigenetic studies on sweet cherry dwarfing and provide valuable new insight into understanding rootstock–scion interactions.

B-166 Differentiation of Aziridine Functionality from Related Functional Groups in Protonated Analytes by Using Selective Ion-Molecule Reactions

Abstract Background The development of better methods for the rapid and reliable identification of unknown compounds in mixtures is urgently needed in drug development. Aziridines, in particular, are used for drug synthesis but are potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds. However, the detection and identification of these compounds pose challenges for many analytical methods, such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray crystallography. These techniques are time-consuming and often require large quantities of highly pure compounds. Methods Therefore, this study demonstrates that selective gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of protonated analytes with neutral tris(dimethylamino)borane (TDMAB), followed by diagnostic collision-activated dissociation (CAD), can be used to differentiate aziridines from structurally related compounds in a modified linear quadrupole ion trap (LQIT) mass spectrometer. The experiments were performed using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source in positive ion detection mode. TDMAB was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without purification. It was introduced into the ion trap (2 mtorr of helium buffer gas) via an external reagent mixing manifold through a syringe pump at a flow rate of 10 μL h-1 and diluted with helium before entering the ion trap through a variable leak valve. All analytes were prepared at a concentration of 1 mM in methanol. The protonated analytes were transferred into the ion trap, isolated, and allowed to react with TDMAB (MS2 experiments). Results Product ions formed upon reactions of the analyte ions with TDMAB were subjected to a collision-activated dissociation (CAD) experiment (MS3 experiments). CAD on product ions produced diagnostic fragment ions with 25- and 43 m/z-units lower m/z values than the adduct - DMA product ions. Quantum chemical calculations were employed using the Gaussian 16 program calculated at the M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory to provide theoretical foundation and to explore the underlying mechanisms of the observed gas-phase reactions. None of the tested structurally related analytes produced a similar fragmentation pattern Conclusions The innovative approach presented in this study offers a promising avenue for enhancing efficiency and accuracy in drug development. The successful differentiation of aziridine is an alternative method in overcoming the limitation of traditional techniques. The findings from the research contributes to the advancement of analytical techniques, addressing critical issues in identifying impurities in drug products. The versatility of the methods extends beyond drug developments, making it applicable in various other fields such as in molecular diagnostics, metabolism and laboratory medicines.

Micro Scale Chromatography of Human Plasma Proteins for Nano LC-ESI-MS/MS

Organic precipitation of proteins with acetonitrile demonstrated complete protein recovery and improved chromatography of human plasma proteins. The separation of 25 μL of human plasma into 22 fractions on a QA SAX resin facilitated more effective protein discovery despite the limited sample size. Micro chromatography of plasma proteins over quaternary amine (QA) strong anion exchange (SAX) resins performed best, followed by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE), heparin (HEP), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and propyl sulfate (PS) resins. Two independent statistical methods, Monte Carlo comparison with random MS/MS spectra and the rigorous X!TANDEM goodness of fit algorithm protein p-values corrected to false discovery rate q-values (q≤ 0.01) that agreed on at least 12,000 plasma proteins, each represented by at least three fully tryptic corrected peptide observations. There was qualitative agreement on 9,393 protein/gene symbols between the linear quadrupole versus orbital ion trap but also quantitative agreement with a highly significant linear regression relationship between log observation frequency (F value 4,173, p-value 2.2e-16). The use of a QA resin showed nearly perfect replication of all the proteins that were also found using DEAE-, HEP-, CMC-, and PS-based chromatographic methods combined and together estimated the size of the size of the plasma proteome as ≥12,000 gene symbols.

Characterization of a levitated sub-milligram ferromagnetic cube in a planar alternating-current magnetic Paul trap

Microscopic levitated objects are a promising platform for inertial sensing, testing gravity at small scales, optomechanics in the quantum regime, and large-mass superpositions. However, existing levitation techniques harnessing optical and electrical fields suffer from noise induced by elevated internal temperatures and charge noise, respectively. Meissner-based magnetic levitation circumvents both sources of decoherence but requires cryogenic environments. Here, we characterize a sub-milligram ferromagnetic cube levitated in an alternating-current planar magnetic Paul trap at room temperature. We show behavior in line with the Mathieu equations and quality factors of up to 2500 for the librational modes. Besides technological sensing applications, this technique sets out a path for megahertz librational modes in the micrometer-sized particle limit and can be extended by implementing superconducting traps in cryogenic environments, allowing for magnetic coupling to superconducting circuits and spin-based quantum systems.

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry profiling of propolis and royal jelly and their ameliorative effects on cadmium-instigated pathological consequences in ovarian tissues of rats

This study was undertaken to identify the bioactive components of propolis (PRO) and royal jelly (ROJ) and their therapeutic influence on attenuating cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced ovarian toxicity and dysfunction in rats. The composition of PRO or ROJ was ascertained employing the liquid chromatography–linear ion trap quadrupole–mass spectrometry (LC–LTQ–MS–MS) method. To further evaluate the anti-infertility properties of PRO and ROJ instigated by cadmium (Cd) in vivo, thirty female mature rats (183.3 ± 12.5 g) were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 5 per group). The established animal groups included (I) control, (II) Cd, (III) PRO, (IV) ROJ, (VI) PRO + Cd, and (VII) ROJ + Cd groups. Cadmium exposure disrupted ovarian tissue functions, demonstrating remarkable disorders in progesterone and estrogen. Furthermore, the comet assay exhibited a marked rise in DNA impairment in Cd-exposed rats, implying genotoxicity. Conversely, PRO or ROJ significantly counteracted the Cd-instigated pathophysiological consequences, ameliorating hormonal levels and lessening DNA damage. Critically, histological analysis revealed several anomalies in the ovarian tissues of the Cd-administered group. Interestingly, PRO or ROJ preserved the typical structure of ovarian tissues. Our findings indicate that both PRO and ROJ could be utilized to attenuate the pernicious influences incited by Cd due to their anti-androgenic attributes.

Trypsin Digestion Conditions of Human Plasma for Observation of Peptides and Proteins from Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Previous meta-analysis indicated that plasma or serum proteome groups using various experimental conditions detected different peptides from the same plasma proteins, which is strong evidence for the veracity of blood fluid LC-ESI-MS/MS but also evidences that the trypsin digestion step is a key source of variation in plasma proteomics. Agreement between different digestion conditions and MS/MS algorithms may serve as an independent confirmation of the validity of the LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of plasma peptides. Plasma contains a high percentage of albumin held together by multiple disulfide bonds; hence, reduction and/or alkylation may greatly enhance the digestion efficiency of albumin. Plasma proteins were precipitated in 90% acetonitrile, collected over quaternary amine resin, and eluted in NaCl prior to digestion treatments. To determine the effect of trypsin digestion methods, the plasma proteins were digested in 600 mM urea and 5% acetonitrile with trypsin alone, or reduced with 2 mM DTT followed by trypsin, or DTT followed by 15 mM iodoacetamide and then trypsin. The resulting peptides were analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS with a linear quadrupole ion trap (LIT). The MS/MS spectra were directly fit to peptides by the X!TANDEM and SEQUEST algorithms. Blank noise injections served as the analytical control, and 30 million random MS/MS served as the statistical control. Digesting human plasma with DTT reduction, or reduction and alkylation, resulted in a dramatic increase in the number and observation frequency of albumin peptides. In contrast, digestion with trypsin alone suppressed the observation of albumin, and instead, many low abundance plasma and cellular proteins showed higher observation frequency. Digestion with trypsin alone increased the observation frequency of APOC1, ACAN, ATRN, CPB2, GP2, GPX3, HBA1, PAPD5, PKD1, and many cellular proteins. After correction against noise and random controls, SEQUEST showed good agreement with the true positive plasma proteins identified by X!TANDEM and resulted in an R-squared of 0.5238 with an F-statistic of 10,930 on 9,935 protein gene symbols with a p-value < 2.2e-16. Digestion of plasma with trypsin alone avoids the complete digestion of albumin and permits the enhanced detection of some other cellular proteins from plasma. Different digestion approaches were complimentary and together resulted in a more comprehensive plasma proteome. The protein FDR q-values, the modest effect of background and Monte Carlo correction, and the significant STRING analysis were all consistent with the high fidelity of the rigorous X!TANDEM algorithm. In contrast, SEQUEST required significant correction against noise and statistical controls and selection of high cross correlation (XCorr) scores to show good agreement with X!TANDEM. There was qualitative and quantitative agreement between plasma proteins digested without alkylation from the orbital ion trap (OIT) versus the LIT instrument that showed highly significant regression against the X!TANDEM OIT monoisotopic results, those from heavy isotopes and other masses from X!TANDEM, and with those from MaxQuant. There was significant qualitative and quantitative agreement between the complementary digestion conditions consistent with the good fidelity of plasma analysis by LC-ESI-MS/MS with a sensitive linear ion trap.

Solutions of the Mathieu–Hill Equation for a Trapped-Ion Harmonic Oscillator—A Qualitative Discussion

We investigate solutions of the classical Mathieu–Hill (MH) equation that characterizes the dynamics of trapped ions. The analytical model we introduce demonstrates the equations of motion are equivalent to those of a harmonic oscillator (HO). Two independent approaches are used, based on two classes of complex solutions of the MH equation. This paper addresses both a damped HO and parametric oscillator (PO) for an ion confined in an electrodynamic (Paul) trap, along with stability and instability regions for the associated periodic orbits.

IR and UV Spectroscopy of Gas-Phase Monohydrated Protonated Guanine.

We use UV and infrared photodissociation spectroscopy to study monohydrated protonated guanine in a dual cryogenic ion trap spectrometer. The monohydrated complexes are formed through helium-mediated collisions between bare electrosprayed protonated guanine and low-pressure water vapor in a clustering trap maintained at 180 K, before being transferred to a quadrupole ion trap at 10 K. The spectrum of the monohydrated complex exhibits sharp vibronic transitions at the band origin and becomes broader and higher in intensity further in blue, which is very similar to protonated guanine but with a notable blue shift of ∼1850 cm-1 (∼0.23 eV). The UV hole-burning experiments showed that the vibronic bands recorded in the region of the band origin belong to a single conformer under our experimental conditions. The IR photodissociation spectrum in the 3000-3600 cm-1 range, with the aid of theoretical calculations (SCS-CC2/aug-cc-pVDZ), allowed us to assign the structure to the lowest energy N7-O conformer.

Characterization and comparison of metabolites in colostrum from yaks, buffaloes, and cows based on UPLC-QTRAP-MS metabolomics

Colostrum from yaks and buffaloes possesses substantial nutritional value, yet the complete array of metabolites within remains insufficiently elucidated. This study scrutinizes the metabolite profiles of yak, buffalo, and cow colostrum utilizing targeted metabolomics paired with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTRAP-MS). The analysis detected 362 metabolites across all samples. Furthermore, 63, 77, and 46 differential metabolites were selected between yak and buffalo colostrum, yak and cow colostrum, and buffalo and cow colostrum, respectively. Yak colostrum notably contained higher concentrations of inositol, glycine, and carnitine, whereas buffalo colostrum was distinguished by a substantial presence of primary bile acids, which facilitate fat digestion. These findings offer profound insights into yak and buffalo colostrum, providing critical data to propel advancements in the dairy industry.

Zeeman decoherence effect of trapped 199Hg+ ion Ramsey spectra

Abstract In the 199Hg+ ion microwave clock, the Zeeman decoherence effect caused by the overlapping of Zeeman sidebands and the radial secular motion sidebands will decrease the contrast of the Ramsey fringe, thus reducing the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectra. In this paper, the Zeeman decoherence effect is analyzed theoretically and investigated experimentally. A simplified model is built to describe the Ramsey spectral probability, in which the transverse relaxation time T 2 is introduced to characterize the influence of the Zeeman decoherence effect phenomenologically. The experiments were carried out on a linear quadrupole trap 199Hg+ ion clock. The results show that the probability model matches well with the experimental data, and the magnetic field value should be more than 150 mGs (1 Gs = 10−4 T) to avoid the Zeeman decoherence effect.

Evaluation of MagneTOF detector signals for the determination of many-ion bunches

In preparation of space-change studies a MagneTOF detector is evaluated for bunches with a wide range of ion numbers. The detector is calibrated based on the comparison between single-ion counting and ion-bunch-signal integration. This allows to determine up to several ten thousands of ions in a bunch with a FWHM of about 700ns, the integrated signal of which increases linearly with the ion number. Furthermore, this detector limit can be circumvented using transmission-limiting elements in front of the detector. Based on this, ion bunches are investigated up to several million ions, which are prepared with a linear Paul trap. Thus, in addition to the MagneTOF detector this trap is characterized with respect to its space-charge limits at low potential-well depth.

The Peregrine Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (PITMS) Investigation Development and Preflight Planning

The Peregrine Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (PITMS) is a mass spectrometer instrument that operated during the Astrobotic Peregrine Mission-1 as part of the NASA Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative. This paper describes the instrument and investigation design, development, and planning conducted by the PITMS team, consisting of a successful partnership between NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), The Open University, NASA, and ESA. PITMS was designed to measure the abundance and temporal variability of volatile species in the near-surface lunar exosphere from a landed platform on the lunar surface. The PITMS instrument consisted of a European Space Agency–provided Exospheric Mass Spectrometer (including sensor, electronics, controller, and power supply boards) and a GSFC wrapper that provided structural elements, thermal control, and a deployable dust cover. PITMS was designed to operate as a passive sampler, where ambient gases would enter PITMS through an aperture, diffuse around the mass analyzer cavity, become ionized by electron impact and trapped in an RF field, and then sequentially be released to a detector to build a mass spectrum. PITMS was capable of measuring species with a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) from 10 to 150 Da, with a mass resolution of approximately 0.5 amu. The PITMS science investigation was planned to be operated by GSFC with an international team of scientists. Though the mission did not achieve its lunar landing, information about the PITMS instrument and planning is provided to be able to understand and effectively use data that will be forthcoming from the investigation.

AC Zeeman effect in microfabricated surface traps.

Quantum processors and atomic clocks based on trapped ions often utilize an ion's hyperfine transition as the qubit state or frequency reference, respectively. These states are a good choice because they are insensitive in first order to magnetic field fluctuations, leading to long coherence times and stable frequency splittings. In trapped ions, however, these states are still subject to the second order AC Zeeman effect due to the necessary presence of an oscillating magnetic field used to confine the ions in a Paul trap configuration. Here, we measure the frequency shift of the 2S1/2 hyperfine transition of a 171Yb+ ion caused by the radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field used to create confinement in several microfabricated surface trap designs. By comparing different trap designs, we show that two key design modifications significantly reduce the AC Zeeman effect experienced by the ion: (1) an RF ground layer routed directly below the entire RF electrode, and (2) a symmetric RF electrode. Both of these changes lead to better cancellation of the AC magnetic field and, thus, overall reduced frequency shifts due to the AC Zeeman effect and reduced variation across the device. These improvements enable a more homogeneous environment for quantum computing and can reduce errors for precision applications such as atomic clocks.

LC-MS based strategy for chemical profiling and quantification of dispensing granules of Ginkgo biloba seeds

Ginkgo biloba seeds have been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for hundreds of years to treat diseases such as cervicitis, cough, asthma and other lung diseases. As a novel form, the dispensing granules (GSDG) of Ginkgo biloba seeds have been widely employed in clinic. However, its chemical profiling is not yet clear, which has restricted in-depth research in many fields.In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quardrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was used for the component characteration with the help of accurate molecular weights, fragmentation pathways, reported data, literatures and even some reference standards. Furthermore, in multiple-reaction monitoring mode, a high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry method was developed and applied for simultaneous determination of the bioactive phytochemicals.As a result, a total of 56 components in GSDG were identified including 12 amino acids, 9 organic acids, 6 nucleosides and nucleobases, 6 flavonoids, 5 vitamins, 5 terpenoid lactones, 4 carbohydrates and 9 other compounds As for quantitative analysis, glutamic acid, asparatic acid, histidine, ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide J, eucomic acid, N-(N-glucopyranosyl)-indoleacetylaspartate and N-(N-glucopyranosyl)-indoleacetylglutamate were selected as the analytes for quanlity marker of GSDG. After necessary validation tests, the developed quantitative method was successfully put into use for 10 batches of GSDG. In all batches, N-(N-glucopyranosyl)-indoleacetylaspartate was the richest phytochemical with the amount of 17.3–25.7 mg/g while ginkgolide J (0.0197–0.0335 mg/g) was determined to be the poorest.The study is supposed to exhibit a comprehensive chemical profiling and to provide some strong basis for preparation technology, quality control and even for action mechanism of GSDG, this novel form of Chinese medicine.

Demonstration of Capture, Cooling, Tagging, and Spectroscopic Characterization of UV Photoproduct Ions in a Cryogenic Ion Trap: Application to 266 nm Photofragment Ions from Rhodamine 6G.

We demonstrate a method to determine the structures of the primary photodissociation products from a cryogenically cooled parent ion. In this approach, a target ion is cooled by a pulse of buffer gas and tagged in a 20 K Paul trap. The cold ion is then photodissociated by pulsed (∼5 ns) UV laser excitation, and the ionic products are trapped, cooled, and tagged by introduction of a second buffer gas pulse in the same trap. The tagged fragments are then ejected into a triple focusing, UV/vis/IR time-of-flight photofragmentation mass spectrometer which yields vibrational and electronic spectra of the mass-selected photofragments. These methods are demonstrated by application to the 266 nm photodissociation of the Rhodamine 6G cation to yield the R575 fragment ion based on loss of ethene as well as to a weaker secondary fragment arising from loss of m/z 43.

Identifying biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis and chemoradiotherapy response using serum endogenous small molecules profiling

Changes in metabolic characteristics are important features of tumor progression and prognosis, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Identifying serum metabolites as potential diagnostic and chemoradiotherapy response biomarkers for NPC is therefore crucial. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) was used to analyze metabolic variations among controls, NPC patients, and NPC patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed seven differential metabolites between the control and NPC groups and eleven metabolites between the CRT and NPC groups. Five common metabolites, gluconic acid, palmitic acid, LysoPC (15:0/0:0), stearic acid, and LysoPC (20:2(11Z,14Z)/0:0), were consistently altered across groups. Notably, the first four metabolites were adjusted closer to normal after chemoradiotherapy, while this change is not reflected at LysoPC (20:2(11Z,14Z)/0:0). These common metabolites were enriched in five pathways. These findings underscore the importance of serum metabolite profiling in NPC diagnosis and treatment response assessment and offer a promising foundation for further clinical research.

The linear Paul Trap's Confined Stability Area for 40Ca+ Ions

تقدم تكنولوجيا الكم طرقًا حسابية واتصالات ومحاكاة وقياسًا جديدة. تحتاج أجهزة الكمبيوتر التقليدية إلى المساعدة في حل المشكلات المهمة مثل التحليل بسبب الزيادات الهائلة في وقت الحساب. ومع ذلك، تستخدم أجهزة الكمبيوتر الكمومية ميكانيكا الكم لحجم المشكلة الأسي الفرعي ويمكنها محاكاة الطبيعة على المستوى الكمي. يهتم العلماء بشكل متزايد بتطوير أجهزة الكمبيوتر الكمومية باستخدام ذرات متأينة مفردة في مصائد باولي. تمثل الحالة الأساسية لكل أيون أقل قيمة ممكنة للبت الكمي. تم استخدام الأيونات المحتجزة 40Ca+ في إحدى الدراسات كمثال على الكيوبت الكمومي. تم استخدام برنامج MATLAB على العوامل النموذجية التي تؤثر على الحالة المقيدة وتأثيراتها. يجب أن تكون الحلول مستقرة في كلا الاتجاهين، مما يتطلب حصرًا ثلاثي الأبعاد لمعادلة ماثيو. تؤثر المتغيرات على المسافة من مركز المصيدة لنهاية القطب، وجهد UDC، وكتلة الأيون، والترددات الراديوية. تم استخدام جهد متغير للتحكم وإظهار تأثيره على سلسلة محددة من الأيونات المحاصرة. يهدف هذا البحث إلى فهم أفضل للظروف المثلى للحجز وحركة الأيونات من الحالة (4S1/2) إلى الحالة (4P1/2) بالرنين. تخضع الحالة الكمومية للتعديل والتغيير، مما يجعلها أداة واعدة لحل المشكلات المعقدة.