Linear Proportion Research Articles

Layout Principles of Renaissance Classicism Architectural Style and Its Application on Modern Fashion Design - Focused on Classic Style Fashion after the Year 1999 -

The analysis of an art trend in the principle dimension starts by observing the object of work in the perspective of formative composition and recognizing it as a universal system. It can be said that it is consistent with an interpretation method for a form theory of formal history by Heinrich Wolfflin, a leading form critic in art criticism. Hence, the purpose of this study was to find out what are the formative principles in Renaissance Classicism as a design principle to be applicable to modern fashion by reviewing the formative characteristics of Renaissance Classicism Architecture with which Wolfflin directly dealt. As for the theoretical literature review, I used Wolfflin's theoretical framework and looked at the Renaissance Classicism Architecture that he studied and examined the possibility of utilizing his theory as a layout principle and the characteristics. As for analysis of design cases, I applied the aforementioned architecture layout principle to modern fashion and conducted case study analysis to delve into distinctive layout principles found in fashion. The study showed that the Renaissance Classicism Architectural Style is marked by linearity, planarity, closing and multiple unity: linearity was expressed in the observation form in fixed frontal view and an emphasis on a tangible silhouette homeogenous and definite line structures; planarity was achieved in the form of paralleled layers of frontal view element, planarity style, and identical and proportional repetition of various sizes.; closing signified the pursuit of complete and clear regularity, and architecture developed in a constructive phase through organizational inevitability and absolute invariability.; multiple unity was expressed in self-completedness and independent parallel of discrete forms and harmony of emphasized individual elements in a totality. Applying these layout characteristics of the Renaissance Classicism Architectural style and to see their individual expressive features, I found out that in adopting layout principles of the Renaissance Classicism Architecture to modern fashion, it turned out to be an emphasis of individual silhouettes, a flattened space, completed objects, organic harmony among independent parts: the emphasis of individual silhouettes was expressed in individual definitiveness of formative lines of clothes in accordance with body joints and an emphasis on formative lines of clothes; the flattened space was marked by single layer structure, planarity of elements of clothes, and listing arrangement by appropriate proportion.; the completedness of the objects was expressed by the stationary state where overall image is fixed, the construction of homogeneous and complete space, and absolute inevitability of internal layout in proportion; lastly, organic harmony of independent parts was stressed in independent completedness of each detail, and organic harmony of the whole. The expressive features would lead to a unique expression style of linear emphasis, proportion, constructive forms, and two-dimensional arrangement. The meaning of this study is follows: The characteristics of art school of thought are given shape by appling & analysing the architectural layout principles of historical art school of thought to modern fashion in the view point of formal construction dimension. The applied possibility of historical art school of thought as the source of inspiration about the fashion design is extended.

The effect of wind on the residual current velocities in the inlets of Venice lagoon

The residual flow in the inlets of Venice lagoon subject to Bora and Sirocco winds has been studied. Current velocities have been monitored since 2001 using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) installed on the beds of the inlets that connect the lagoon to the Adriatic Sea; these inlets are Lido, Malamocco and Chioggia. Wind velocity data have also been continuously measured at an oceanographic platform 14.8 km offshore from the lagoon; these data were subsequently decomposed into Principal Components, which are associated with Bora and Sirocco wind directions. Analyses show that the inflow in Lido inlet is strongly related to the Bora wind. The outflow in Chioggia inlet occurs during Bora events but shows a slightly weaker correlation with the wind speed, while Malamocco inlet shows little or no influence of Bora winds on flow patterns. A net residual inflow through Lido and Malamocco inlet was found, while outflow prevails in Chioggia inlet. During Bora events, the average residual inflow increased three-fold in Lido inlet, whereas the outflow in Chioggia inlet doubled. The current velocities in Lido and Chioggia inlets are best described by an exponential function of wind velocity with exponents of −0.1187 and −0.0924, respectively. The response to Sirocco events was evident mainly in Chioggia inlet. Specifically, there was a slow down of the outflow in linear proportion to wind speed. In excess of 10 m/s a complete current reversal was observed. Lido and Malamocco inlets showed little or no response to Sirocco winds, except during rare cases when wind speeds exceeded 15 m/s.

A Low-Field Scaling Rule of Minor Hysteresis Loops in Plastically Deformed Steels

A scaling rule of magnetic minor hysteresis loops at low applied fields has been examined in plastically deformed low carbon steel and pure Ni. It was found that a power law between hysteresis loss and remanence of a minor loop holds true over the wide range of magnetization from the very low to intermediate range unlike the well-known Steinmetz law. The power-law exponent was an almost constant value of 1.35 being independent of the types of magnetic materials, the level of plastic deformation, and sample shape. The coefficient of the scaling rule increases with deformation and is in linear proportion to coercivity. This behavior was qualitatively explained on the basis of the Rayleigh law and NE?el theory.

Influence of annealing duration on the erosive wear behavior of polyphenylenesulphide composites

The influence of annealing duration on the erosive wear behavior of short glass fiber (40% w/w) and CaCO3 mineral particulate (25% w/w)–short glass fiber (40% w/w) (total: 65% w/w) reinforced PPS composites has been characterized under various experimental conditions by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and erosion measurements. The erosive wear of the composites have been evaluated at different impingement angles (30, 45, 60, and 90°) and at four different annealing periods (30, 60, 90, and 120 min). Increase in the total crystallization causes an improvement in the erosive wear properties of the samples. Annealing time controls the morphology by influencing the degree of crystallinity in the matrix and in the fiber–matrix interface. This formation restricts fiber–matrix debonding. There is no linear proportionality between annealing time and relative degree of crystallization. The results indicate that PPS composites show maximum in wear versus impact angle relation at 60° confirming their semi-ductile failure behavior. The morphologies of eroded surface are examined by the scanning electron microscope.

Electrophoretic movement of hollow silica particles under DC electric fields

The electrophoretic movement of colloidal silica particles with hollow interior and nanoporous shell structure was examined under a homogeneous direct current (DC) electric field as a function of field strengths (50–150 V) and solution pHs (4–10). The electrophoretic behavior was compared with that of solid silica particles of similar size. In an acidic solution (pH ∼4) at which the solution pH near the PZC (pH ∼2), mobility of the hollow particles appeared to be insensitive to the change of applied voltage in a dilute solids concentration. As pH moved away from the PZC to a basic solution (pH ∼10), velocity of the charged particles increased pronouncedly and the velocity was in a linear proportion with the DC field strength, suggesting that the particles were moved by electrophoresis. The hollow silica particles yet showed a much slower electrophoretic velocity, less than one half, than that of the solid counterparts at the alkaline situation (pH ∼10). This lagged motion was due presumably to the rough outer surface and the permeable shell structure (pore radius ∼20 nm), both contributing to the hydrodynamic friction that retards the electrophoretic movement.

Ordered microdroplet formations of thin ferrofluid layer breakups

The ordered breakup pattern of a thin layer of ferrofluid drop subjected to a uniform perpendicular field is experimentally investigated. The results confirm a universal pattern formation containing numerous breaking droplets of a uniform size, which is independent of the initial area of ferrofluid drop and the propagating directions of the formation waves. Two quantitative observations regarding the size and number of breaking droplets are concluded. Both the experiments and theoretical analysis show the correlation between the diameter of breaking droplets (d) and magnetization strength (M) can be characterized as d∝1/M2. The uniform size of breaking droplets under a constant field strength results in a linear proportionality between the number of breaking droplets (N) and the initial area of ferrofluid drop (A) as N∝A, which is verified by the experiments.

Proton Beam Dosimetry: a Comparison between a Plastic Scintillator, Ionization Chamber and Faraday Cup

In this study, a comparison was made between a plastic scintillator (BC400), a Faraday Cup (FC) and an ionization chamber (IC) used for routine proton dosimetry. Thin scintillators can be applied to proton dosimetry and consequently to proton therapy as relative dosimeters because of their water-equivalent nature, high energy-light conversion efficiency, low dimensions and good proportionality to the absorbed dose at low stopping powers. To employ such scintillators as relative dosimeters in proton therapy, the corrective factors must be applied to correct the quenching luminescence at the Bragg peak. A fine linear proportionality between the luminescence light yield Y and the proton flux in a thin (0.5 mm) scintillator for the 20 and 30 MeV proton beams were observed. The experimental peak/plateau ratios of Bragg Curve for 2, 1 and 0.5 mm scintillators with an accuracy of 0.5% were obtained to be 1.87, 1.91 and 2.30, respectively. With combination of the Markus chamber and the CR-39 detector, the peak/plateau ratio was improved to 3.26. The obtained data of the luminescence yield as a function of the specific energy loss is in agreement with the Craun-Birk's theory. Results show that the FC and Markus ionization chamber are in agreement within 4%, while the FC gives a lower dose evaluation. For a defined beam, the data for the fluence measurements are reproducible within a good accuracy.

Association of Oxidative Stress with Realgar-Induced Differentiation in Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells

Background: Realgar (arsenic sulfide, As₄S₄) has been shown to have clinical efficacy in patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that realgar is able to induce cell differentiation. Methods: The oxidative stress in the realgar-induced differentiation was examined with human leukemia HL-60 cells. Cell differentiation was evaluated by the expression of cell surface antigen CD11b and nitroblue tetrazolium assay. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were measured spectrophotometrically. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell cycle distribution and apoptosis, the cellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione, as well as mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP). Results: The realgar-induced differentiation was enhanced by hydrogen peroxide, and preceded with drastic changes in ROS and catalase, as well as small changes in superoxide dismutase and the reduced form of glutathione. MTP values at 24 h were in linear proportion to the CD11b expression at 48 h when no apoptosis was observed. Conclusion: Oxidative stress and stress-related MTP decrease are associated with realgar-induced differentiation in HL-60 cells.

MEASUREMENT OF THE FLOW RATE AND VOLUME VOID FRACTION OF GAS-LIQUID BUBBLE FLOW USING A VORTEX FLOW METER

Measurement of flow rate and volume void fraction by means of a conventional meter plays an important role in the development of measurement techniques for multiphase flow parameters. Owing to its advantage in insensitivity to most physical properties of the fluid-like viscosity and density, a vortex flow meter was used to measure the flow rate and volume void fraction of gas-liquid bubble flows in this study. The performance of the vortex flow meter under such flow conditions was investigated. First, regular Karman vortex shedding was found in bubble flows with less than 30% volume void fraction, but its stability was influenced by the introduction of a gas-phase component. Second, the frequency of the bubble vortex shedding was approximately in linear proportion to the two-phase Reynolds number, whereas the volume void fraction had little impact on the frequency. Third, the amplitude of the bubble vortex signal could be expressed as a power function format. Moreover, when the volume void fraction was in the range 0–25.90% and Reynolds number between 9.47 × 104 and 20.44 × 104, the meter coefficient of the vortex flow meter was kept constant. Correlations between the vortex shedding characteristics and two-phase flow parameters were established based on mathematical modeling and experimental calibrations. Finally, the two-phase mixture flow rate and the volume void fraction were obtained from the proposed correlations. These findings provide a possibility of using only a single vortex flow meter to measure double parameters in gas-liquid bubble flows.

Diffuse Glaucomatous Structural and Functional Damage in the Hemifield Without Significant Pattern Loss

To compare the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and retinal sensitivity in the normal visual hemifield of glaucomatous eyes with localized visual field loss with those of normal eyes and eyes with suspected glaucoma, and to evaluate the relationship between RNFL atrophy and glaucoma severity. One randomly selected eye of each subject underwent standard automated perimetry, stereoscopic photography, scanning laser polarimetry with enhanced corneal compensation, and time-domain and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Mean retinal sensitivity values were calculated in the normal standard automated perimetry hemifield of the glaucoma group and randomly selected hemifields in the normal and suspected glaucoma groups. The mean RNFL thickness values corresponding to the normal hemifield were calculated. Glaucoma severity was judged using standard automated perimetry pattern standard deviation and the Heidelberg retina tomograph-derived linear cup-disc ratio. Fifty subjects were enrolled in each group. Mean RNFL thickness in the normal hemifield obtained using spectral-domain OCT, time-domain OCT, and scanning laser polarimetry with enhanced corneal compensation was significantly (P <or= .01) thinner in the glaucoma group compared with the normal and suspected glaucoma groups. Mean retinal sensitivity in the normal hemifield was significantly (P < .001) reduced in the glaucoma group compared with the normal and suspected glaucoma groups. The Heidelberg retina tomograph-derived cup-disc ratio was significantly correlated with mean RNFL thickness in the normal hemifield obtained using spectral-domain OCT, time-domain OCT, and scanning laser polarimetry with enhanced corneal compensation (P <or= .01). Diffuse RNFL atrophy and retinal sensitivity loss exist in glaucomatous eyes with localized standard automated perimetry deficits. Glaucomatous damage affects both structure and function in a linear proportion.

Structure versus properties relationship of poly(lactic acid). I. Effect of crystallinity on barrier properties

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) is at present the most promising and commercially available bio‐based and biocompostable (bio)plastic. The properties of PLA, however, are rather poor, notably its low glass transition temperature Tg of ∼55 °C, its intrinsic low crystallization rate and the limited barrier properties with respect to water, oxygen and carbon dioxide in comparison with to oil‐based counterparts, notably polyesters (PET). In this manuscript we address the question of what could ultimately be achieved in terms of barrier properties when PLA is crystallized fully. In fact, this question is rather academic in view of the long crystallization/annealing times needed to obtain maximum crystallinity but serves the purpose of better understanding current limits and notably a better understanding of the role of crystallinity on the barrier properties. A correlation is made between crystallization, various morphological parameters and the barrier properties of PLA. Crystallization of PLA causes a decrease of the oxygen permeability, but not in linear proportion with the decrease in amorphous volume. We explain this in terms of influence of the space filling and the inner crystalline structure on gas transport properties. Furthermore we suggest that the presence of a rigid amorphous fraction with lower density can have strong impact on PLA gas permeability, in particular on the gas solubility coefficient of PLA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2247–2258, 2009

Structural Memory in the Contractile Ring Makes the Duration of Cytokinesis Independent of Cell Size

Cytokinesis is accomplished by constriction of a cortical contractile ring. We show that during the early embryonic divisions in C. elegans, ring constriction occurs in two phases--an initial phase at a constant rate followed by a second phase during which the constriction rate decreases in proportion to ring perimeter. Cytokinesis completes in the same amount of time, despite the reduction in cell size during successive divisions, due to a strict proportionality between initial ring size and the constant constriction rate. During closure, the myosin motor in the ring decreases in proportion to perimeter without turning over. We propose a "contractile unit" model to explain how the ring retains a structural memory of its initial size as it disassembles. The scalability of constriction may facilitate coordination of mitotic events and cytokinesis when cell size, and hence the distance traversed by the ring, varies during embryogenesis and in other contexts.

SIMPLE FIT OF DATA RELATING SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE MASS TO GALAXY PITCH ANGLE

Seigar, et al, have recently demonstrated a new, tight correlation between galactic central supermassive black hole (BH) mass and the pitch angle of the spiral arm in disc galaxies which they attribute to other indirect correlations. They fit a double power law, governed by five parameters, to the BH mass as a function of pitch. Noting the features of their fitted curve, we show that a simple linear proportion of the BH mass to the cotangent of the pitch angle can obtain the same fit, within error. Such a direct, elegant fit may help shed light on the nature of the correlation.

Oxymorphone and Opioid Rotation

To obtain the durable benefits of opioid analgesia, physicians must develop strategies to manage the negative attributes of opioid therapy. Side effects, opioid tolerance, and toxicity limit the use of opioids, yet specific guidelines have not emerged for appropriate doses. Furthermore, there are wide variations in interindividual responsiveness to opioid analgesia. Opioid rotation is an effective, emerging strategy to help manage the negative effects of opioids by limiting doses required to obtain pain relief with tolerable side effects. Tolerance to one particular type of opioid does not necessarily develop at the same rate as tolerance to another opioid (incomplete cross-tolerance). Side effects may vary and generally are reduced at lower doses. Oxymorphone is a highly potent molecule that offers linear dose proportionality, multiple preparations (IV, immediate release, extended release) and good analgesic effect. Strategies for rotating a patient from an opioid to oxymorphone require dose calculation based on equianalgesia, a conversion period and dose titration. In addition to converting a patient from other oral opioids to oxymorphone, special strategies are needed for particular preparations (extended release to extended release; extended release to immediate release to extended release; cross-titration; in-patient titration). Issues in opioid rotation involving oxymorphone are common to other opioid rotation plans: side effects, in particular nausea and constipation, as well as toxicity concerns. While pain patients present a unique challenge to physicians, opioid analgesia involving oxymorphone and opioid rotation strategies have been shown to be effective in pain management in some patients with tolerable side effects.

The Transformation of Aristotle's Mechanical Questions: A Bridge Between the Italian Renaissance Architects and Galileo's First New Science

Summary The reception process of Aristotle's Mechanical Questions during the early modern period began with the publication of the corpus aristotelicum between 1495 and 1498. Between 1581 and 1627, two of the thirty-five arguments discussed in the text, namely Question XIV concerning the resistance to fracture and Question XVI concerning the deformation of objects such as timbers, became central to the work of the commentators. The commentaries of Bernardino Baldi (1581–1582), Giovanni de Benedetti (1585), Giuseppe Biancani (1615) and Giovanni di Guevara (1627) gradually approached the doctrine of proportions of the Renaissance architects, some aspects of which deal with the strength of materials according to the Vitruvian conception of scalar building. These aspects of the doctrine of proportions were integrated into the Aristotelian arguments so that a theory of linear proportionality concerned with the strength of materials could be formulated. This very first theory of strength of materials is the theory to which Galileo critically referred in his Discorsi where he published his own theory of strength of materials. Economic and military constraints are determined as the fundamental reasons for the commentators’ commitment to developing a theory of strength of materials that later linked Galileo's work to the practical knowledge of the architects and machine-builders of his time.

Surface-Bound Proteins with Preserved Functionality

Biocompatibility of materials strongly depends on their surface properties. Therefore, surface derivatization in a controllable manner provides means for achieving interfaces essential for a broad range of chemical, biological, and medical applications. Bioactive interfaces, while manifesting the activity for which they are designed, should suppress all nonspecific interaction between the supporting substrates and the surrounding media. This article describes a procedure for chemical derivatization of glass and silicon surfaces with polyethylene glycol (PEG) layers covalently functionalized with proteins. While the proteins introduce the functionality to the surfaces, the PEGs provide resistance against nonspecific interactions. For formation of aldehyde-functionalized surfaces, we coated the substrates with acetals (i.e., protected aldehydes). To avoid deterioration of the surfaces, we did not use strong mineral acids for the deprotection of the aldehydes. Instead, we used a relatively weak Lewis acid for conversion of the acetals into aldehydes. Introduction of alpha,omega-bifunctional polymers into the PEG layers, bound to the aldehydes, allowed us to covalently attach green fluorescent protein and bovine carbonic anhydrase to the surfaces. Spectroscopic studies indicated that the surface-bound proteins preserve their functionalities. The surface concentrations of the proteins, however, did not manifest linear proportionality to the molar fractions of the bifunctional PEGs used for the coatings. This finding suggests that surface-loading ratios cannot be directly predicted from the compositions of the solutions of competing reagents used for chemical derivatization.

A comparative study on the performance of mesoporous SBA-15 supported Pd–Zn catalysts in partial oxidation and steam reforming of methanol for hydrogen production

Abstract Using mesoporous SBA-15 (Santa Barbara Amorphous No. 15, a mesoporous material) as support, Pd–Zn nanocatalysts with varying Pd and Zn content were tested for hydrogen production from methanol by partial oxidation and steam reforming reactions. The physico-chemical characteristics of the synthesized SBA-15 support were confirmed by XRD, N 2 adsorption, SEM and TEM analyses. The PdZn alloy formation during the reduction of Pd–Zn/SBA-15 was revealed by XRD and DRIFT study of adsorbed CO. Also, the correlation between Pd and Zn loadings and PdZn alloy formation was studied by XRD and TPR analyses. The metallic Pd surface area and total uptakes of CO and H 2 were measured by chemisorption at 35 °C. The metallic Pd surface area values are in linear proportion with the Pd loading. The formation of PdZn alloy during high temperature reduction was confirmed by a shift in absorption frequency of CO on Pd sites to lower frequency due to higher electron density at metal particles resulted from back-donation. The reduced Pd–Zn/SBA-15 catalysts were tested for partial oxidation of methanol at different temperatures and found that catalyst with 4.5 wt% Pd and 6.75 wt% Zn on SBA-15 showed better H 2 selectivity with suppressed CO formation due to the enhanced Pd dispersion as well as larger Pd metallic surface area. The O 2 /CH 3 OH ratio is found to play a significant role in CH 3 OH conversion and H 2 selectivity. The performance of 4.5 wt% Pd–6.75 wt% Zn/SBA-15 catalyst in steam reforming of methanol was also tested. Comparatively, the H 2 selectivity is significantly higher than that in partial oxidation, even though the CH 3 OH conversion is less. Finally, the long term stability of the catalyst was tested and the nature of PdZn alloy after the reactions was found to be stable as revealed from the XRD pattern of the spent catalysts.

A Rhodamine−Hydroxamic Acid-Based Fluorescent Probe for Hypochlorous Acid and Its Applications to Biological Imagings

A new rhodamine-hydroxamic acid-based fluorescent chemosensor for the rapid detection of HOCl in aqueous media was developed. The system, which utilizes an irreversible HOCl-promoted oxidation reaction, responds instantaneously at room temperature with linear proportionality to the amount of HOCl. This system is highly selective for HOCl over other reactive oxygen species (ROS) and highly sensitive in aqueous solutions. Biological imaging studies using living cells and organisms (A549 cells and zebrafish) to detect HOCl are successfully demonstrated.

A FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF COPPER IONS WITH CDTE QUANTUM DOTS

ABSTRACT CdTe quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized in aqueous medium by employing L-cysteine as a stabilizer. They exhibited high stability and moderate fluorescence quantum yield (12.5%), and were characterized by UV-vis absorption, fluorescence spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Based upon the fact that the fluorescence of the QDs could be quenched by Cu 2+ , a simple and rapid method for Cu 2+ detection was proposed using L-cysteine-capped CdTe QDs as fluorescent probes. Under optimum conditions, the response showed linear proportion to the concentration of Cu 2+ between 20 to 300μg·L -1 . The detection limit was 9.3μg·L -1 . This method was successfully applied to the determination of trace copper in real samples. Keywords: CdTe, Quantum dots, Fluorescence quenching, Copper ions INTRODUCTION Luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is a novel fluorescence nano-material, which have gained increasing attention in the past decades. Compared with conventional organic dyes, QDs have some unique optical and electronic properties, such as broad excitation spectra, narrow, tunable and symmetric emission spectra, and highly stability against photobleaching

Determining K+ channel activation curves from K+ channel currents often requires the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equation

Potassium ion current in nerve membrane, IK, has traditionally been described by IK = gK(V − EK), where gK is the K ion conductance, V is membrane potential and EK is the K+ Nernst potential. This description has been unchallenged by most investigators in neuroscience since its introduction almost 60 years ago. The problem with the IK ∼ (V − EK) proportionality is that it is inconsistent with the unequal distribution of K ions in the intra- and extracellular bathing media. Under physiological conditions the intracellular K+ concentration is significantly higher than the extracellular concentration. Consequently, the slope conductance at potentials positive to EK cannot be the same as that for potentials negative to EK, as the linear proportionality between IK and (V − EK) requires. Instead IK has a non-linear dependence on (V − EK) which is well described by the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equation. The implications of this result for K+ channel gating and membrane excitability are reviewed in this report.