Linear Programming Methodology Research Articles

Application of the LP-DP approach to Andong and Imha parallel reservoirs, Korea

This paper presents an application of a previously developed linear programming-dynamic programming (LP-DP) methodology to the operation of Andong and Imha parallel reservoirs in South Korea. The model allows for multioptimization of power generation and municipal, industrial, and irrigation water use. It is shown that the annual average energy and the annual average water supply generated from the joint operation of the two parallel reservoirs by the LD-DP approach is 15.2 and 1.7% more than the contracted power production and water supply respectively.

C02 Emission Reduction in Canada: Results from an Energy System Model

Canada is committed to stabilizing emissions of greenhouse gases at 1990 levels by the year 2000. This paper examines the costs and benefits of meeting the key component of this commitment: energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The analysis uses a dynamic linear programming methodology to produce a process-oriented, techno-economic model of the Canadian energy system for the period 1990-2030. Three scenarios are analyzed to investigate the effects of sectoral vs. overall limits on C02 emissions compared to a business-as-usual (BAU) base case. The results from this work point to least-cost routes to CO2 emission reduction, as well as addressing the issue of equity vs. efficiency in achieving the reductions. Potential collateral benefits to emission reduction are also discussed.

Computer modelling of B2O3. I. New interatomic potentials, crystalline phases and predicted polymorphs

Atomistic simulation techniques are applied to the study of crystalline B2O3. New interatomic potentials are derived by fitting to ab initio energy surfaces derived from both periodic boundary conditions and molecular calculations, to which we add the restraints produced by the observed crystal structures. A novel approach based on linear programming (LP) methodology is used in these fitting procedures. We find that the best potentials have terms which are coordination number dependent. Our potentials are able to reproduce the crystal structures of both polymorphs of B2O3. Moreover, we predict the stability of new polymorphs with high boroxol ring contents which may be related to the structures of vitreous phases.

Optimal design of municipal solid waste recycling systems

This work develops an integer linear programming methodology for the optimal design of municipal solid waste recycling systems. The model considers all costs, in present values, concerning recycling of products, disposal of solid wastes, as well as closure and monitoring of the old landfill, and opening of a new one. Economic benefits include revenues coming from the selling of the recycled goods, and those originating from extending the life of the landfill. The model was applied to the city of Chania for the recycling of paper, glass, aluminum and organic residues (putrescible matter). Recycling brings about a significant reduction in the annual cost of solid waste management, as well as an increase in the life of the landfill. The optimal recycling scheme depends on the characteristics of the areas which the city has been devided into. For the residential and tourist areas the largest possible quantities of aluminum, paper and putrescible matter should be recycled, while for the commercial area only aluminum and paper. The model also allows the investigation of less optimistic scenaria, such as future reduction of recovered materials prices or limited absorption of these materials in the market.

LITERATURE ABSTRACTS

GENERAL PRINCIPLES: Cell Wall Compitions and Enzymes of Potatoes, Jicamas and Chinese Water Chestnuts. R. PresseyGENERAL PRINCIPLES: Stress Relaxation Behavior of Apple Pomace and Effect of Temperature, Pressing Aid and Compaction Rate on Juice Yield. S. H. I. Al‐Mashat and C. A. ZuritzGENERAL PRINCIPLES: Linear Programming and Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Surimi Gel Texture. J. S. Chen, C. M. Lee and C. CrapoGENERAL PRINCIPLES: The Relationship of the Microstructure of Cooked Ham to its Properties and Quality. K. Katsaras and K. D. BudrasINSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENTS: Dynamic Rheological Measurement of Structure Development in High‐Methoxyl Pectin/Fructose Gels. M. A. Rao and H. J. CooleyINSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENTS: Evolution of Mechanical Characteristics of Tomatoes of Two Varieties During Ripening. R. Thiagu, N. Chand and K. V. R. RamanaMETHODOLOGY & INSTRUMENTATION: Experimental Evidence of Slip Development in Capillaries and a Method to Correct for End Effects in the Flow of Xanthan Solutions. L. de Vargas, J. Perez‐Gonzalez and J. de J. Romero‐BarenqueMETHODOLOGY & INSTRUMENTATION: Measurement of Biaxial Extensional Viscosity of Wheat Flour Doughs. H. Huang and J. L. KokiniMETHODOLOGY & INSTRUMENTATION: Development and Evaluation of an Automated Grain Breakage Tester for Determining Corn Breakage Susceptibility. S. A. Watson, W. D. Kreider, M. J. Sciarini and H. M. KeenerMETHODOLOGY & INSTRUMENTATION: Evaluation of a Modified Stein Breakage Tester for More Rapid Determination of Corn Breakage Susceptibility. S. A. Watson and H. M. KeenerSENSORY ASSESSMENT: A Study of Texture‐Flavor Interactions Using Free‐Choice Profiling. I. Jaime, D. J. Mela and N. BratchellFACTORS AFFECTING TEXTURE: Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Low Fat Ground Beef Patties. M. F. Miller, M. K. Andersen, C. B. Ramsey and J. O. ReaganFACTORS AFFECTING TEXTURE: Carbohydrate or Protein Based Fat Mimicker Effects on Ice Milk Properties. K. Schmidt, A. Lundy, J. Reynolds and L. N. YeeFACTORS AFFECTING TEXTURE: Rheological Behavior of Frozen and Thawed Low‐Moisture Part‐Skim Mozzarella Cheese. H. A. Diefes, S. S. H. Rizvi and J. A. BartschFACTORS AFFECTING TEXTURE: Base‐Mediated Firmness Retention of Sweetpotato Products. W. M. Walter, Jr., H. P. Fleming and R. F. McFeetersFACTORS AFFECTING TEXTURE: Rheological Relationships Between Surimi Sol and Gel as Affected by Ingredients. B. Yoo and C. M. LeeFACTORS AFFECTING TEXTURE: Changes in Rheological Properties of Hydroxypropyl Potato Starch Pastes During Freeze‐Thaw Treatments. III. Effect of Cooking Conditions and Concentration of Starch Paste. H. R. Kim, P. Muhrbeck and A.‐C. EliassonFACTORS AFFECTING TEXTURE: Amylopectin‐Staling of Cooked Nonwaxy Milled Rices and Starch Gels. C. M. Perez, C. P. Villareal, B. O. Juliano and C. G. BiliadensFACTORS AFFECTING TEXTURE: The Role of Xanthan Gum in White Layer Cakes. R. A. Miller and R. C. HoseneyFACTORS AFFECTING TEXTURE: Effects of Flour Type and Dough Retardation Time on the Sensory Characteristics of Pizza Crust. D. M. Larsen, C. S. Setser and J. M. FaubionGENERAL PRINCIPLES: Sedimentation of a Single Particle in Systems of Xanthan with Locust Bean Gum in Relation to the Rheological Behaviour. H. Luyten W. Kloek and T. van VlietINSTRUMENTATION & METHODOLOGY: Development of a Single‐Kernel Wheat Characterization System. C. R. Martin. R. Rouser and D. L. BrabecINSTRUMENTATION & METHODOLOGY: Measurement of Single‐Kernel Wheat Hardness Using Near‐Infrared Transmittance. S. R. DelwicheINSTRUMENTATION & METHODOLOGY: Modal Analysis of the Dynamic Behavior of Pineapples and Its Relation to Fruit Firmness. H. Chen and J. Dr BaerdemaekerINSTRUMENTATION & METHODOLOGY: Breakage Susceptibility of Corn of Different Stress‐Crack Categories. S. Gunasekaran and K. Muthukumarappan

Deriving Public Transport Level of Service Weights from a Multiple Comparison of Latent and Observable Variables

Perceived importance attribute rankings, obtained from samples of various types of public transport users, are used to determine the relative weights of their level of service vectors. A generalization of a recent linear programming methodology is proposed which requires transforming the ranking data into equivalent pairwise choices. The weights were compared with those obtained from discrete choice models estimated with stated preference data.

Linear Programming and Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Surimi Gel Texture

ABSTRACTA formulation optimization study was conducted on surimi gels prepared with starch, and/or raw egg white employing the stepwise method (SM), linear programming (LP), and response surface methodology (RSM). At 78% moisture, the greatest gel strengthening and reduction of expressible moisture occurred at 8% starch, 6% egg white, or a combination of 5% starch and 5% egg white for SM, 5.33% starch and 4.33% egg white for LP, and 3.5% starch and 5% egg white for RSM. RSM resulted in gels with the greatest strength (compressive and penetration forces), followed by LP and SM. The RSM enabled more accurate prediction of textural behavior of final product at various ingredient combinations than the SM or LP.

Integrated Optimal Routing and Congestion Control in Packet-Switched Networks

This paper considers the application of a linear programming methodology for the computation of optimal control strategies in Wide Area Networks (WANs). In particular an existing flow model of traffic phenomena in WANs is expanded by additional consideration of propagation delays in the transmission lines and of finite storage capacities in the nodal buffers. On the basis of the expanded model, the integrated routing and congestion control problem in WANs is formulated as a linearly constrained, dynamic, discrete-time optimal control problem. For the computation of its solution, an algorithm which computes the solution of linear programming problems in the space of the optimization variables, is adapted to the structure of the large scale traffic problem in hand. The proposed algorithm provides the possibility of solving off-line more general traffic problems for WANs than the ones reported in the literature so far.

Letter to the Editor

Remark about the comments of J. Arthur (Arthur, Jeffrey L. 1991, “Comment: Tax restructuring in Peoria, Illinois: Food for thought,” Interfaces, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 87–88.) about the article of J. Chrisman et al. (Chrisman, James L.; Fry, Timothy; Reeves, Gary R.; Lewis, Holly S.; and Weinstein, Robert 1989, “A multiobjective linear programming methodology for public sector tax planning,” Interfaces, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 13–22.). Signed: Robert E. Machol, 2101 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008.

Productive efficiency in a regulated industry: The area electricity boards of England and Wales

The comparative efficiency of privatized electricity distribution is critical to the case for deregulation. The area electricity boards in England and Wales are to be privatized in 1990, and measurement of the potential efficiency gains is essential to the proposed regulatory regime. This paper describes a non-parametric linear programming methodology for measuring productive efficiency which was pioneered by Farrell, and applies it to the present regulated electricity distribution industry in England and Wales. It finds that only five of the twelve boards are technically efficient, and that there are wide divergences in performance. Target improvements for inefficient boards are suggested, and implications for the regulatory mechanism are drawn.

Stochastic MOLP with Incomplete Information: An Interactive Approach with Recourse

Numerous multiobjective linear programming (MOLP) methods have been proposed in the last two decades, but almost all for contexts where the parameters of problems are deterministic. However, in many real situations, parameters of a stochastic nature arise. In this paper, we suppose that the decision-maker is confronted with a situation of partial uncertainty where he possesses incomplete information about the stochastic parameters of the problem, this information allowing him to specify only the limits of variation of these parameters and eventually their central values. For such situations, we propose a multiobjective stochastic linear programming methodology; it implies the transformation of the stochastic objective functions and constraints in order to obtain an equivalent deterministic MOLP problem and the solving of this last problem by an interactive approach derived from the STEM method. Our methodology is illustrated by a didactical example.

A Multiobjective Linear Programming Methodology for Public Sector Tax Planning

Designing an equitable and efficient tax structure is one of the most important tasks of public sector decision makers. The tax-structuring problem is characterized by many often conflicting objectives, such as maintaining adequate revenue levels, reducing property taxes, and minimizing the burden placed upon low income taxpayers. Using an interactive multiobjective linear programming (MOLP) methodology we were able to provide the city manager of Peoria, Illinois with insights necessary to restructure the city's tax system. After six iterations of the model, the results of our analysis indicated that tax revenues could be maintained and city residents' taxes reduced by shifting some of the burden to noncity residents, many of whom consume the public goods the city offers. To do so, our solution called for increasing the sales taxes on general and durable goods, instituting a gasoline tax, and reducing both property taxes and sales taxes on food and drugs. A major benefit of the MOLP model according to the city manager was its ability to illustrate the trade-offs between the different tax structuring objectives.

Hydrothermal optimal power flow based on a combined linear and nonlinear programming methodology

The author's consider a new formulation of optimal power flow (OPF) that makes it eminently suitable for accurate incremental modeling. G. Zoutendijk's method of feasible directions (1960) for solving the nonlinear programming problems is adapted for the solution of the OPF. Hydraulic modeling of systems with a considerable share of hydraulic generation is considered. The method is very efficient as it is designed to exploit the special structure of the problem. >

Hydrothermal Optimal Power Flow Based on a Combined Linear and Nonlinear Programming Methodology

Hydrothermal Optimal Power Flow Based on a Combined Linear and Nonlinear Programming Methodology

Fitting Population Anthropometric Data to a Proportional Man Model with Reference to Prime Computer's Sammie Program

This study addresses the problem of fitting anthropometric data from different populations to proportional man models. Proportional models simulate the human shape by assuming fixed proportions between the various body dimensions. Percentiles can be created in such a model but are constrained by the given body proportions. Prime Computer's SAMMIE man model is an example of the proportional approach. The SAMMIE model is described with reference to the anatomical features it simulates. The constraints imposed by a proportional model are discussed. These include Ink lengths, flesh envelope and ranges of joint motion. A linear programming methodology is presented to fit available population data to the model. This program is designed with a user friendly graphic interface allowing the designer to easily of principle interest. A validation study of the method using NASA data is reported.

Randomness and Order in the Topology of Settlement Systems

"The frequency distribution of settlement links forms the basis of a linear programming methodology which can be utilized to analyze the structure of settlement systems. The resulting index of system topology is compared to a more conventional measure, Geary's contiguity coefficient, which may be applied when the problem is conceptualized as one of spatial autocorrelation on a k-color map. The index of linkage similarity that is introduced appears to have a useful advantage over the Geary measure. The Geary and linkage similarity indices are used to examine the topology of four Canadian and two hypothetical settlement systems."

Experiments with a very efficient heuristic for clustering problems

A method is described for solving certain nonlinear clustering problems. While operating in polynomial time the method is not an algorithm and counter examples are cited, along with a linear programming methodology for constructing them. The success of the procedure when applied to real problems is discussed and some theoretical lines of investigation suggested for establishing circumstances under which convergence may be guaranteed. Finally, applications to important problems in the information sciences are reviewed, and the case of large sets of objects discussed.

An application of linear programming methodology for regional strategy making

Jenkins P. M. and Robson A. (1974) An application of linear programming methodology for regional strategy making, Reg. Studies 8, 267–279. The paper maintains that insufficient attention has been paid in regional strategy making to the constraints of budgets and the real resource limitations which are required to be met in practice. A linear programming formulation is proposed and examined as a means of approximating a region's “new works” production function which could be used for determining the range of “feasible” expenditure alternatives open to a strategy body. Empirical feasibility is demonstrated by the construction of a working model for Northern Region (though the form is highly aggregated). Particular attention is paid to the construction industry as a real resource constraint. Examples of the use of the model are given and the potential for further development to full operational status is broadly examined.

SPATIAL PLANNING OF SCHOOL DISTRICTS

ABSTRACT The development of several plans based on linear programming and geographic methodology will permit school administrators to make better decisions concerning the planning of school districts: where to locate boundaries, how to eliminate overcrowding, where to locate new classrooms, and how to overcome de facto segregation. The primal and dual solutions of five linear programs are analyzed and mapped. Two plans transfer students between schools, and three plans assign students to schools based on their residence. By analyzing several plans, an administrator will have a better understanding for organizing his facilities to serve his educational goals better.