Linear Parameter Research Articles

Morphometric analysis and watershed delineation of the Karnaphuli river basin: A comparative study using different DEMs in Chittagong, Bangladesh

AbstractThe present study aimed to delineate a robust watershed boundary and extract its morphometric parameters in the Karnaphuli watershed, Bangladesh, using different digital elevation models (DEMs). Two DEMs, the shuttle radar topographic mission (SRTM) and the terra advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER), were employed to delineate watershed boundaries and evaluate various morphometric characteristics. Raster data such as fill sinks, flow direction, and flow accumulation were utilized to delineate the watershed. The morphometric analysis included the estimation of linear, areal, and relief parameters. The findings revealed a noticeable difference between the datasets; ASTER delineated a larger watershed area than SRTM. Regarding stream order, there were streams ranging from 1st to 6th order, encompassing numerous small, medium, and main channels of the river. Drainage density was calculated as 0.52 km/km² for SRTM and 0.51 km/km² for ASTER, both having a spatial resolution of 30 m. The bifurcation ratio ranged from 1.94 for SRTM to 2.45 for ASTER, indicating varying degrees of structural disturbance influenced by geological factors. The form factor indicated an elongated shape of the study area. The overall dimensions of the streams and the watershed extent suggest moderate mean annual rainfall discharge. The watershed exhibited relatively high denudation rates, attributed to the basin relief. A low drainage density indicated the importance of infiltration processes. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the spatial variability of watershed characteristics, highlighting the need for tailored management strategies for the Karnaphuli River. Implementing targeted conservation measures and watershed management practices based on these morphometric parameters can enhance water resource sustainability and ecological health in the region.

Changes in heart rate variability and subclinical heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in workers of the main professions at the coal industry

Introduction. The high prevalence of diseases of the circulatory system necessitates their detection and prevention at an early stage, especially in regions with high industrial potential. The occurrence of subclinical heart failure depends on a cascade of processes that are already occurring in the body and may eventually manifest themselves in clinically pronounced diseases. One of the possible mechanisms of its development is a violation of the balance of the autonomic nervous system with a violation of adaptive capabilities to the labour process, characterized by severe physical overloads among miners. The study aims to evaluate changes in heart rate variability in workers of the main professions at the coal industry with signs of heart failure with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Materials and methods. The study included 78 employees of the main professions at the coal industry. Specialists performed ultrasound examination of the heart according to generally accepted methods with the study of longitudinal deformation of the myocardium. The concentration of NT-proBNP in the blood serum was determined by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. The authors also conducted an analysis of heart rate variability, determined temporal, spectral and linear parameters. Results. Specialists revealed a decrease in longitudinal myocardial deformation in 38.5% of the examined patients, signs of diastolic dysfunction in 41%; in these groups, a tendency to increase the concentration of NT-proBNP was revealed. In the examined miners with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, they revealed a significant decrease in the SDNN index and an increase in IC values. The increase in DFA and LF/HF indicators reflects a vegetative imbalance towards sympathetic activation observed in all surveyed miners. Limitations. This study is limited to a sample of employees of the main professions of the coal industry undergoing periodic medical examination at the Research Institute of Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Conclusion. The revealed relationship between indicators of heart failure and heart rate variability (SDNN, LF/HF, DFA and IC) in miners allows us to identify a group of people at greatest risk of adverse outcomes. Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with the standards of the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute of Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, established in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association "Ethical Principles of Conducting medical Research with human participation as a subject" as amended in 2013 and the "Rules of Good Clinical Practice" approved by Order No. 200n of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 04/01/2016. The subjects signed an informed consent to participate in the study.

Linear and nonlinear ultrasound parameters attributed to anisotropy in granite

The anisotropic nature of granite, a key factor affecting its mechanical properties, is inherently governed by its mineral alignment and the presence of orthogonal cleavage planes: rift, grain, and hardway. This study examines how these cleavage planes influence anisotropy, particularly in the context of microcracking formation and acoustic properties. A new measurement procedure for the acoustic nonlinearity parameter (\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\beta\\:$$\\end{document}) is developed to address the well-known limitations of conventional linear ultrasound methods, including wave velocity and attenuation coefficient, in detecting microstructural changes induced by existing cleavage planes. Unlike other parameters, \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\beta\\:$$\\end{document} exhibits remarkable changes depending on the plane type, highlighting its high sensitivity to the mineral distribution in each cleavage plane and to the microcracks. A correlation between the linear and nonlinear parameters provides further evidence of the superiority of \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\beta\\:$$\\end{document} in detecting inherent microscale defects that develop in each plane and affect the anisotropic characteristics of granite. The findings of this study confirm that nonlinear ultrasound is capable of elucidating the mechanisms underlying the origin of anisotropy in granite due to microcracks, with broader implications for understanding unidentified chemical and mechanical phenomena in geological materials.

Linear parameter varying μ synthesis robust control of CDC semi‐active suspension system for nonlinearity and uncertainty

AbstractBecause the continuous damping control (CDC) semi‐active suspension system has complex nonlinear and uncertain characteristics that can significantly affect the performance of the system. And in the controller design process, achieving a balance of multiple performance objectives is often difficult. Therefore, this paper designs a linear parameter varying (LPV) μ synthesis robust controller for the vibration suppression and multi‐objective control of a 7‐degree‐of‐freedom (7‐DOF) vehicle suspension system equipped with CDC dampers. Firstly, the nonlinear force model of the solenoid valve CDC damper is developed based on the actual damping variation. Considering the nonlinear forces of the coil springs, the nonlinear model of the 7‐DOF suspension system is expressed as LPV form. Further, the linear fractional transformation (LFT) method is used to analyze and reconstruct the system model for multiple parameter uncertainties of the suspension. The actuator time delays are also simulated through a frequency domain transfer function, which is considered to be an unmodeled dynamic at the input of the system. Finally, an LPV‐μ synthesis robust controller based on nonlinearity and mixed uncertainty is designed to improve car ride comfort and achieve the best relationship between comfort and handling stability. Simulation and experimental results under random disturbance conditions show that the LPV‐μ synthesis controller has better anti‐jamming performance and controllability compared to the H∞ controller and μ synthesis controller.

Decoding Motor Skills: Video Analysis Unveils Age-Specific Patterns in Childhood and Adolescent Movement

Motor skill development is crucial in human growth, evolving with the maturation of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Quantifying these skills, especially coordinative abilities, remains challenging. This study aimed to assess the performance of five motor tasks in children and adolescents using high-speed video analysis, providing data for movement and health professionals. Seventy-two volunteers were divided into three age groups: 27 first-grade primary school students (19 males and 8 females, aged 6.5 ± 0.5 years), 35 fourth-grade primary school students (16 males and 19 females, aged 9.2 ± 0.4 years), and 28 s-year middle school students (16 males and 12 females, aged 13.0 ± 0.3 years). Participants performed five motor tasks: standing long jump, running long jump, stationary ball throw, running ball throw, and sprint running. Each task was recorded at 120 frames per second and analyzed using specialized software to measure linear and angular kinematic parameters. Quantitative measurements were taken in the sagittal plane, while qualitative observations were made using a dichotomous approach. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction. Significant differences were observed across age groups in various parameters. In the standing long jump, older participants exhibited a longer time between initial movement and maximum loading. The running long jump revealed differences in the take-off angle, with fourth-grade students performing the best. Ball-throwing tests indicated improvements in the release angle with age, particularly in females. Sprint running demonstrated the expected improvements in time and stride length with age. Gender differences were notable in fourth-grade students during the running long jump, with females showing greater knee flexion, while males achieved better take-off angles. Video analysis effectively identified age-related and gender-specific differences in motor skill performance. The main differences were measured between first-grade primary school and second-year middle school students while gender differences were limited to all age groups. This method provides valuable insights into motor development trajectories and can be used by professionals to objectively assess and monitor the technical aspects of motor skills across different age groups.

Bilateral dimorphism of the auricles in adolescent males in the Lugansk People's Republic

Aim. To identify somatotypological features of linear parameters and bilateral dimorphism of the auricles in adolescent males.Materials and methods. In total, 140 adolescent males (19.05 ± 0.71 years) in the Lugansk People's Republic were examined. Following somatotyping and cephalotyping, the left and right auricles were photographed. Digital photographs were uploaded to the ImageJ software, which was used to determine 20 sizes of the auricle. An ANOVA analysis of the obtained results was carried out. The index of bilateral dimorphism of each auriculometry parameter was determined. Results. All studied parameters of the left auricle, except for its width, exceeded those of the auricle of the contralateral side. Conclusion. The highest values of the bilateral dimorphism index were observed when studying the height of the tragus and antitragus in males, regardless of their cephalotype.

PixPol: An In-Water Multispectral Polarized Upwelling Radiance Distribution Camera System

Abstract PixPol is an in-water multispectral polarized upwelling radiance distribution fisheye camera system. Its imaging sensors utilize a pixel-level polarizer structure allowing for polarimetric retrieval from one image capture, offering an advantage compared to other in-water polarimetric fisheye camera systems that require information from multiple images. When submerged, PixPol images a scene from which the first three Stokes parameters are derived at an angular resolution of 1° within a field of view that encompasses all azimuthal angles up to an elevation of 43° from nadir. For all viewing angles, Stokes parameter I and the linear polarization parameters, Q/I and U/I, are retrieved with an interpixel uncertainty of ±5%, ±0.02%, and ±0.02%, respectively. From these parameters, an uncertainty of ±0.01 is attained for the degree of linear polarization and ±0.9° for the angle of linear polarization. A description of the camera system, its radiometric and polarization calibration, and the associated uncertainties are described. Example images of the distribution of downwelling polarized light in the sky just above the ocean’s surface and upwelling polarized light just below the surface are provided.

Stochastic Nonlinear Model Updating in Structural Dynamics Using a Novel Likelihood Function within the Bayesian-MCMC Framework

The study presents a novel approach for stochastic nonlinear model updating in structural dynamics, employing a Bayesian framework integrated with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling for parameter estimation by using an approximated likelihood function. The proposed methodology is applied to both numerical and experimental cases. The paper commences by introducing Bayesian inference and its constituents: the likelihood function, prior distribution, and posterior distribution. The resonant decay method is employed to extract backbone curves, which capture the non-linear behaviour of the system. A mathematical model based on a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system is formulated, and backbone curves are obtained from time response data. Subsequently, MCMC sampling is employed to estimate the parameters using both numerical and experimental data. The obtained results demonstrate the convergence of the Markov chain, present parameter trace plots, and provide estimates of posterior distributions of updated parameters along with their uncertainties. Experimental validation is performed on a cantilever beam system equipped with permanent magnets and electromagnets. The proposed methodology demonstrates promising results in estimating parameters of stochastic non-linear dynamical systems. Through the use of the proposed likelihood functions using backbone curves, the probability distributions of both linear and non-linear parameters are simultaneously identified. Based on this view, the necessity to segregate stochastic linear and non-linear model updating is eliminated.

Mixing properties of Fe–Si alloys in liquid state based on linear temperature dependent energy parameters

Mixing properties of Fe–Si alloys in liquid state based on linear temperature dependent energy parameters

Confidence ellipses for simple regression parameters with Quasi-associated random errors

The work presented in this paper introduces a novel methodology for constructing confidence regions for linear regression parameters using ellipses, particularly in cases where the random errors are quasi-associated. Linear regression is widely employed in statistical analysis to predict a dependent variable using one or more independent variables. Traditionally, it is assumed that random errors in regression models follow a normal distribution. However, this assumption may not hold in many practical applications where errors exhibit dependencies. Thus, this study focuses on quasi-associated random variables, which include both positively and negatively associated variables.We derive exponential inequalities that allow the construction of confidence ellipses for least squares estimates of model parameters. This approach is applied to a Keynesian consumption function, which models the relationship between consumption and national income. Using data on monthly per capita income in Africa over 12 years, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in estimating regression parameters when the random errors are quasi-associated. The findings show that this technique can improve the accuracy of statistical models used in fields such as economics and engineering, especially in cases where the traditional assumptions of regression analysis are not met.

Evolution of the Universe with quintessence model in Rastall gravity

Abstract We investigate the Universe’s evolution within the framework of Rastall gravity, which is an extension of the standard ΛCDM model. Utilizing a linear parametrization of the Equation of State (EoS) in a Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) background, we constrain the model parameters through analysis of cosmic chronometers (CC), Pantheon, Gold, Gamma Ray Burst (GRB), and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) datasets, as well as their joint analysis, under 1σ and 2σ confidence levels, considering the Rastall parameter λ. The constrained parameters are then used to compare our model with the standard ΛCDM model. Our findings include a detailed examination of the model’s physical interpretations and demonstrate the potential for an accelerating universe expansion in later times, aligning with the observed behavior of dark energy.

Automatic calculation of the parasympathetic, sympathetic and Baevsky stress indexes provides a more comprehensive assessment of cardiac autonomic modulation

Abstract Background Cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) is clinically evaluated by measuring the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) parameters, related to sympathetic and parasympathetic efferences to the heart, with linear (L), nonlinear (NL), and time-varying (TV) mathematical methods. Recently, automatic calculation of the parasympathetic (PNSi), sympathetic (SNSi), and Baevsky’s stress (BSTRi) indexes [1,2], integrating some L and NL parameters, has become available for more synthetic assessment of CAM. This study aimed to evaluate in healthy subjects (HS) the normal range of PNSi, SNSi, and BSTRi and their physiological variations during daily activity (ACT) and Non-REM sleep (NREM), taking also into account aging-related changes. Methods 24-hour (H24) Holter ECG recordings of 87 HS, divided into three (Age1, Age2 and Age3) groups (16-34, 35-52, and 53-84 years old, respectively), were retrospectively analyzed with the Kubios software (version 4.0), which automatically calculates the PNSi, SNSi, and BSTRi [1], and time domain (TD), frequency domain (FD), NL and TV HRV parameters. HRV was calculated from H24 and short-term (2 minutes) intervals, selected during ACT and NREM. All HRV calculations were done after "detrending" with the "smooth priors" function (lambda=500). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 21. Results Average values of the three indexes and several independent L and NL parameters are summarized in Table 1. Average BSTRi values of each age group were not different between ACT and NREM, whereas significant (p<0.05) increments between Age3 and Age1 (during ACT) and between Age3 and both Age1 and 2 (during NREM and H24) were found. Average SNSi values were slightly above the normality range [1] during ACT, or normal (during NREM and H24). Average PNSi values were within the suggested normality range [1] with minimal aging-related variations. Significant aging-related decrement of the selected TD and FD parameters was found in all analysed conditions. Among NL parameters, the correlation dimension (D2) values showed significant aging-related decrement (H24 and NREM), while H24 and ACT sample entropy (SampEn) was lower in Age1 and Age2, compared with Age3 (p<0.05). An example (H24 analysis of Age3 data) of significant (p<0.01) correlation among the three indexes and the selected independent linear and non-linear parameters is shown in Figure 1. Conclusions In this study, a significant aging-related increment of BSTRi was found in all investigated conditions. PNSi and SNSi were always within the suggested normality range [1]. In spite of the significant changes of linear parameters consistent with the well-known aging-related decrement of HRV, the higher SampEn (and BSTRi) found in Age3 HS suggests that an "healthy elderly", is characterized by a more complex adaptation of CAM, likely mediated also by the observed moderate (healthy?) increment of physiological stress. However further investigation on a broader population is warranted.Table 1Figure 1

The impact of proton ion irradiation on Se70Te20In10 thin films: Linear and non-linear optical properties for photonic applications

The examination of the linear and non-linear optical features was conducted on amorphous ternary Se70Te20 In10 thin films, which were exposed to proton irradiation energy of 3 MeV at varying fluences of 5×1013, 5×1014, 5×1015 and 5×1016 ions/cm2. The bulk sample was produced using the melt quenching method, and subsequently, thin films were obtained through electron beam evaporation. Calculations of linear and non-linear optical parameters were carried out based on transmittance and reflectance data acquired from UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy spanning 300–2500 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed an amorphous phase in the films. The optical parameters showed strong dependency on the proton radiation fluence. In addition, the existence of minima or maxima for a number of parameters at a fluence of 5×1014 ions/cm2 showed that this was the optimum fluence. The linear and non-linear properties showed that the sample have potential applications in photonic devices.

Sliding Mode Fault-Tolerant Control for Nonlinear LPV Systems with Variable Time-Delay

This paper presents a robust sliding mode fault-tolerant control (FTC) strategy for a class of linear parameter variant (LPV) systems with variable time-delays and uncertainties. First fault estimation (FE) is conducted using a robust sliding mode observer, synthesized to simultaneously estimate the states and actuator faults of LPV polytopic delayed systems. Second, a sliding mode FTC is developed, ensuring all states of the closed-loop system converge to the origin. This paper presents an integrated sliding mode FTC strategy to achieve optimal robustness between the observer and controller models. The integrated design approach offers several advantages over traditional separated FTC methods. Our novel approach is based on incorporating adaptive law into the design of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional to improve both robustness and performance. This is achieved by combining the concept of sliding mode control (SMC) with the Lyapunov–Krasovskii function under the H∞ criteria, which plays a key role in guaranteeing the stability of this class of system. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through a diesel engine example, which highlights the validity and benefits of the integrated and separated FTC strategy for uncertain nonlinear systems with time delays and the sliding mode control.

Development and Validation of a Method for Detecting and Quantifying Mitragynine in Kratom Samples Using HPLC-PDA

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth) has been identified as a New Psychoactive Substance (NPS) by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and included in the list of prohibited ingredients in food supplements and traditional medicine by Indonesian FDA. Therefore, a rapid, easy, and reliable analytical method is necessary to detect and quantify this plant and its products. This study developed a method for the detection and quantification of kratom products based on a unique compound, mitragynine, as a biomarker. A previous survey of determining mitragynine in Kratom using GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, UPLC, and HPLC-PDA. Previously, the HPLC-PDA method used a C8 column. Yet, for efficiency, it is also necessary to develop a test method using a C18 column. Analysis was performed using an HPLC - PDA system with Waters Atlantis T3-C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column. The mobile phase comprises acetonitrile and formic acid 0.05%, pH 5.0 (75:25 v/v), delivered at a 1.0 mL/min flow rate. Detection was carried out at a wavelength of 225 nm. The analytical method was validated with test parameters of selectivity, system suitability, accuracy, precision, linearity, detection limit, and quantification limit. The validation study demonstrated an excellent linear concentration range of 1.96 - 6.01 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996; the detection limit is 0.14 µg/mL, while the limit of quantification is 0.45 µg/mL—accuracy method of 98.88 - 101.44% and a bias of 0.27%. The percent relative standard deviation for six independent assay determinations was 0.67%, and the intermediate precision was 1.56% on two days. The mitragynine amounts in these materials ranged from 6.01 to 6.31 mg/g of dried leaf material. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the method developed provides quick, simple, reliable, accurate, and valid, and has an advantage over existing methods in terms of simplicity of sample preparation, short analysis time, and cost-effectiveness compared to GCMS and LCMS/MS and can be applied for future analysis in Kratom samples.

Heart rate variability and insomnia in depressed patients with breast cancer

ObjectivesDepression is associated with unhealthy autonomic regulation. However, whether patients with breast cancer (BC) with different degrees of depression can be identified from linear and non-linear dynamics in the autonomic...

Hybrid star model with Tolman–Buchdahl metric potentials in non-conservative theory of gravity

In this study, we propose a streamlined approach to analyze the characteristics of compact stars with a unique equation of state resulting from the hybridization of dark matter and baryonic matter within the framework of Rastall gravity. The impact of dark energy on the star’s interior is investigated by introducing a linear coupling parameter β (called the Rastall parameter). The interior space–time model is developed using metric potentials eν=A+Br2 and eλ(r)=a(1+br2)a−br2 for temporal and spatial coordinates, respectively. The parameter b is set to 0.005 km−2 for the specific stellar candidate PSRJ1614-2230. Physical features derived from the exact solutions of the Einstein field equations are analyzed by considering various choices of the Rastall parameter. The results indicate that the proposed model satisfies the necessary conditions for a stable and physically plausible stellar structure.

Does Hand-Predominance Have a Predominant Influence on Craniofacial Asymmetric and Anthropometric Analysis in Preadolescences?

Background: Although the human body generally exhibits bilateral symmetry, achieving perfect symmetry is exceedingly uncommon. During preadolescent development, a face that approximates symmetry is considered both aesthetically and functionally ideal. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between craniofacial traits and hand predominance, using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry to discern whether facial soft-tissue characteristics are correlated with hand preference. Materials and Methods: The study involved children aged 9 and 10 years who were free from any diagnosed craniofacial anomalies. Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry was conducted to analyze their facial morphology, and 37 distinct anatomical landmarks were manually identified using a MATLAB-developed program. Results: A total of 188 Taiwanese children participated in the study. All participants were healthy, with a mean age of 9.79 years. Among them, 93.1% (175) were right-hand predominant, and 6.9% (13) were left-hand predominant. There were no significant differences in linear parameters or facial asymmetry between right-hand-predominant and left-hand-predominant participants (p > 0.05). However, a consistent trend toward right laterality, especially in the right lateral frontal region of the cranium, was observed, as illustrated by heat maps of the average three-dimensional model. Conclusions: The study found no association between facial morphology and hand predominance. A normal asymmetry with a rightward tendency was noted in children aged 9 to 10 years, which was particularly notable in the lateral frontal region of the head.

Performance Optimization with LPV Synthesis for Disturbance Attenuation in Planar Motors

Optimizing the performance of motion control systems with variations in nonlinear parameters is not an easy task. To accomplish this task, it is important to design the controller using the linear system approach. In this study, a linear parameter varying (LPV) control method is proposed in which nonlinearities are treated as parameter variations for planar motors. The proposed control method consists of the force and torque modulation with the commutation scheme and the nonlinear current controller with H∞ state feedback control in the form of LPV synthesis to improve the position-tracking performance. An interpolated gain-scheduling controller based on LPV synthesis is determined by applying H∞ control to a linear matrix inequality technique. An interpolated gain-scheduling controller can attenuate disturbance without disturbance estimation. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is evaluated using simulation results and compared with the conventional proportional–integral–derivative control to verify both improved position-tracking performance and disturbance attenuation.

Production and Evaluation of Frozen Semen of Sahiwal Bull Using Two Different Diluters and Protocols

The experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of diluters and freezing protocols on frozen semen production of Sahiwal breeding bulls. Imported 100% Sahiwal breeding bulls were then reared in the American dairy limited (ADL). Semen samples are processed and frozen once a week in the ADL. Spermatozoa with various motility patterns were collected; these included post-thawing, progressive, fast, slow, circular, and local. Computer Assisted Semen Analyzer (CASA) was used to measure the straight-line velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL) and linearity (LIN) parameters. Two diluters (tris egg-yolk and tris egg-yolk aqua) and freezing protocols (slow freezing and fast freezing) were used for frozen semen production of these bulls. The significantly highest (P<0.05) number of post-thawing total, progressive and progressive fast motility (78.42±1.88, 73.50±1.90 and 59.68±2.10%), VCL (115.31±3.82µm/s) and lowest slow, circular and local motility (13.44±1.40, 0.57±0.08 and 4.92±0.41%), LIN (0.39±0.01%) was found in diluter 1 and freezing protocol 2. On the other hand, highest number of circular motility (0.77±0.18%) and VSL (44.83±1.17µm/s) was found in diluter 1 and freezing protocol 1 whereas highest number of slow and local motility (18.84±1.23 and 7.46±0.57%) and LIN (0.61±0.20%) and lowest progressive fast motility (48.73±2.28%), VCL (98.90±3.42µm/s), VSL (39.76±1.33µm/s) was found in diluter 2 freezing protocol 2 and also lowest post-thawing and progressive motility (73.44±1.94 and 66.51±2.02%) was observed in diluter 2 freezing protocol 1. The study reveals that diluter 1(one step egg yolk based) and freezing protocol 1 (5 steps) and 2 (2 steps) seems to be an efficient method for frozen semen production.