Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Research Articles

Old and new equations for maximal and anaerobic threshold heart rate prediction in coronary heart disease in Chinese population

BackgroundThe prediction of maximal heart rate (MHR) and anaerobic threshold heart rate (HRAT) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), particularly among the Chinese population, remains a significant challenge. Existing equations for MHR prediction are primarily designed for healthy individuals not on medication for optimized β-blocker (BB) therapy, showing limited efficacy for individuals on various drug regimens. Moreover, the prediction of HRAT lacks established formulas. This study aims to develop equations for MHR and HRAT, assess the accuracy of historical MHR formulas, and examine their correlation with HR measurements at the anaerobic threshold (AT).MethodsAmong 2021 to 2023, 170 CHD patients were recruited. Patients were categorized into groups based on BB usage. BB dose was transformed into carvedilol dose. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis was employed to identify predictors of MHR and HRAT, incorporating key patient variables according to prior studies (age, sex, height, weight, carvedilol dose, HRrest). The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) were calculated and compared among abovementioned MHR and HRAT prediction formulas. Besides, the percentages of MHR in predicting HRAT among different formulas were calculated.ResultsFor the patients with BB medication, the simplified equations derived for MHR and HRAT were 176 − 1.2*age + 0.7*HRrest − 0.4*weight and 98 − 0.6*age + 0.7*HRrest − 0.3*weight, respectively. For those without BB medication, the derived equations for MHR and HRAT were 200 − 1.1*age and 91 − 0.5*age + 0.5*HRrest, respectively. There are significant differences between the results predicted by the new formula and the prior formulas. The new formulas are helpful for predicting the MHR of patients during exercise more accurately and guiding exercise training more scientifically.ConclusionsThe new equations for estimating MHR and HRAT in CHD patients enhance the accuracy of prior formulas. Given the BB impact on sympathetic nerve activity, the predictive formulas for MHR and HRAT were significantly improved.

Preoperative multifidus and psoas major muscle quality and patient-reported outcomes after anterolateral lumbar interbody fusion: predictors for preoperative disability and back pain improvement

To investigate associations between preoperative lumbar multifidus muscle (LMM) and psoas major muscle (PMM) qualities and pre- and postoperative patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after anterolateral lumbar interbody fusion (A-LLIF). A retrospective review was conducted of patients with A-LLIF between L1 and S1 during 2017-2022 at a single institution who had at least approximately1 year of follow-up and preoperative MRI available. Preoperative MRI was analyzed using 2 image analysis platforms (AMBRA and ImageJ). Parameters studied included cross-sectional area (CSA) and fat infiltration (FI) indices. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to study relationships between muscle quality and pre- and postoperative PROs. Subanalyses were performed for LMM CSA percentiles and stratification of previous surgery. One hundred patients met the inclusion criteria (mean [SD] age, 65.3 [11.0] years; 57% women, 43% men) during a mean (SD) follow-up period of 1.29 (0.20) years. In total, 207 surgical levels were analyzed. Smaller LMM CSA was significantly associated with greater preoperative disability and preoperative back pain (p<0.04 [ImageJ]). There were no statistically significant confounding factors. Patients with greater LMM CSA and previous lumbar procedures (n=42) had more improvement in visual analog scale for lower back pain delta scores (p=0.02 [ImageJ]; p=0.04 [AMBRA]). Neither LMM FI indices nor PMM morphology influenced PROs. Significant associations were found between LMM CSA and preoperative disability and back pain. Compared to A-LLIF patients with larger LMM (CSA > 12 cm2), those with LMM CSA <5 cm2 had significantly greater preoperative disability and back pain.

Personality traits predict the need for cognitive closure in advanced undergraduate medical students

BackgroundUncertainty in medical decision-making is a significant challenge influenced by various patient- and physician-related factors. They include physicians’ clinical reasoning skills and their tolerance for uncertainty. Medical students are trained in clinical reasoning and have to learn to manage uncertainty. This study investigates the influence of personality traits on the need for cognitive closure (NCC) among final-year undergraduate medical students participating in a simulation of a first day of residency.MethodsThe study included 373 students who participated in a simulation of a first day of residency between March 2022 and November 2023. The simulation included a consultation, a management, and a patient handoff phase, followed by self-assessments of confidence in clinical reasoning. We used the 16-Need for Cognitive Closure Scale (16-NCCS) and the HEXACO Personality Inventory - Revised (HEXACO-PI-R) to assess NCC and personality traits. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the impact of personality traits and gender differences on the NCC.ResultsOpenness, Extraversion, and Honesty-Humility negatively predicted NCC, suggesting these dimensions favor a more explorative and less hurried approach to medical decision-making. Conscientiousness and Emotionality positively predicted NCC, indicating a preference for structured and decisive processes among medical students with high scores on these dimensions. Notably, gender emerged as a significant moderator, particularly influencing the relationship between Emotionality and NCC, with female students showing a higher tendency towards seeking closure when Emotionality was high.ConclusionThe personality dimensions Openness, Extraversion, and Honesty-Humility are negatively predictive of medical students’ tendency towards cognitive closure. Learning to reflect on these interrelations is critical for medical students, as inappropriate responses to uncertainty can lead to poor medical decisions. Integrating self-reflective exercises into the curriculum could support students to recognize how their personality influences their response to uncertainty in medical practice.

The effect of alexithymia on self-perceived aging among community-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions: the mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies

ObjectivesThis study investigated the mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between alexithymia and self-perceived aging among older adults.MethodsWe surveyed 478 Chinese community-dwelling older adults from November 2022 to May 2023. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and Brief Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (B-APQ) were used. Correlation analyses, multiple linear regression analysis, and structural equation modeling were performed.ResultsThe average age of participants was 71.52 ± 7.80 years, and the number of chronic diseases was distributed as follows: 270 (56.49%) had 2 disease conditions, 156 (32.64%) had 3 disease conditions, and 52 (10.88%) had 4 disease conditions or more. Scores for alexithymia 57.83 ± 10.19; maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies 49.63 ± 10.65; and self-perceived aging 58.74 ± 10.23. Alexithymia and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies were positively correlated with negative self-perceived aging (r=0.665 and r=0.673, respectively), explaining 51.8% of the variance in self-perceived aging. Structural equation modeling results showed that alexithymia had a direct effect (of 0.368) on self-perceived aging, accounting for 44.1% of the total effect. Maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies partially mediated the relationship, with a mediation effect of 0.386, accounting for 51.8% of the total effect.ConclusionThese findings suggest that addressing maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies can help reduce negative self-perceived aging in elderly individuals with multiple chronic conditions, particularly among those with alexithymia.

Correlation of Eight (8) Polymorphisms and Their Genotypes with the Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in a Black Elderly Population

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study correlated eight SNPs with the risk factors of CVD in a black elderly population. Genotyping was used to detect eight polymorphisms; rs675 (ApoA-IV), rs699 (Angiotensinogen (AGT)), rs247616 and rs1968905 (Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)), rs1801278 (Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1)), rs1805087 (Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)) and rs28362286 and rs67608943 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)), as well as their genotypes in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from peripheral blood. The cardiovascular risk (CVR) measurements were conducted on a Konelab 20i Thermo Scientific autoanalyzer and an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) assay. International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)® Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ® (SPSS) version 28 was used for statistical analysis. The heterozygous and homozygous genotypes of the eight polymorphisms were detected with the corresponding CVD risk factors. Subgroup analysis indicated that certain genotype carriers exhibited variations in their concentrations of CVR factors compared to others; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance. For example, carriers of the G genotype of the rs699 polymorphism showed marginally different blood pressure readings compared to the AG genotype carriers. The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the only significant association was between PCSK9 and the rs28362286 (p = 0.029) polymorphism. The findings of our study show that single nucleotide polymorphisms are disseminated across the human genome. The heterozygous and homozygous genotypes of the SNPs require further investigation as they may have independent and possible collective roles in increasing the risk of CVDs.

Problem-based learning is helpful in encouraging academic institutions to strive for excellence: perceptions of Sudanese physiologists as an illustration

BackgroundProblem-based learning (PBL) is a well-known teaching method which promotes self-directed learning (SDL) in many medical programs worldwide. This study aimed to examine the perceptions of Sudanese physiologists on applying PBL in teaching their physiology courses or sessions.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted with 82 physiologists (70% of the total Sudanese physiologists). The data were collected using questionnaires that included questions about attitudes towards, effectiveness of, and barriers to PBL implementation. The internal reliability of the questionnaire (over 0.7) was good, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha. The Mann‒Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, multiple linear regression and correlation (Spearman) analysis were performed to assess various factors associated with physiologists’ perceptions of the research domains.ResultsPhysiologists generally had a positive attitude (overall score percentage of 76.9 ± 23.97%) towards PBL compared to other teaching methods and had good perceptions of the effects of PBL (overall score percentage of 77.1 ± 25.13%) on the student learning process. Furthermore, physiologists had a notable knowledge gap about common challenges affecting PBL application (overall score percentage was 56.93 ± 19.43%) at their relevant institutes. Physiologists’ perceptions of common factors affecting PBL application were significantly related to participants currently working inside or outside Sudan (p value = 0.010) and applying PBL at their relevant institutes (p value = 0.008). In addition, the attitude score was significantly associated with the current workplace (governmental/private) classification (B= -14.083, p = 0.031). Additionally, attitude toward PBL had a significant positive correlation with age (r = 0.233, p = 0.005) and the perception score of PBL’s effects on students’ learning processes (r = 0.788, p < 0.001).ConclusionIn general, physiologists have good attitudes towards and perceptions of PBL’s effectiveness, although they are unaware of the main challenges that PBL faces. The findings of this study can help the Federal Ministry of Higher Education make informed decisions about how to improve teaching methodology by implementing such novel approaches.

Nonlinear association between platelet to albumin ratio and disease activity in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

The relationship between the platelet to albumin ratio (PAR) and the disease activity of early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) remains to be elucidated. This cross-sectional study included 372 patients with ERA who were hospitalized at Xingtai People’s Hospital between January 2022 and January 2024. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to assess the correlation of PAR with Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) using erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and then generalized additive models were used to explore their relationship. After accounting for confounding variables, a positive correlation was observed between the PAR and DAS28-ESR and DAS28-CRP in ERA patients (β (95% CI): 0.20 (0.08, 0.32) and 0.20 (0.08, 0.33), respectively), and the general trends were consistent from the lowest tertile group (T1) to the highest tertile group (T3). Furthermore, a nonlinear relationship was identified between PAR and both DAS28-ESR and DAS28-CRP. Threshold effect analysis indicated that a value of 13.73 was a significant inflection point. In brief, PAR has a threshold effect on the disease activity of ERA. Increased PAR levels were independently positive associated with DAS28-ESR and DAS28-CRP among ERA patients with PAR < 13.73.

Dietary Calcium Intake and Association with Serum Calcium in Healthy Urban North Indian Adults: The Calcium-Chandigarh Urban Bone Epidemiological Study

Abstract Introduction: Data on dietary calcium intake (DCI) from healthy North Indian adults are limited. Hence, the present study aims to assess DCI in healthy community-dwelling adults residing in an affluent North Indian city and correlate with serum biochemical parameters. Methods: Healthy men and women were recruited from the community by door-to-door surveys. Serum total calcium, phosphate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and iPTH were estimated. DCI was assessed by recalling the diet consumed in the previous 7 days. Results: A total of 291 participants were included (mean age = 39.4 ± 12.9 years). The mean (± standard deviation) and median (inter-quartile range) DCI were 392.6 ± 169.1 mg/day and 391 (274-518) mg/day, respectively. DCI was higher in men compared with women. Only 21.3% of participants had DCI more than RDA (600 mg/day). Serum calcium was found to be significantly higher across each quartile of DCI. On multiple linear regression analysis, DCI emerged as an independent positive predictor of serum total calcium. Conclusion: DCI is low in urban Indians. Promotion of consumption of dairy products and fortification of commonly consumed foods with calcium is needed.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Profiles of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from an Italian Multicentre Cohort

Objective: The effect of sex and gender-related variables on the evaluation of cardiovascular (CV) risk in rheumatoid arthritis patients has been poorly explored. We investigated the differences in CV risk features and scores according to sex in a wide rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cohort. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of a consecutive RA cohort. Disease-specific clinical and serologic variables, traditional CV risk factors and the 10-year CV risk calculated by the SCORE-2, Progetto CUORE and Expanded Risk Score-RA algorithms were compared in males and females. Results: A total of 820 patients (193 men, 627 women) were included. Disease activity was similar between the two sexes. A significantly higher prevalence of traditional CV risk factors and higher mean CV risk scores were detected in male compared to female patients. In the multiple linear regression analysis, a higher HAQ, csDMARD use and ACPA positivity were significantly associated with an increased CV risk in females, while b/tsDMARDs was associated with a lower CV risk in males according to different algorithms. Conclusions: The distribution of traditional CV risk factors and the 10-year risk of CV disease significantly differed in female and male patients despite similar disease activity. Disease-specific variables may contribute differently to CV risk according to sex. The CV screening in RA should also take into account the different distribution of CV risk factors between sexes.

Trends and Factors Related to Quality of Life in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ) score is strongly correlated with HRQoL in IBD patients. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing HRQoL in IBD patients. In this prospective study, all patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) completed the SIBDQ at enrollment; some patients also completed a second SIBDQ at follow-up. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine associations between SIBDQ scores and clinical factors. A total of 1,020 patients participated (UC, 67%; CD, 33%). The median SIBDQ score was 52 (interquartile range, 44 to 59). In UC patients, the stool frequency (β=-2.333, p<0.001), Physician Global Assessment score (β=-3.950, p<0.001), fecal calprotectin level (β=-4.014, p<0.001), and corticosteroid use (β=-4.809, p=0.006) were negatively correlated with the SIBDQ score. In CD patients, the number of diarrhea episodes per day (β=-1.467, p=0.024) and Crohn's Disease Activity Index score (β=-0.045, p<0.001) were negatively correlated with the SIBDQ score. A total of 202 patients completed the second SIBDQ within a mean of 3.4 years. The distributions of SIBDQ score changes were as follows: decrease >10%, 28%; -10%<change<10%, 29%; and increase >10%, 43%. In both the initial SIBDQ and follow-up SIBDQ, scores for items pertaining to systemic symptoms (tension and fatigue) were relatively low. Bowel movement-related problems significantly affect the HRQoL of both UC and CD patients. IBD patients scored lower on SIBDQ items related to general well-being. After 3 years of follow-up at the IBD clinic, 43% of patients showed a significant improvement in HRQoL.

Social Media Marketing Strategies for Electronic Cigarettes: Content Analysis of Chinese Weibo Accounts.

E-cigarettes have gained popularity among teenagers due to extensive marketing strategies on social media platforms. This widespread promotion is a risk factor, as it fosters more positive attitudes toward e-cigarette use among teenagers and increases the perception that using e-cigarettes is normal. Therefore, the marketing of e-cigarettes on social media is a serious global health concern, and its strategies and impact should be clearly identified. This study examined how e-cigarette companies popularize their products via Weibo and identified the specific strategies influencing the effectiveness of their marketing. In phase 1, we conducted a search on Qcc.com and identified 32 e-cigarette brands with active Weibo accounts between October 1 and December 31, 2020, along with 863 Weibo posts. The data were investigated through content analysis. The codebook was developed into four categories: (1) product and features, (2) sales and promotions, (3) social contact and interaction, and (4) restrictions and warnings. To further understand the factors influencing e-cigarette brand marketing, we conducted a multiple linear regression analysis. Marketing tactics by e-cigarette companies on Chinese social media were documented, including emphasizing attractive product features, using trendy characters, implicit promotions, downplaying health concerns, and engaging with Weibo users in various ways. Out of 863 posts, 449 (52%) mentioned product characteristics. In 313 (36.3%) posts, visible figures were used to attract attention. Product promotion was absent in 762 (88.3%) posts, and purchase channels were not mentioned in 790 (98.3%) posts. Social interaction-related posts received attention (n=548, 63.5%), particularly those featuring hashtag content (n=538, 62.3%). Most posts did not include claims for restrictions on teenagers' purchases or use (n=687, 79.6%) or information on health warnings (n=839, 97.2%). Multiple linear regression analysis identified marketing strategies that effectively increase the exposure of e-cigarette posts on Weibo. Posts including engagement via posts encouraging reposts, comments, and likes (P<.001) and engagement topics related to e-cigarette brands were positively correlated with the number of reposts (P=.009). Posts highlighting nonmonetary incentives (P=.004), posts with age restriction statements (P<.001), engaging via stories and idea collection (P<.001), and engagement topics related to products (P<.001) and current affairs (P=.002) had a positive effect on the number of comments. Engagement topics related to brands (P<.001) or interactive sweepstakes (P<.001) had a positive effect on the number of likes. E-cigarette posts on Weibo that focus on product features and social interaction attract public attention, especially from teenagers. Stricter regulations and monitoring should be adopted to restrict the social media marketing of e-cigarettes.

Stored Energy and Recovery: A Key Factor in Post-stroke Sarcopenia Management.

This study aimed to determine the effects of Stored Energy on changes in body weight (BW) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in patients with post-acute stroke and sarcopenia. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients with stroke and sarcopenia consecutively admitted to a Japanese rehabilitation hospital between 2015 and 2022. Sarcopenia was diagnosed based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in 2019 criteria. Total Stored Energy (kcal) was defined as total energy intake minus total energy requirements during hospitalization, and energy requirements were estimated as actual BW (kg) × 30 (kcal/day). Multiple regression analysis was used to adjust for the effects of confounders and to analyze the association between Total Stored Energy divided by length of hospital stay (= Stored Energy) and changes in BW and SMM during hospitalization. Of the total 556 patients, 193 patients (mean age, 80 years; 43% male) were analyzed. The median (IQR) Total Stored Energy was -1544 (-18524, 16566) kcal and Stored Energy was -23 (-169, 165) kcal/day; 90 patients had Stored Energy > 0. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that Stored Energy was independently and positively associated with BW gain (β=0.412, P<0.001) and SMM gain (β=0.263, P<0.001). Stored Energy has a positive impact on BW and SMM in patients with post-acute stroke and sarcopenia.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Pendapatan Petani Mangga (Mangifera indica L.) di Desa Sumberjaya Kecamatan Tempuran Kabupaten Karawang

Mango is one type of fruit that has high economic value and is popular in many countries, including Indonesia. According to data from BPS Karawang Regency, Tempuran District is one of the largest mango producers in Karawang Regency. The decline in mango fruit production in Tempuran Subdistrict is one of the problems in mango fruit cultivation which causes a lack of net income received by mango farmers. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of land area, total production, selling price, labor, production costs, plant age and number of plants simultaneously and partially on the income of mango farmers. This research was conducted in Sumberjaya Village, Tempuran District, Karawang Regency. The research method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The research data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data used was obtained from interviews using a questionnaire. Secondary data used was obtained from books, journals, previous research reports and data from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Karawang Regency and related agencies. The sample was determined using the proportionate stratified random sampling method. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 22. The results showed that the variables of land, amount of production, selling price, labor, production costs, plant age and number of plants had a significant influence simultaneously on the income of mango farmers. The variables of land, amount of production, and selling price partially have a significant positive effect. The variables of labor and production costs partially have a significant negative effect. The variables of plant age and number of plants partially do not have a significant influence on the income of mango farmers.

Association between Time with Open Ductus Arteriosus and Outcomes in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Introduction: While a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) helps offload the right ventricle in the acute congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)-associated pulmonary hypertension, its role on long-term outcomes in CDH has not been investigated. Our objective was to examine associations of the PDA with long-term clinical outcomes in CDH. Methods: A single-center retrospective descriptive study of 122 CDH patients dichotomized by duration with PDA, as ≤14 versus >14 postnatal days (PND) and ≤30 versus >30 PND. Fisher’s exact test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were used for analyses. Results: In unadjusted and adjusted for CDH severity comparisons, patients with PDA >14 PND and >30 PND had a higher risk of death, longer length of stay, mechanical ventilation duration, and need for tracheostomy, diuretics, and PH medications at discharge. Conclusion: A PDA beyond the newborn period is associated with adverse outcomes in infants with CDH.

Effectiveness of AR-Based Formative Peer Assessment on Chinese Writing Performance of Students with Different Cognitive Styles

The ability to communicate effectively in writing and produce clear and cohesive text is a necessary skill in both educational settings and the workplace, yet many young students struggle to organize their thoughts and engage in deep thinking. To address these challenges, an augmented reality (AR) application titled “Explore Wild Animals” has been used to help students organize information; however, it may not accommodate different cognitive styles. Integrating formative peer assessment (FPA) strategy into AR-based instruction can enhance knowledge construction and address diverse cognitive needs. This study, conducted from May to June 2023, empirically investigates the effects of FPA in an AR environment on the writing performance of learners with field-independent (FI) and field-dependent (FD) cognitive styles. A total of 89 fifth-grade pupils from China were randomly assigned to two groups: one group adopting FPA in an AR environment (AR-FPA), and the other group adopting FPA in a conventional PowerPoint (PPT) version 2410 environment (FPA). The results of a two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicate that the AR-FPA group outperformed the FPA group in writing performance. Specifically, FI learners benefitted more from the AR-FPA approach, while FD learners performed better with the FPA approach. However, multiple linear regression analysis reveals that the peer feedback quality and features showed little to no significant correlation with feedback providers’ writing performance, regardless of cognitive style. These results highlight the effectiveness of integrating AR and FPA in enhancing educational outcomes, providing practical insights for promoting the sustainability of technology-enhanced learning and teaching practices.

Key Factors Influencing Leadership Effectiveness in Diverse Workplaces in Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China

he cultural and economic landscape of Fuzhou City in Fujian Province, China, is rich and diverse. Management effectiveness and emotional intelligence in diverse workplaces in Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China, have been the subject of related research. The significance of emotional intelligence in fostering a productive workplace is a hot topic, as it allows individuals to recognize, understand, and manage their own emotions and those of others (Kargeti, 2023). Additionally, leadership effectiveness is influenced by emotional intelligence dimensions such as self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills (Tian, 2022). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the factors influencing Leadership Effectiveness based on 5 aspects: Demographic Factors, Emotional Intelligence, Cultural Diversity in Organization, Communication Strategies, and Leadership Styles. The quantitative method is applied. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percent frequency, the arithmetic mean, and the standard deviation are used to analyze the data collected from questionnaires. Suitable Inferential Statistical Methods are used to test the hypothesis, particularly the Independent Samples t-test, the One-way ANOVA, and the Multiple linear Regression Analysis. The results obtained from the study indicate that differences in Marital Status, Age, Educational Level, Monthly Income, and Working Experiences generate differences in Leadership Effectiveness. Based on the Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, all aspects of Emotional Intelligence (Self-awareness, Self-regulation, Motivation, Empathy, and Social Skills), Cultural Diversity in Organization (Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging), Communication Strategies (Awareness and Understanding, Communication Quality, Accessibility, and Employee Engagement), and Leadership Styles (Decision-making Leadership Styles, Everyday Leadership Styles, Beyond Everyday-work Leadership Styles, Values-based Leadership Styles) are found out to have a positive impact on Leadership Effectiveness.

PENGARUH UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, PROFITABILITAS, DAN LEVERAGE TERHADAP TARIF PAJAK EFEKTIF (Studi Kasus pada Sektor Energi yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2019-2022)

Taxes are one of the biggest contributions for the country. Therefore, the government tries to maximize tax revenue to finance the country's development needs. However, this is contrary to the company's objectives, which want the company's effective tax rate to decrease further away from the statutory tax rate. This research aims to know the effect of firm size, profitability, and leverage on effective tax rate. The sample selection used a purposive sampling technique and obtained 52 samples. Data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis with the IBM SPSS version 26 program. The research results show that firm size has a positive effect on the effective tax rate, profitability and leverage have a negative effect on the effective tax rate. Simultaneously company size, profitability and leverage influence the effective tax rate.

Pengaruh Realisasi Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor, Bea Balik Nama Kendaraan Bermotor, Dan Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Bandar Lampung Tahun 2020-2023

This study aims to determine the effect of the Realization of Motor Vehicle Tax (PKB), Motor Vehicle Name Return Duty (BBNKB), and Regional Levy on Regional Original Revenue (PAD) of Bandar Lampung City. The independent variable contains PKB, BBNKB, and Regional Levy while the bound variable is PAD. This study uses a Quantitative Method by processing data. The sample in this study is the number of PKB, BBNKB and Regional Levy receipts from 2020 - 2023 (monthly data) as many as 48 samples. The analysis in this study is multiple linear regression analysis, classical assumption test, and hypothesis test with a significance level of 5%. From the results of the research that has been carried out, it shows that PKB, BBNKB and Regional Levy together (Simultaneous) have a significant effect of 86.4% while the remaining 23.6% are affected by other variables outside this study.

The relationship between leisure activity participation and cognitive function among older Chinese adults: the differences across gender and age

As population aging increased globally, this study aimed to examine the relationship between leisure activity participation and cognitive function in the older Chinese population and the gender and age differences in this relationship. A total of 12526 individuals aged 60 years and older from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey were obtained for this study. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the relationship. This study found productive, physical, intellectual, recreational and social activities were associated with cognitive function. Males enjoyed extra benefits from recreational activities compared with females. Females enjoyed extra benefits from productive activities and social activities compared with males. Older age enjoyed extra benefits from productive activities, physical activities, intellectual activities, recreational activities, social activities in comparison with younger age. Thus, Chinese older adults need to make efforts to increase the time and variety of leisure activities, especially for the oldest old. Compared with other types of leisure activities, it’s more important for old men to participate in recreational activities, and for old women to participate in productive activities and social activities.

Effect of neuromuscular control on the shoulder function of patients with healed rotator cuff and those with retear after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

To compare functional outcomes such as muscle strength, neuromuscular control and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) between patients with healed rotator cuffs and those with retears after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR). One hundred and nine patients who underwent arthroscopic RCR were included (85 in the healed group, 24 in the retear group). Shoulder muscle strength and neuromuscular control index (acceleration time [AT]) were evaluated using an isokinetic device. PROs were assessed using the pain visual analogue scale (VAS), Simple Shoulder Test (SST), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) scores. Continuous variables were compared using independent t tests. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the influence of the predictor variables on the dependent variable. The muscle strength and ATs for external rotators (ERs), internal rotators (IRs) and forward flexors as well as PROs including VAS, SST and ASES scores, were not significantly different between the two groups pre- and postoperatively (n.s.). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that postoperative ATs for the IRs (p = 0.006) and ERs (p = 0.028) in the operated shoulders were closely associated with the postoperative UCLA score. Compared with the healed group after arthroscopic RCR, the retear group had no clinically relevant differences in muscle strength, ATs and PROs, including VAS, SST, ASES and UCLA scores. However, postoperative ATs for IRs and ERs in the operated shoulders were a significant predictor of postoperative UCLA scores. Therefore, clinicians and therapists need to be aware of the importance of neuromuscular control in patients who have undergone arthroscopic RCR and prioritize therapeutic exercises to restore neuromuscular control. Level III.