Linear Function Of Time Research Articles

STATE AND TRAIT INFLUENCES OF REPETITIVE NEGATIVE THINKING ON WORKING MEMORY PERFORMANCE

Abstract Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) has been associated with faster cognitive decline and accumulation of Alzheimer’s disease pathology in otherwise healthy older adults. According to the cognitive debt hypothesis, RNT functions as a psychological mechanism that depletes cognitive resources and increases vulnerability for dementia. The aim of this project was to examine trait and state RNT influences on working memory performance in daily life. Data for this project were drawn from the ESCAPE study, a systematic probability sample recruited from residents of the Bronx, NY. Participants (n = 265, aged 25-65, 64.9% female) completed brief ecological momentary assessments on a smartphone five times per day for 14 days, including ratings of current thought valence (pleasant-unpleasant) and a brief working memory task. Multi-level models were used to disaggregate trait (between-person) and state (within-person) effects of thought valence on working memory performance, while controlling for demographic and contextual covariates. The models also included linear and quadratic functions of time and session number to account for time of day and retest effects on working memory performance across the assessment period. At moments when individuals were experiencing more unpleasant thoughts than usual (state RNT), they made significantly more errors on the working memory assessment (β= 0.013, SE = 0.004, p = .002). However, there was no significant relationship between trait RNT and working memory performance. The results of this study provide support for the potential for RNT to deplete cognitive resources in the moment, thus contributing to poorer cognitive performance.

Utilization of viscoelatic models with non-linear springs and dashpots in delamination study of multilayered beams

This paper analyzes delamination of multilayered inhomogeneous beam structure by utilization a non-linear viscoelastic mechanical model. The non-linear time-dependent response is treated by a non-linear spring and a non-linear dashpot connected in series to a system of two linear springs and two linear dashpots. The model is under stress that is a linear function of time. The constitutive law of the model representing a non-linear dependence between stress, strain and time is derived. The main goal of the paper is to obtain a solution of the strain energy release rate for the delamination in the multilayered inhomogeneous beam by applying the non-linear viscoelastic model. Solutions are derived by using the complementary strain energy and by analyzing the balance of the energy with taking into account the non-linear viscoelastic behaviour. For this purpose, the constitutive law of the non-linear viscoelastic mechanical model is used. The solutions are applied to obtain results for multilayered beams with non-linear variation of material properties in longitudinal direction. The influence of different parameters on the time-dependent strain energy release rate is assessed. The study indicates the effectiveness of the viscoelastic mechanical models with non-linear springs and dashpots in time-dependent delamination analyses of multilayered inhomogeneous beam structures.

A mathematical model to investigate the interactive effects of important economic factors on the behaviors of retailers.

Cost management is a key step to the success of any logistics system and supply chain management. Inventory costs are an important part of logistics costs which are highly affected by economic factors such as demand growth rate (DGR), interest rate ( ), and inflation rate ( ). Analyzing the interactive effects of these economic factors plays a key role in preventing failures of logistics systems This study aims to develop a novel mathematical model and investigate the interactive effects of these factors on the behavior of retailers in Iran. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the sale price is defined as a function of time and inflation rate where the demand rate is built up with a linear function of time. Different scenarios and sub-scenarios are then taken into consideration based on different combinations of factors and assumptions. As the main findings of the study, it is revealed that if or , holding costs are much higher than buying costs, and retailers are reluctant to invest in inventories. Given that DGR is independent of the inflation rate, and also if or , then DGR fluctuations have no impact on the total cost. Hence, in this case, buying costs are much higher than holding costs, and retailers are eager to invest in inventories instead of bank deposits. Furthermore, it is concluded that decision-makers can use the interest rate as leverage to set the probability of shortages and hoardings. Finally, some useful future research directions are discussed based on the main limitations of the study.

On prediction of slope failure time with the inverse velocity method

ABSTRACT The inverse velocity (INV) method is widely used for predicting the slope failure time. When applying the INV method, the inverse velocity can be assumed to be a linear and non-linear function of time, respectively, which are called linear and non-linear INV methods in this paper, respectively. Very few guidance is available in the literatures on the use of the two types of INV methods. In this paper, the performances of the linear and non-linear INV methods are assessed using a landslide database with 55 case histories. It is found that, two types of pitfalls may be encountered when applying the non-linear INV method, i.e. the saddle point and the ill-conditioned Hessian matrix. For the landslides examined in this paper, the linear INV method is free from the two pitfalls. When these pitfalls are encountered, the failure time predicted based on the non-linear INV methods may be significantly different from the actual slope failure time. For the landslides examined in this paper, the linear INV method is not only more stable, but also more accurate than the non-linear INV method. It is suggested that the linear INV method should be preferred over the non-linear INV method in future applications.

On computational predictions of fluid flow and its effects on bone healing in dental implant treatments: an investigation of spatiotemporal fluid flow in cyclic loading.

Fluid flow in (porous) bone plays an important role in its maintenance, adaptation, and healing after an injury. Experimental and computational studies apply mechanical loading on bone to predict fluid flow development and/or to find its material properties. In most cases, mechanical loading is applied as a linear function in time. Multiple loading functions-with identical peak load and loading frequency-were used to investigate load-induced fluid flow and predict bone healing surrounding a dental implant. Implementing an instantaneous healing stimulus led to major differences in healing predictions for slightly different loading functions. Load-induced fluid flow was found to be displacement-rate dependent with complex spatial-temporal variations and not necessarily symmetrical during loading and unloading phases. Haversine loading resulted in more numerical stability compared to ramped/triangular loading, providing the opportunity for further investigation of the effects of various physiological masticatory loadings. It was concluded that using the average healing stimulus during cyclic loading gives the most robust bone healing predictions.

ECONOMIC VALUATION OF "BEEJAY BAKAU RESORT (BJBR)" MANGROVE FOREST TOURISM PROBOLINGGO AND IT IS IMPACT TO THE ENVIRONMENT TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Economic growth often occurs at the expense of the quality of natural resources and the environment because of the impact caused by economic activity. These impacts create external costs that the public and future generations must bear. Internalization of external costs must be enforced to prevent damage to natural resources and the environment (ex-ante strategy) or repair the damage that has occurred (ex-post strategy). Therefore, economic valuation is needed to provide important information regarding the value of ecosystems and the resulting economic benefits, especially for non-market environmental goods that have important policy implications and as an effort to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aimed to analyze and estimate the economic value and identify the ecological, social and economic impacts at BeeJay Bakau Resort Probolinggo. Types of descriptive research with data collection methods include interviews, observations, documentation, and questionnaires. The sampling method used 2 methods: the accidental sampling technique for tourists by determining the number of samples using the linear time function formula so that a total sample of 84 respondents was obtained and the purposive sampling technique for stakeholders with a sample of 40 respondents. The results of the analysis show that the economic value generated is Rp. 584,347,909,947/year. The output of identification of ecological, economic and social impacts which includes three dimensions, namely the ecological, economic and social dimensions, each of which has 4 defined attributes, then it can be concluded that the ecological dimension has a high category, this is because the manager of the BeeJay Bakau Resort mangrove forest tourism carry out various efforts in development that involve both stakeholders and the surrounding community, especially in maintaining and committing to environmental sustainability.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Perilaku Konsumen Dalam Membeli Ikan Hias Perairan Sungai Batanghari di Kota Jambi

The Batanghari River is potential as a producer of ornamental fish and fish to be consumed. Ornamental fish originating from Batanghari River are relatively desired by consumers including botia fish, white stem susur, simancung and others. This research was located at TAC Market and Sarang Aquatic in Jambi City, which had the purpose to describe the characteristics of ornamental fish consumers, the purchase decision process, as well as to to analyze the influence of product factors (X1), location (X2), price (X3), promotion (X4), Beauty value (X5), lifestyle (X6), and social Status (X7) on the decision in buying ornamental fish in Jambi City (Y). The data collection method were carried out by questionnaires, interviews and observations. The total sample of 25 respondents was determined by the linear time function method. The data obtained were analyzed by that based on the characteristics of consumers, those who purchased ornamental fish were dominated by men with an age more than 24 years, Bachelor education level, entrepreneur dominance work, and an average income level of Rp.7,630,769. The step of needed evaluation, reasons or motivations of consumers to buy ornamental fish because ornamental fish products emphasize on the color, pattern, attractive shape and size, the clean and comfortable place, affordable prices according to its quality, social media promotions system beneficial for beauty and could calm the mind, could be collected and maintained for lifestyle. The results of the analysis in this study showed that the data was normally distributed. There was no both multicollinearity between independent variables in the multiticolinierity test and heteroskedasticity. It was found that there was no autocorrelation between the observational data in autocorrelation test, because null hypothesis (Ho) was accepted and alternative hypothesis (Ha) was rejected. the equation resulting in multiple linear regression analysis was Y= -0.239 +1.113X1 -0.520X2 +0.438X3 +0.105X4 -0.149X5 +0.295X6 +0.008X7 +e. The statistical tests showed that the coefficient of determination was 0.817, which means the influence of independent variables of 81.7%, while the remaining 18.3% was influenced by other factors that were not included in the study. F-test, resulted that the F calculated (16.303) > the critical F value (2.62) then null hypothesis (H0) was rejected or the independent variable simultaneously affected the dependent variable and the significant value was 0.000 < 0.05 so that the analysis results could be said to be significant or reliablet-test indicated that there were three variables that had a partially significant effect, namely the product variable (X1) for the calculated t value (8.647) > t critical value (2.112) and the degree of significance was 0.000 < 0.05. Place variable (X2) because the calculated t value (2.659) >t critical (2.112) and its significance level was 0.017<0.05. Price variable (X3) because the calculated t value (2.112) = t critical value (2.112) and its significance level was 0.050 = 0.05. Lifestyle variable (X6) because the calculated t value (2.190) > t critical value (2.112) and the significance level was 0.043 < 0.05.

Integrated random pulse process with positive and negative periodicity.

A study of nonstationary processes that are integrals of stationary random sequences of delta pulses is presented. An integrated renewal process can be represented as the sum of a deterministic linear function of time and a Wiener process of the corresponding intensity. This intensity is determined by the mean value and variance of the waiting times of the pulse process and is greater for super-Poisson processes than for sub-Poisson ones. Linear growth over time of all cumulants is proved. An integrated random process with fixed time intervals can be replaced by the sum of a deterministic linear function and a random process with bounded variance. The analytical results are in good agreement with the numerical ones.

An EOQ model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with time-dependent demand under partial backlogging

This article discusses an economic order quantity model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items in which the demand is assumed to be a linear function of time over an infinite planning horizon. In addition, the salvage value associated with the deteriorated units is also considered. The shortages are allowed and partially backlogged. A mathematical model is framed to obtain the replenishment policy which aids the retailer to minimize the total inventory cost. The objective of this work is to minimize the total inventory cost and to find the optimal length of replenishment and the optimal order quantity. The theory developed in this article is illustrated using numerical examples. A computational algorithm is designed to find the optimal solution. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to study the changes in the effect on the optimal solutions and some managerial insights are obtained.

Mass and Heat Transport Assessment and Nanomaterial Liquid Flowing on a Rotating Cone: A Numerical Computing Approach.

In the present study, we explore the time-dependent convectional flow of a rheological nanofluid over a turning cone with the consolidated impacts of warmth and mass exchange. It has been shown that if the angular velocity at the free stream and the cone’s angular velocity differ inversely as a linear time function, a self-similar solution can be obtained. By applying sufficient approximation to the boundary layer, the managed conditions of movement, temperature, and nanoparticles are improved; afterward, the framework is changed to a non-dimensional framework utilizing proper comparability changes. A numerical solution for the obtained system of governing equations is achieved. The effect of different parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are discussed. Tangential velocity is observed to decrease with an increase in the Deborah number, whereas tangential velocity increases with increasing values of the angular velocity ratio, relaxation to the retardation time ratio, and buoyancy parameter. Expansion in the Prandtl number is noted to decrease the boundary layer temperature and thickness. The temperature is seen to decrease with an expansion in the parameters of lightness, thermophoresis parameter, and Brownian movement. It is discovered that the Nusselt number expands by expanding the lightness parameter and Prandtl number, whereas it increases by decreasing the Deborah number. We also noticed that the Sherwood number falls incrementally in Deborah and Prandtl numbers, but it upsurges with an increase in the buoyancy parameter.

Reliably Assessing Duration of Protection for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccines.

Decision making about vaccination and boosting schedules for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hinges on reliable methods for evaluating the longevity of vaccine protection. We show that modeling of protection as a piecewise linear function of time since vaccination for the log hazard ratio of the vaccine effect provides more reliable estimates of vaccine effectiveness at the end of an observation period and also detects plateaus in protective effectiveness more reliably than the standard method of estimating a constant vaccine effect over each time period. This approach will be useful for analyzing data pertaining to COVID-19 vaccines and other vaccines for which rapid and reliable understanding of vaccine effectiveness over time is desired.

Manufacturing/remanufacturing based supply chain management under advertisements and carbon emissions process

One of the most successful ways to get the word out about a product’s popularity across all types of customers is through advertising. It has a valuable direct influence on increasing product demand. The supply chain model is developed for manufacturer and retailer, where advertisements are dependent on demand. The advertisement rate has been considered a function that has enhanced at a diminishing rate concerning time, although the growth rate slowed. During the manufacturing cycle, the market’s demand is a function of advertisement, and the customer’s demand is a linear function of time. The production rate exceeds the demand rate during manufacturing and remanufacturing; shortages are not faced. It involves a manufacturing/remanufacturing process that quickly delivers consumer products and less waste. To keep the environment clean, the cost of carbon emissions is incorporated into the manufacturer’s and supplier’s holding and degrading costs. The model’s primary purpose is to minimize the overall cost of manufacturing and remanufacturing. The overall cost during the manufacturing cycle is higher than that during the remanufacturing cycle. This study confirms that the increasing cost of advertising provides the continuous increasing value of the total cost. A numerical example is provided, graphical representation and sensitivity analysis determine the function’s behavior and test the model.

Analytical kinetic model of native tandem promoters in E. coli.

Closely spaced promoters in tandem formation are abundant in bacteria. We investigated the evolutionary conservation, biological functions, and the RNA and single-cell protein expression of genes regulated by tandem promoters in E. coli. We also studied the sequence (distance between transcription start sites ‘dTSS’, pause sequences, and distances from oriC) and potential influence of the input transcription factors of these promoters. From this, we propose an analytical model of gene expression based on measured expression dynamics, where RNAP-promoter occupancy times and dTSS are the key regulators of transcription interference due to TSS occlusion by RNAP at one of the promoters (when dTSS ≤ 35 bp) and RNAP occupancy of the downstream promoter (when dTSS > 35 bp). Occlusion and downstream promoter occupancy are modeled as linear functions of occupancy time, while the influence of dTSS is implemented by a continuous step function, fit to in vivo data on mean single-cell protein numbers of 30 natural genes controlled by tandem promoters. The best-fitting step is at 35 bp, matching the length of DNA occupied by RNAP in the open complex formation. This model accurately predicts the squared coefficient of variation and skewness of the natural single-cell protein numbers as a function of dTSS. Additional predictions suggest that promoters in tandem formation can cover a wide range of transcription dynamics within realistic intervals of parameter values. By accurately capturing the dynamics of these promoters, this model can be helpful to predict the dynamics of new promoters and contribute to the expansion of the repertoire of expression dynamics available to synthetic genetic constructs.

Increase in irrigated wheat yield in north-west Mexico from 1960 to 2019: Unravelling the negative relationship to minimum temperature

This in-depth analysis of the rise in farm yield (FY) of irrigated wheat in the Yaqui Valley of north-west Mexico, from around 2 to 7 t/ha between 1960 and 2019, begins by highlighting a weather component overlooked in modelling and other thinking about wheat and climate change, namely the dominant role of natural annual variation in minimum temperature (Tmin). Year to year fluctuations around the increasing yield trend were substantial (st.dev. 591 kg/ha) and were highly correlated negatively with annual fluctuations in the average Tmin January to March (Tmin J-M) which ranged from 5.0 to 11.5 oC in this period lasting from mid tillering to early-mid grain fill. Dividing the 60-year period into three consecutive 20-year periods and using multiple linear regression improved the accuracy of estimates of FY as a linear function of time in each period (responding inter alia to better technology including breeding and agronomy), with slopes of 4.5%, 0.6%, and 1.8% p.a. for 1960–79, 1980–99, and 2000–19, respectively. Tmin J-M coefficients were −218, −413, −406 kg/ha/oC, or −5.9, −8.1, −6.6%/oC, respectively, with R2 always close to 0.9. Combining results, the FY response to Tmin J-M was close to −7%/oC, such that over the 60-year period the Tmin J-M increase of 1.0 oC contributed a 7% reduction in FY at constant CO2. The improved estimate of FY slopes with respect to time revealed novel variation across the 60 year period to be dissected in a following paper. Annual fluctuations in Tmax J-M were not correlated with variation in Tmin J-M nor with variation in FY. Crop simulation modelling of potential yield (PY) corroborated the negative effect of increased Tmin J-M on yield and suggested that increased Tmin J-M primarily decreased days to anthesis, biomass and number of grains (/m2). Measurements retrieved from long term well-managed experiments in the Valley under constant agronomy and cultivars confirmed all the above predicted responses to Tmin J-M. Our results align with the few published studies increasing crop night temperature in the critical period of around 30 days up to the end of anthesis when grains/m2, and hence yield, was inversely related to rate of development. In the Yaqui Valley this was strongly associated with Tmin variation. This phenomenon, and the roles of Tmax and solar radiation (Rs) variation, are discussed in detail.

A multi-item sustainable production inventory constrained model to study and analyse the effective green investment and replenishment quantity

In the study of supply chain management (SCM) of bioethanol, it is a challenging problem for the manager to regulate the flow of raw material in the production unit and the finished products in the market. Apart from that, the several other decision-making processes like the implementation of preservation technologies, green investment, ordering optimum replenishment quantities, etc. are some relevant issues which demand a profound industrial framework to lead the decision-making process, especially when we are dealing with multi-items. In our present research we propose multi-item supply chain production inventory model to study the effect of green investment and optimum replenishment quantity on production cost. Preservation cost is a linear function of time. Energy cost and labour cost is considered together with finite energy supply and definite production capacity. In order to solve the model, we apply weighted PSO with statistical verification. We perform sensitivity analysis and provide managerial implication of the proposed model.

Changing the Dynamic Parameters of Localized Breather and Soliton Waves in the Sine-Gordon Model with Extended Impurity, External Force, and Decay in the Autoresonance Mode

Possibility of changing the dynamic parameters of localized breather and soliton waves for the sine-Gordon equation in the model with extended impurity, variable external force and dissipation was investigated using the autoresonance method. The model of ferromagnetic structure consisting of two wide identical layers separated by a thin layer with modified values of magnetic anisotropy parameter was taken as a basis. Frequency of external field is a linear function of time. The sine-Gordon equation (SGE) was solved numerically using the finite differences method with explicit scheme of integration. For certain values of the extended impurity parameters a magnetic inhomogeneity in the form of magnetic breather is formed when domain wall passes through it with constant velocity. The numerical simulation showed that using special variable force and small amplitude it is possible to resonantly increase the amplitude of breather. For each case of the impurity parameters values, there is a threshold value of the magnetic field amplitude leading to resonance. Geometric parameters of thin layer also have influence on the resonance effect — for decreasing layer width the breather amplitude grows more slowly. For large layer width the translation mode of breather oscillations is also excited. For certain parameters of extended impurity, a soliton can form. For a special type of variable field with frequency linearly dependent on time, soliton is switched to antisoliton and vice versa.

Using fractional polynomials and restricted cubic splines to model non-proportional hazards or time-varying covariate effects in the Cox regression model.

The Cox proportional hazards model is used extensively in clinical and epidemiological research. A key assumption of this model is that of proportional hazards. A variable satisfies the proportional hazards assumption if the effect of that variable on the hazard function is constant over time. When the proportional hazards assumption is violated for a given variable, a common approach is to modify the model so that the regression coefficient associated with the given variable is assumed to be a linear function of time (or of log‐time), rather than being constant or fixed. However, this is an unnecessarily restrictive assumption. We describe two different methods to allow a regression coefficient, and thus the hazard ratio, in a Cox model to vary as a flexible function of time. These methods use either fractional polynomials or restricted cubic splines to model the log‐hazard ratio as a function of time. We illustrate the utility of these methods using data on 12 705 patients who presented to a hospital emergency department with a primary diagnosis of heart failure. We used a Cox model to assess the association between elevated cardiac troponin at presentation and the hazard of death after adjustment for an extensive set of covariates. SAS code for implementing the restricted cubic spline approach is provided, while an existing Stata function allows for the use of fractional polynomials.

Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Kacang Edamame Oleh Konsumen Rumah Tangga Pada Pasar Swalayan

Edamame is a product which has a big advantage to be developed, specifically by the product's market, as it is good in terms of taste and nutrition. Hypermarkets nowadays sell edamame but they have not known what marketing mix affects consumer's purchasing decision towards edamame. This research aimed to find: 1) Consumer’s perception of edamame's marketing mix at hypermarkets in East Jakarta, 2) To Evaluate consumer’s purchasing decision of edamame at hypermarkets in East Jakarta, 3) The influence of edamame's marketing mix affecting consumer’s purchasing decision, 4) The largest influence of edamame's marketing mix which affects consumer’s purchasing decision. The method of this research used the survey method and the sampling method used was the non-probability sampling method with accidental sampling technique. A total of 100 respondents were calculated using the linear time function formula. The location of this research is chosen purposively which is 4 hypermarkets located in East Jakarta. The method of this research is descriptive analysis and path analysis. The results showed that: 1) Edamame’s marketing mix is done well according to the continuum line, 2) Consumer’s purchasing decision of edamame is done well according to the continuum line, 3) The marketing mix simultaneously significantly influenced consumer’s purchasing decision of edamame, 4) The promotion variable (X4) gives the biggest influence towards consumer’s purchasing decision of edamame. The implication of this research is to increase activities of promotions of edamame.

A Type‐Curve Approach for Evaluating Aquifer Properties by Interpreting Shallow Strain Measured During Well Tests

AbstractStrains occur at shallow depths in response to pressure changes during well tests in an underlying aquifer, and recent developments in instrumentation have made it feasible to measure essentially the full strain tensor. Simulations using poroelastic analyses indicate that shallow normal strains are approximately proportional to the logarithm of time when a well is injecting into or pumping from a deep aquifer or reservoir. The drawdown is also a linear function of log time, as shown by the classic Cooper‐Jacob type‐curve analysis. The time when the semilog straight line intercepts the zero‐strain axis is similar to the time determined from the Cooper‐Jacob pressure analysis, and it can be used to estimate hydraulic diffusivity, suggesting that horizontal strain data can be used directly to estimate aquifer properties. This approach was validated using measurements from shallow (30‐m deep) borehole strainmeters during an injection test at a 530‐m‐deep sandstone aquifer/reservoir in Oklahoma. The results show intercept times for the shallow normal strain data are essentially the same as for deep pressure data from an equivalent radial distance. The slopes of the semilog plots of the pressure and the strain increase at the same time, suggesting that they both respond to a lateral aquifer boundary. Significantly, though, strain was measured at shallow depths while the pressure data were measured at 530‐m depth. This suggests that strain data from shallow depths could be an effective way to improve the characterization of an underlying aquifer.

Error Estimates of a Continuous Galerkin Time Stepping Method for Subdiffusion Problem

A continuous Galerkin time stepping method is introduced and analyzed for subdiffusion problem in an abstract setting. The approximate solution will be sought as a continuous piecewise linear function in time t and the test space is based on the discontinuous piecewise constant functions. We prove that the proposed time stepping method has the convergence order O(tau ^{1+ alpha }), , alpha in (0, 1) for general sectorial elliptic operators for nonsmooth data by using the Laplace transform method, where tau is the time step size. This convergence order is higher than the convergence orders of the popular convolution quadrature methods (e.g., Lubich’s convolution methods) and L-type methods (e.g., L1 method), which have only O(tau ) convergence for the nonsmooth data. Numerical examples are given to verify the robustness of the time discretization schemes with respect to data regularity.