Linear Edge Research Articles

Topological parametric gain and two-color edge states in equidistant lithium niobate waveguide arrays.

We analyze parametric χ2 processes in equidistant finite-size arrays of thin-film lithium niobate waveguides, where the fundamental harmonic (FH) field supports topological edge states due to the specific interplay between inter- and intra-modal couplings of two families of guided modes, while the second-harmonic (SH) field only supports bulk modes. Regimes of topological parametric gain are identified, where the gain only occurs in the edge states of the FH field, regardless of the spatial distribution of the pump SH field. The topological gain of the FH component generally triggers localization of the SH field near an edge of the array in the optical parametric oscillation dynamics. In small-size arrays, parametric gain at both edges can be observed even when pumped at one side. This process can lead to an anomalous "tunneling" of the SH field to the opposite edge. We also analyze the existence and stability of two-color nonlinear edge states (solitons), in which both FH and SH fields are localized at an edge of the array. Depending on the phase-matching condition, such solitons either emerge from the linear FH edge state without a power threshold or exist above a certain power threshold dictated by the coupling strength in the SH field.

A landscape-based approach to design flower blocks may reduce mammalian predator activity and protect ground-nesting farmland birds

AbstractHigh predation rates threaten many ground-nesting farmland birds and are difficult to address through conventional measures such as lethal predator control or fencing. Landscape-based approaches for conservation measures promise an alternative by reducing predator - bird encounters, but require detailed knowledge of landscape effects on predation risk. Different habitat elements attractive to predators could have opposing effects on neighbouring nesting habitats, with implications for conservation: Increased predation risk due to higher predator activity (A) or reduced predation risk by distracting predators (B). Here we focus on the placement of conservation measures using flower blocks targeted at Grey Partridges in a Central European Farmland. Based on a three-year camera trap dataset, we investigated effects of landscape structure and composition on mammalian predator activity within flower blocks at two scales (100 m and 500 m radius around the camera) with generalized linear mixed models. Length of linear edge structures, i.e., field block borders, was most important, with a greater availability of linear edge structures leading to a decrease in predator activity at both scales (hypothesis B). Conversely, predator captures at both scales increased with increasing extensive vegetation area (i.e., permanent grassland, flower blocks and fallows) and in proximity to roads, indicating that these may attract predators and increase predator densities (hypothesis A). Our results suggest that a landscape-based approach can mitigate predation risk for ground-nesting birds in flower blocks and analogous conservation measures. Highly structured, small-scale agricultural landscapes seem to be particularly important for reducing mammalian predator activity in flower blocks.

Floquet valley Hall edge solitons

We introduce traveling Floquet valley Hall edge solitons in a genuinely continuous system consisting of a waveguide array with a dynamically varying domain wall between two honeycomb structures exhibiting broken inversion symmetry. Inversion symmetry in our system is broken due to periodic and out-of-phase longitudinal modulation of the refractive index applied to the constituent sublattices of the honeycomb structure. By combining two honeycomb arrays with different initial phases of refractive index modulation we create a dynamically changing domain wall that supports localized linear Floquet edge states despite the fact that on average two sublattices in each honeycomb structure forming the domain wall have the same refractive index. In the presence of focusing nonlinearity, bright or dark Floquet edge solitons may bifurcate from such linear Floquet edge states. We numerically identified family of these solitons and compared them with the results obtained from the analytical approach, which involved averaging over one longitudinal period in the evolution coordinate. These solitons exhibit localization in both spatial directions – along the interface due to nonlinear self-action and across the interface as the edge states – that allows them to travel along the domain wall over long distances without noticeable shape variations.

Atomic-Layer IrOx Enabling Ligand Effect Boosts Water Oxidation Electrocatalysis.

An in situ formed IrOx (x ≤ 2) layer driven by anodic bias serves as the essential active site of Ir-based materials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysis. Once being confined to atomic thickness, such an IrOx layer possesses both a favorable ligand effect and maximized active Ir sites with a lower O-coordination number. However, limited by a poor understanding of surface reconstruction dynamics, obtaining atomic layers of IrOx remains experimentally challenging. Herein, we report an idea of material design using intermetallic IrVMn nanoparticles to induce in situ formation of an ultrathin IrOx layer (O-IrVMn/IrOx) to enable the ligand effect for achieving superior OER electrocatalysis. Theoretical calculations predict that a strong electronic interaction originating from an orderly atomic arrangement can effectively hamper the excessive leaching of transition metals, minimizing vacancies for oxygen coordination. Linear X-ray absorption near edge spectra analysis, extended X-ray absorption fine structure fitting outcomes, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy collectively confirm that Ir is present in lower oxidation states in O-IrVMn/IrOx due to the presence of unsaturated O-coordination. Consequently, the O-IrVMn/IrOx delivers excellent acidic OER performances with an overpotential of only 279 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a high mass activity of 2.3 A mg-1 at 1.53 V (vs RHE), exceeding most Ir-based catalysts reported. Moreover, O-IrVMn/IrOx also showed excellent catalytic stability with only 0.05 at. % Ir dissolution under electrochemical oxidation, much lower than that of disordered D-IrVMn/IrOx (0.20 at. %). Density functional theory calculations unravel that the intensified ligand effect optimizes the adsorption energies of multiple intermediates involved in the OER and stabilizes the as-formed catalytic IrOx layer.

Spatio-temporal monitoring of plant water status using optical remote sensing data and in situ measurements

Water content as an important physiological status variable in plants, is closely linked to transpiration, photosynthesis, water stress, and biomass productivity. Obtaining plant water information that provides sufficient spatial and temporal resolution for such applications remains a challenge. In this study, the data distribution space of fractional vegetation cover (FVC) and shortwave infrared transformed reflectance (STR) with linear and nonlinear edges was used to monitor plant water content. Four indicators of plant water status, equivalent water thickness (EWT), leaf water content (LWC), relative water content (RWC), and leaf water potential (LWP), were measured in a 10-ha corn field at the Karkaj Agricultural Research Station of Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. Furthermore, the Sentinel-2 Level 2 prototype processor (SL2P) was utilized to estimate EWT and compare the results with FVC-STR space. The FVC-STR space with nonlinear edges (FSNLE) provided better estimation accuracy of plant water status than the FVC-STR space with linear edges (FSLE). The root mean square errors of the EWT, LWC, RWC and LWP estimates for FSLE were 0.00306 g/cm2, 4.03 %, 6.56 %, and 0.38 bar, respectively, while those for FSNLE were 0.00303 g/cm2, 3.75 %, 5.57 %, and 0.37 bar, respectively. In addition, the R2 value for FSNLE was higher than that for FSLE (0.43–0.70 vs. 0.39–0.64). The RMSE and R2 for SL2P were 0.0041 g/cm2 and 0.401, respectively. Among the four measured indicators, the highest and lowest estimation accuracies in both FSLE and FSNLE were obtained with EWT and RWC, respectively. It can be concluded that FVC-STR space model based on Sentinel-2 imagery data provide acceptable accuracy for estimating plant water content. The FVC-STR space with nonlinear edges provided a better estimation accuracy for plant water indicators than the FVC-STR space with linear edges.

Novel solution strategies for multiparametric nonlinear optimization problems with convex objective function and linear constraints

AbstractThis paper expands the multiparametric quadratic programming (mp-QP) framework presented in Narciso et al. (Comput Chem Eng 164:107882, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2022.107882) to the more general multiparametric nonlinear programming (mp-NLP) case. First, the vector of parameters in mp-NLP problems is recast so that a unique transformed parameter is implicitly assigned to each of the inequality constraints. Maps of critical regions in this transformed space of parameters feature a set of 1-dimensional parametric edges (two per inequality constraint), which then greatly facilitate solution calculation. In the mp-NLP case, however, parametric edges define nonlinear semi-infinite lines; this requires an adaptation to the mp-QP algorithm (deals with linear parametric edges only), to enable a suitable calculation path to the more general nonlinear case. Three routes are proposed to mp-NLPs: the first route delivers solutions in compact form (same format as in mp-QP) using a single reference point per edge; the second route delivers explicit solutions using a hybrid approach for critical region construction, where all active sets not detected in the parameters space are excluded from the solution (equivalent to first route concerning accuracy); the third route builds on the initial explicit solution and further partitions the parameters space until all solution fragments satisfy an error check. Five algorithms were coded for these routes, and tested in a large range of mp-NLP problems. These strategies enable significant improvements in terms of solution accuracy, algorithm efficiency, and interpretability when compared to the state-of-the-art mp-NLP algorithms.

Deep‐subwavelength characteristics of focused vector double‐petal linear edge dislocation beams

AbstractRecently, vector beams with special intensity and phase distribution have received much attention due to their unique properties. In this paper, we construct the double‐petal linear edge dislocation (DPLED) beams based on Gaussian vortex beams. The distribution of intensity, polarization, and spin angular momentum (SAM) of the DPLED beams is analyzed in tightly focused based on the Richards‐Wolf vector diffraction theory. The significant difference is occurred in light field, polarization SAM, and polarization distributions before and after focusing of DPLED beams. It's of certain importance for expanding the application of vector beams in optical control, optical imaging, and other fields.

Concurrent process and feedrate scheduling with convoluted basis functions and its application to fluid jet polishing

Non-traditional laser and fluid jet processes exhibit time-dependent material removal characteristics. The feedrate profile must be planned carefully along the toolpath for accurate surface profile generation while ensuring that the kinematic limits of machine tools are not violated. Conventional methods iteratively solve a deconvolution/convolution problem on the dwell-time density (reciprocal of the feedrate profile) that is computationally heavy, may leave significant residual processing errors, and even generate infeasible feed profiles with the manufacturing equipment. This paper proposes a novel approach that fully addresses the shortcomings above. Dwell-time density is first expressed as a continuous B-spline profile. The associated dwell basis functions (DBF) are convolved with the process influence function (PIF) to generate new process basis functions (PBF). This approach conveniently allows the posing of the problem as a concurrent linear least-squares problem on the control points shared by the DBFs and PBFs while ensuring the numerical stability of the solution and smoothness of the feed profile. To mitigate excessive acceleration peaks and any ringing effect around the edges of the toolpath, this paper also presents methodologies for stabilizing the scheduled feedrate profile by introducing knot vector adjustments (adaptive knot dropping) and linear edge constraints. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated and validated through simulation case studies and experimentally in fluid jet processing of precision optics. Results indicate that the proposed technique overcomes the limitations of conventional strategies and allows high-frequency surface components beyond the first zero-power frequency of the process footprint to be tracked while still generating a smooth feed profile within the acceleration limits of a machine tool. This ability stems from the localization characteristics associated with the basis functions. By improving the accuracy of high-frequency components, the proposed method exhibits the potential to fabricate topographies with sharper edges, which has been a challenge for conventional techniques.

Transmission characteristics of circular–linear edge dislocation vortex beams in optical nonlocal medium

The transmission characteristics of circular–linear edge dislocation vortex (CLEDV) beams in optical nonlocal medium is investigated analytically and numerically in detail. The analytical expression for the transmission of CLEDV beams is derived, and the transmission characteristics of CLEDV beams are illustrated in figures. The influence of various parameters of CLEDV beams on transmission characteristics is discussed, including statistical spot size, input power, topological charge, etc. The results indicate that the main transverse intensity of CLEDV beams can maintain a crescent shaped distribution and rotate periodically under the influence of topological charges. For different input powers, the variations of the statistical spot size of CLEDV beams in two transverse directions exhibit diverse behaviors: they can be diametrically opposite, simultaneously expand or compress, remain constant in one direction while periodically changing in the other. This complexity highlights the intricate dynamics of CLEDV beams in optical nonlocal medium.

Validating computer applications for calculating spatial resolution and noise property in CT using simulated images with known properties.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate, using simulated images with known property values, how accurately some computer applications for calculating modulation transfer function (MTF), task transfer function (TTF), or noise power spectrum (NPS) in computed tomography (CT) based on widely known techniques produce their results. Specifically, they were three applications applicable to the wire method for MTF calculation, two applications corresponding to the circular edge (CE) and linear edge (LE) methods for TTF, and one application using a two-dimensional Fourier transform for NPS, which are collectively integrated with the software 'CTmeasure' provided by the Japanese Society of CT Technology. Images for the calculation with radial symmetry were generated based on a roll-off type filter function. The accuracy of each application was evaluated by comparing the calculated property with the true one. The calculated MTFs for the wire method accurately matched the true ones with percentage errors of smaller than 1.0%. In contrast, the CE and LE methods presented relatively large errors of up to 50% at high frequencies, whereas the NPS's errors were up to 30%. A closer investigation revealed, however, that these errors were attributable not to the applications but to the insufficiencies in the measurement techniques commonly employed. By improving the measurement conditions to minimize the effects of the insufficiencies, the errors notably decreased, whichvalidated the calculation techniques in the applications we used.

Study of influence of the auxiliary factors onto characteristics of elastic-plastic deformation in the stress concentrator of the beam-wall with broken edges

The thin-walled steel beam-wall with broken edges is being investigated, which is a part of many structures. The wall of this beam consists of two prismatic parts with a linear transition from a smaller to a larger wall height, together forming an angular upper edge with the edges of the prismatic parts. The lower linear edge of the wall is attached to the sheathing.The beam-wall is subjected to static and cyclic loads, under which elastic-plastic deformations strains may occur at in the stress concentrator. This leads to failure of static strength and growth of fatigue cracks. The factors influencing the parameters of elastic-plastic deformation at in the stress concentrator of this beam are practically unstudied. The article under discussion presents the results of studying the influence of the beam-wall thickness and load vector balancing on the values of static and cyclic ranges of elastic-plastic deformations strains at in the stress concentrator. It has had been found that load vector balancing significantly improves the results of elastic-plastic deformations strains under single static loading and allows for the use of a larger load increment to achieve the same results as when no balancing is applied. Applying load vector balancing stabilizes the cyclic deformation loop practically from the first cycle. If balancing is absent, stabilization occurs only from the third cycle. Unlike static ones, the values of cyclic ranges do not depend on the application or non-application of balancing and remain practically stable with fixed geometric parameters and loading. Gradual reduction in the thickness of the beam-wall causes an increase in the range (static and cyclic) of elastic-plastic deformations strains at in the stress concentrator. The obtained results will shorten the time required for planning serial calculations of elastic-plastic deformation of a the beam-wall with edge break broken edges to develop appropriate design techniques.

Polarization properties of partially coherent mixed dislocation beams transmitting in biological tissues

<sec> <b>Objective</b> The optical information change of beams acting on biological tissue can get an insight into the new optical effects of tissue, and even can provide a theoretical basis for developing biphotonic medical diagnosis and therapy technologies. Polarization technology is also widely used in the field of biological detection due to its advantages of non-contact, rich information and without staining markers. In this work, the polarization behaviors of partially coherent screw-linear edge mixed dislocation beam transmitting in biological tissue are analyzed and explored. Simultaneously, in order to more clearly and more intuitively understand a mixed dislocation beam, both the normalized intensities and phase distributions at source plane for different parameters <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> are also discussed. We hope that the obtained results will provide theoretical and experimental foundation for expanding the application of singularity beams in biological tissue imaging technology.</sec><sec> <b>Method</b> By combining the Schell term with the field distribution of the screw-linear edge mixed dislocation beam at the source plane, and based on the generalized Huygens-Fresnel principle, the analytical expressions of the cross-spectral density matrix elements of partially coherent screw-linear edge dislocation beam propagating in biological tissues are derived. Adopting the unified theory of coherence and polarization, the polarization behaviors of the beams can be investigated in detail.</sec><sec> <b>Results</b> At the source plane, the intensity has a non axisymmetric distribution, and there exists a coherent vortex with a topological charge size of 1 and a linear edge dislocation. The sign of <i>a</i> is related to the rotation direction of the phase singularity. The larger the value of <i>b</i>, the farther the linear edge dislocation is from the origin. At the source plane, the degree of polarization and ellipticity between the two identical points are independent of the four parameters: dimensionless parameter <i>a</i>, off-axis distance of edge dislocation <i>b</i>, spatial self-correlation length <i>σ</i><sub><i>yy</i></sub>, and spatial mutual-correlation length <i>σ</i><sub><i>xy</i></sub>, the orientation angle is only independent of <i>a</i> and <i>σ</i><sub><i>xy</i></sub>; the polarization of two different points is independent of <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>, but is related to <i>σ</i><sub><i>yy</i></sub> and <i>σ</i><sub><i>xy</i></sub>. In transmission, the polarization degrees and ellipticity of two different points fluctuate greatly and the orientation angle displays less fluctuation. Finally, all the polarization state parameters tend to be their corresponding values, respectively.</sec><sec> <b>Conclusions</b> The results show that when <i>b</i> is smaller, the linear edge dislocation is paraxial and plays an important role in the polarization state change; when <i>b</i> is larger, the polarization state changes of the screw-linear edge mixed dislocation beam will tend to be the pattern of spiral beams. The absolute value of the difference between <i>σ</i><sub><i>yy</i></sub> and <i>σ</i><sub><i>xy</i></sub> is also one of main factors influencing the polarization state. The sign of <i>a</i> does not affect the change in polarization state, but its magnitude can influe the change of speed. Due to more complex factors determining the correlation fluctuations between different points in the light field, the changes of two different points are more sensitive than those of the two identical points in shallow biological tissue. Beams with different parameters can be selected for different application requirements.</sec>

A Parabolic Waveform Generator Based on the Chirp Characteristics of a Directly Modulated Laser

Due to carrier dynamics, the modulated light field from a directly modulated laser (DML) has an intensity envelope with a certain frequency chirp. When the chirp is linearly mapped into intensity by a frequency discriminator such as an optical filter with a linear edge, the optical field presents a new signal determined by the multiplication operation between the envelope function and the chirp function. Under a triangular drive signal, this process can contribute dark, bright and frequency-doubled bright parabolic waveforms by properly adjusting the filter window. This method is verified by both a theoretical analysis and experimental demonstrations. It not only provides a low-cost and simple scheme to generate parabola signals, but also a new method for arbitrary waveform generation.

Experimental Study on Chemical-Mechanical Synergistic Preparation for Cemented Carbide Insert Cutting Edge.

Typical edge defects in the edge region of a new cemented carbide insert without edge preparation include burrs, poor surface quality, micro-breakages, and irregularities along the edge. To address the problems in new cemented carbide inserts without edge preparations, a chemical-mechanical synergistic preparation (CMSP) method for the cemented carbide insert cutting edge was proposed. Firstly, the CMSP device for the insert cutting edge was constructed. Then, the polishing slurry of the CMSP for the insert cutting edge was optimized using the Taguchi method combined with a grey relation analysis and fuzzy inference. Finally, orthogonal experiments, the Taguchi method, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to investigate the effect of the polishing plate's rotational speed, swing angle, and input frequency of the controller on the edge preparation process, and the parameters were optimized. The results showed that the best parameter combination for the polishing slurry for the cemented carbide inserts was the mass concentration of the abrasive particle of 10 wt%, the mass concentration of the oxidant of 10 wt%, the mass concentration of the dispersant of 2 wt%, and the pH of 8. The CMSP process parameter combination for the linear edge had the polishing plate's rotational speed of 90 rpm, the swing angle of 6°, and the input frequency of the controller of 5000 Hz. The optimum CMSP process parameter combination for the circular edge had the polishing plate's rotational speed of 90 rpm, the swing angle of 6°, and the input frequency of the controller of 7000 Hz. The polishing plate's rotational speed had the most significant impact on the edge preparation process, followed by the swing angle, and the effect of the input frequency of the controller was the smallest. This study demonstrated that CMSP is a potential way to treat the cemented carbide insert cutting edge in a tool enterprise.

A high volumetric flow rate infrasonic cantilever fan

Cantilever fans exhibit the desirable properties of low noise and long lifetime. However, current cantilever fan designs have low volumetric flow rates compared to other fan types. The study was focused on improving the volumetric flow rate, while keeping its desirable properties. Here we show a cantilever fan system that achieves a volumetric flow rate of 58.9 L/s. This was achieved by increasing the size of the fan blades, using high strength spring steel fan blades at their endurance limit, driving the fans with a custom linear motor and suppressing edge vortexes with shrouding. The flow rate reported here is 118 times higher than has been previously reported.

A novel breast cancer detection system using SDM-WHO-RNN classifier with LS-CED segmentation

Breast cancer (BC) is caused by the abnormal and rapid growth of breast cells. Accurate diagnosis of BC at an early stage could minimize the mortality related to this disease. Because of this, researchers have recently developed an automatic recognition system. However, poor image resolution, lower accuracy for deep tumors, biased nature and incapability to localize a lesion, greater rate of False Positives (FPs), and inefficiency towards the overlapped cells are the restrictions encompassed in the majority of the prevailing techniques. The main motive of this proposed work is for detecting the nuclei and classifying the tumor. Finding the nuclei's location is the main goal of the proposed endeavour. The structure of the cell is measured in relation to the nuclei. Hence, superior accuracy in complexity classification could be attained by this incentive. The input image is preprocessed and the contrast is enhanced. By utilizing Linear Scaling centered Canny Edge Detection (LS-CED), these Contrast-Enhanced Images (CEI) are further segmented into several partitions. The nuclei are sensed by utilizing a Soft Plus-Max Region-centered Fully Convolutional Network (SPM-R-FCN) from the segmented images. Then, as per the size and shape of the tumor, the Tumor Cells (TCs) are gauged and classified by utilizing the adaptive threshold function. After that, the most momentous and needed features are extorted as of the gauged TCs. This Extracted Feature (EF) is inputted into the SDM-WHO-RNN classifier that classifies cancer as benign, malignant, and normal. Simulation results demonstrated that the SDM-WHO-RNN approach acquires perfect outcomes as of the experiment and accomplishes 97.9% accuracy.

Linear and nonlinear edge and corner states in graphenelike moiré lattices

Linear and nonlinear edge and corner states in graphenelike moiré lattices

Successive vertex orderings of fully regular graphs

A graph G=(V,E) is called fully regular if for every independent set I⊂V, the number of vertices in V∖I that are not connected to any element of I depends only on the size of I. A linear ordering of the vertices of G is called successive if for every i, the first i vertices induce a connected subgraph of G. We give an explicit formula for the number of successive vertex orderings of a fully regular graph.As an application of our results, we give alternative proofs of two theorems of Stanley and Gao & Peng, determining the number of linear edge orderings of complete graphs and complete bipartite graphs, respectively, with the property that the first i edges induce a connected subgraph.As another application, we give a simple product formula for the number of linear orderings of the hyperedges of a complete 3-partite 3-uniform hypergraph such that, for every i, the first i hyperedges induce a connected subgraph. We found similar formulas for complete (non-partite) 3-uniform hypergraphs and in another closely related case, but we managed to verify them only when the number of vertices is small.

High-Efficiency and Compact Polarization-Insensitive Multi-Segment Linear Silicon Nitride Edge Coupler

Edge couplers are widely utilized in photonic integrated circuits and are vital for ensuring efficient chip-to-fiber coupling. In this paper, we present a high-efficiency and compact polarization-insensitive multi-segment linear silicon nitride edge coupler for coupling to high numerical aperture fibers. By optimizing the thickness of the up cladding and introducing air slots in the transverse direction, we have further modified the limiting effect of the mode field. This innovative edge coupler scheme boasts a compact structure and is compatible with existing mature standard processes, with a total length of only 38 μm. We numerically demonstrate that the proposed edge coupler exhibits a low coupling loss of 0.22 dB/0.31 dB for TE/TM modes at λ = 1550 nm. Furthermore, the proposed coupler displays high wavelength insensitivity within the range of 1400–1850 nm and maintains a coupling loss of less than 0.2 dB with a manufacturing deviation of ±20 nm.

Patch‐based nonlocal estimation of scattering mechanism vector in PolInSAR

AbstractNowadays, polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PolInSAR) has attracted increasing attention for the simultaneous acquisition of scattering and terrain information. The scattering mechanism vectors corresponding to the optimal coherences have shown great effect in land cover classification and forest mapping. To extract scattering mechanism vectors, different optimization algorithms are proposed but always accompanied with spatial discontinuities. This letter proposes a method to optimize scattering mechanism vectors based on nonlocal estimations. A pixel‐by‐pixel optimization model is established by calculating patch‐based nonlocal similarity, which effectively reduces the uncertainty of scattering mechanism vector estimation while maintaining high resolution. The phase recovery experiment is conducted on simulated data and the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of three algorithms are compared. The proposed method performs better with a RMSE of 0.22 in the whole image, against 0.25 and 1.27 for other algorithms. The recovery results in the target region (RMSE 0.11 against 0.21 and 0.99) and linear edge region (RMSE 0.26 against 0.49 and 1.52) also indicate strong ability in detail preservation. Then the observed ESAR data is utilized for further assessment. It demonstrates that the proposed method has a significant improvement to reduce singularities and distinguish artificial buildings.